Observe; Some in English, expressed or understood before a noun taken in a partitive sense, is expressed in French by du, de la, de l' for the singular, and des for the plural, or de for both genders and numbers in the following manner :

When the word of the masculine gender begins with a consonant, thus:

1st. du sel, some salt.

2d. de sel, of or from some salt.

3d. à du sel, to some salt.

When the word, either masculine or feminine, begins with a vowel, or h mute, thus:

1st. de l'argent, some money.

2d. d'argent, of or from some money.
3d. à de l'argent, to some money.

1st. de l'huile, some oil.

2d. d'huile, of or from some oil.
3d. à de l'huile, to some oil.

When the noun is feminine, thus:

1st. de la salade, some sallad.

2d. de salade, of or from some sallad.
3d. à de la salade, to some sallad.

Before an adjective of either gender or number, thus:

1st. du bon pain, some good bread.

2d. de bon pain, of or from some good bread.
3d. à de bon pain, to some good bread.

The plural is the same as the plural of the definite article.

CHAPTER VI.

Of Pronouns.

THE Construction of the pronoun being the most difficult part of our language, I shall here, for perspicuity's sake, nearly follow the denomination which other grammarians have given them, though many of the pronouns may be looked upon as adjectives.

SECTION I.

Of Personal Pronouns.

They are two-fold: conjunctive and disjunctive. The first generally precede the verb; the second commonly follow the verb. The first take neither article nor preposition before them; the second take, in their second case, the preposition de, and in their third case the preposition à.

The Conjunctive Pronouns.

All nouns and pronouns, as we have hinted before, have three cases: the first answering to the Nominative and Accusative; the second to the Genitive and Ablative; the third to the Dative. The three cases of the conjunctive personal pronouns alone, and the three cases of the third person indeterminate, when they take no preposition before them, do not answer the three cases of other nouns; therefore we shall call the first the Nominative case, the second the Dative case, and the third the Accusative case.

The First Person.

SINGULAR.

Nom. Je, I,
Dat. me, to me,

Acc. me, me.

PLURAL.

Nom. nous, we,

Dat. nous, to us,

Acc. nous, US

The Third Person Indeterminate.

Nom. on, one, they, or people.

Dat. se, to one's self, to himself, to herself, to itself, to themselves, or to one another.

Acc. se, one's self, himself, herself, itself, themselves, or one another.

The Third Person supplying and governed.

1st. le, it, so.

2d. en, of him, of her, of it, some of them, from them, by them, with them.

3d. y, to it, there, therein, in it, in them, about it, or them.

The Disjunctive Pronouns.

The First Person.

SINGULAR.

1st. moi, I, me,

2d. de moi, of or from me, 2d. à moi, to me.

PLURAL.

1st. nous, we, us,

2d. de nous, of or from us, 3d. à nous, nous, to us.

2d. de lui, of or from him, or it, 2d. d'eux, of or from them,

3d. à lui, lui, to him or it.

1st. elle, she, her, or it,

3d. à eux, leur, to them.

1st. elles, they, them,

The Third Person Feminine.

2d. d'elle, of or from her, or it, 2d. d'elles, of or from them, 3d. à elle, lui, to her, or it. 3d. à elles, leur, to them.

The Third Person Indeterminate.

Ist. soi, one's self, himself, herself, or itself.

2d. de soi, of or from one's self, himself, herself, or itself. 3d. à soi, to one's self, himself, or itself.

Note. Their compounds have the same cases as their

ton, ta, tes, thy,

After the same manner are declined,

son, sa, ses, his, or her, its,

notre, nos, our; votre, vos, your; leur, leurs, their.

Observe, first, these conjunctive pronouns come always before a noun to which they are joined.

Observe secondly, the following absolute possessive pronouns, being used by themselves, are declined in the definite article, thus:

of mine,
to mine.

3d. au mien, à la mienne, aux, ) miennes,

After the same manner are declined,

le tien, la tienne, les tiens les, tiennes, thine,
le sien, la sienne, les siens, les siennes, his or her's,
le nôtre, la nôtre, les nôtres, our's,

le vôtre, la vôtre, les vôtres, your's,
le leur, la leur, les leurs, their's.

N. B. The foregoing demonstrative pronouns are used in speaking of persons or things. Ceci, and cela are used in speaking of things only.

1st. ceci, this,

cela, that,

2d. de ceci of or from this, de cela, of or from that, 3d. à ceci, to this,

à cela, to that.