PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES ON NOUNS, etc. Distinguisn and parse etymologically the words in the following exercises, as previously directed A man, he, who, which, that, his, me, mine, thine, whose, they, hers, it, we, us, I, him, its, horse, mare, master, thou, theirs, thee, you, my, thy, our, your, their, his, her; this, these; that, those; each, every, other, any, none, bride, daughter, uncle, wife's, sir, girl,madam, box, dog, lad; a gay lady; sweet apples; strong bulls; fat oxen; a mountainous country. Compare-Rich, merry, furious, covetous, large, little, good, bad, near, wretched, rigorous, delightful, sprightly, spacious, splendid, gay, imprudent, pretty. The human mind; cold water; he, thou, she, it; woody mountains; the naked rock; youthful jollity; goodness divine; justice severe; this, thy, others, one; a peevish boy; hers, their strokes; pretty girls; his rapid flight; her delicate cheeks; a man who; the sun that; a bird which; himself, themselves, itself; that house; these books. Correct-The person which waited on us yesterday. The horse who rode down the man. The dog who was chained at the door. Those sort of trees. These kind of persons. The angel which appeared to Moses. The boys which learned their lessons so well. The sun who shines so bright. Those kind of amusements. The woman which told me the story. The messenger which carried the letter. The court who sat last week. The member which spoke last. I have brought three books, you may take either of them, or neither of them. There were twenty men, each with a spear; but neither of them was fully armed. § 19. THE VERB. 146. A VERB is a word used to express the act, being, or state of its subject; as, I write; you are; time flies; he is loved. App. XV. 147. The use of the verb in simple propositions is to affirm or declare; that of which it affirms, is called its subject or nominative. 148. Verbs are of two kinds, Transitive and Intransitive. App. XVI. 149. A TRANSITIVE VERB expresses an act done by one person or thing to another; as, "James strikes the table." "The table is struck by James." It has two forms, called the Active and the Passive voice (§ 21). 150. AN INTRANSITIVE VERB expresses the being, or state of its subject, or an act not done to another; as, I am, he sleeps, you run. 151. In this division, Transitive verbs include all those which express an act that passes over from the actor'to an object acted upon; as, He loves us; We are loved by him. Intransitive verbs include all verbs not transitive, whether they express an action or not; as, I am, you walk, they run (See § 21, Obs. 2, 3). "they 152. Intransitive verbs, from their nature, can have no distinction of voice. Their form is generally active; as, I stand, I run. A few admit also the passive form; as, He is come;" are gone :" equivalent to "He has come ;" ""they have gone. 153. Intransitive verbs are sometimes rendered transitive, and so capable of a passive form, viz: 1. By the addition of another word; as, Intrans. I laugh; 2. By adding as an object a noun of similar signification; as, M 154. Transitive verbs in the active voice, and intransitive verbs, being of the same form, can be distinguished only by their signification and construction. The following marks will enable the student to make this necessary distinction with ease and certainty. 1st. A transitive verb in the active voice requires an object after it to complete the sense; as, The boy studies grammar (§ 48, Rem. 3). An intransitive verb requires no object after it, but the sense is complete without it; as, He sits, you ride. 66 66 2d. Every transitive active verb can be changed into the passive form; thus, James strikes the table," can be changed into The table is struck by James." But the intransitive verb can not be so changed; thus, I smile, can not be changed into I am smiled. 3d. In the use of the transitive verb there are always three things implied,—the actor, the act, and the object acted upon. In the use of the intransitive there are only two; the subject or thing spoken of, and the state or action attributed to it. 155. A transitive verb without an object is used intransitively; as, He reads and writes well = He is a good reader and writer. 156. In respect of form, verbs are divided into Regular, Irregular, and Defective. 157. A REGULAR verb is one that forms its Past tense in the Indicative active, and its Past participle by adding ed to the Present; as, Present, love ; Past, loved; Past participle, loved (37). 158. An IRREGULAR verb is one that does not form its Past tense in the Indicative active, and Past participle, by adding ed to the Present; thus, Present, write; Past, wrote; Past participle, writ ten. 159. A DEFECTIVE verb is one that wants some of its parts. To this class belong chiefly Auxiliary and Impersonal verbs. § 20. AUXILIARY VERBS. 160. The AUXILIARY, or helping verbs, by the help of which verbs are principally inflected, are the following, which, as auxiliaries, are used only in the present and the past tense; viz. Pres. Do, have, shall, will, may, can, am, must. 1. Let (used by some Grammarians as an auxiliary in the im perative mood), is properly a transitive verb, and complete. Ought is a defective verb, having, like must, only the present tense. 2. Shall implies duty or obligation; will, purpose or resolution; may, liberty; can, ability. Of these verbs, the past tense should, would, might, could, are very indefinite with respect to time; being used to express duty, purpose, liberty, and ability, sometimes with regard to what is past, sometimes with regard to what is present, and sometimes with regard to what is future; thus, Past. He could not do it then, for he was otherwise engaged. Present. I would do it with pleasure, if I could. Future. If he would delay his journey a few days, I might (could, would or should), accompany him. In these and similar examples, the auxiliaries may be considered simply as denoting liberty, ability, will, or duty, without any reference to time in themselves, and that the precise time is indicated by the scope of the sentence. The same observation applies to must and ought, implying necessity and obligation. 3. Would is sometimes used to denote what was customary; as in the examples, "He would say;" ""He would desire,” etc. Thus, Pleased with my admiration, and the fire His speech struck from me, the old man would shake Then, having shewed his wounds, he'd sit (him) down. Of WILL and SHALL, WOULD and SHOULD. 163. Will and shall, auxiliaries in the future, sometimes express resolution or purpose, and sometimes simple futurity. They may be thus distinguished : RESOLUTION or PURPOSE. 164. WILL expresses the will, purpose, resolution, or promise of the subject with respect to his own acts. Thus, I will go, thou wilt go, he will go, express the resolution, etc. of the subject I, thou, he. 165. SHALL expresses the purpose, resolution, etc. not of the subject, but of another by whom the act is determined. Thus, I shall go, thou shalt go, James shall go, express the resolution, not of I, thou, James, respectively, but of some other; as, John is resolved that I shall go, etc. SIMPLE FUTURITY. 166. SHALL is used when a person foretels what is future in respect to himself; as, I think that I shall go. 167. WILL is used in the second and the third person, and SHALL in the first, when a person foretels what is future in respect to others; as, I think that you will go, that he will go. He thinks that I shall go. 168. But after such words as if, though, provided, unless, or when, while, until, after, etc., or after the relative in a restrictive clause, shall is used instead of will to denote futurity; as, If he shall go; When he shall appear; All who shall subscribe. WILL and SHALL interrogatively. 169. In asking questions as to the will, purpose, resolution, or promise of the person addressed, SHALL is used in the first and the third person, and WILL in the second; as, Shall I go? Shall he go? Will you go? Is it your purpose that I shall go, etc.? = 170. But in asking questions relative to simple futurity, SHALL is used in the first and the second person, and WILL in the third; as, Shall I arrive in time? Shall you be at home? Will the stage arrive soon? 171. Should and would are subject to the same rules as shall and will. They are generally attended with a supposition; as. Were I to run, I should soon be fatigued |