Angles to the exclusion of the Saxons; and it has in England, save, perhaps, the Domesday list, which constituting the structural part of the composite by; and these are several buildings, not simply a "house." On this ground, therefore, CANON TAYLOR'S explanation of "wooden house" seems to be inadmissible. But even sinking the farm part of the idea altogether, and substituting "buildings" for "house" would not meet all the difficulties attending the importation of the word viðar, or the meaning "wooden." For what were such buildings, and alike in the Scandinavian lands and in England, actually and universally framed and made of? There is but one answer to the ques-tinental districts or provinces. There are none such tion,-wood, and wood only. And if so, what becomes of the distinctiveness, the essence of the meaning, of the name itself? It would be something like calling a house in Old Whitby the "Redtiled House" by way of distinction. Neither do I think either of SIR J. A. PICTON's suggestions at all happier on the score of meaning. It seems but a very poor compliment to the common sense of the colonists who settled this district, and named their several settlements, to assume that they could do no better in the way of name-giving than the nonsensical platitude of "the farm-settlement of a wether," or that "of the weather." For my own part, and after thirty-five years of consideration and study of the place-names of this North Yorkshire district, I am satisfied that in the strangely preponderating majority of the place-names ending in by-not to advert to others now-where the prefix is not manifestly a qualifying word—as in Mickleby, Overby, Netherby, Kirkby, or Kirby, Newby, &c.-it is unquestionably a personal name. The simplest inspection of a carefully compiled list EGYPTIAN HIEROGRAMS ON ENGLISH PICTURES of such names in their earliest known forms is (7th S. vi. 445).—Although the winged globe and sufficient to establish this point. Add to this that caduceus is not to be found in the great collection the same personal name is perpetually found in the of "Imprese Illustri' by Ruscelli (Venice, 1584), general class of like names, both with the in- this evidently arises from its not having been flexional genitival form and the genitival s, and a appropriated by any particular princely or noble suggestion is at once afforded as to the possible or house. It was, however, a convenient emblem for probable explanation of the prefix in Wetherby-a a painter or engraver to put on a portrait, as a flattersuggestion which loses no force from the circum-ing innuendo that the exalted position of the perstance that the names which follow Wedrebi in the Domesday list are Wedreslei and Wedresleie, and from the further circumstance that such Scandinavian names as Ketell Vedur, Vedra-Grímr, and the like, are to be met with. It may also be added that SIR J. A. PICTION's collation of the Essex name Wethersfield (or Weathersfield, as it used constantly to be spelt in the days of my boyhood, when I lived there), is not happy. I have a list of a dozen different forms of that name by me, and while these vary in the equally extravagant and extraordinary manner known to students of such matters, the Domesday -and, I suppose, ultimate-form known is Westrefelda. SIR J. A. PICTON also speaks of the predominance of "Saxon" names of places in the Wetherby district. Is that so? I had thought the district was one that had been occupied by the sonage portrayed was as much the result of merit as D'ales, Serpens, et Amalthées cornes I do not find it in Paradin's 'Symbola Heroica' the motto "Virtuti fortuna comes," and bears this the states of modern Europe probably originated epigram: Virtuti fortuna comes, Sudore paratur Fructus honos oneris, fructus honoris onus. When the symbol is found on a royal person's portrait, the globe takes the place of the cap, and means that personal merit has made him or her worthy of the right to rule. Simply this, and no deep mystery of "Egyptian hierograms" such as it would seem is surmised by your correspondent J. E. J. is the real solution of the query. FREDK. HENDRIKS. DR. GUILLOTIN (5th S. i. 426, 497; 7th S. vi. 230, 292). In the "Scelta d'alcuni Miracoli e Grazie della Santissima Nunziata di Firenze descritti dal P. F. Gio. Angiolo Lottini, in Firenze, 1619," small 4to., there is a plate, at p. 208, to illustrate cap. lxvii., in which an instrument exactly like the modern guillotine is represented. The chapter is headed, "Dovendosi tagliar il collo a Francesco, è miracolosamente impedito il taglio della Mannaia"; and on p. 210 the miracle is described:- “Posciachè tagliata dal Giustiziere la corda, a cui legata la grave mannaia attiensi, e questa con grâ ruina e prestezza sopra dell' esposto collo cadendo: non pur la pelle non gl' intaccò o recise: ma all' opposto di quanto fare quel taglio solea, si rattenne, in niente la carne offese, nè in parte alcuna fe nocumento." Though more than a century later than the drawings referred to by MR. GIBBS, this passage is valuable as showing the general use of the instrument in Italy. W. E. BUCKLEY. Very good representations of the guillotine, "standing in no need of being further perfected," are in Holinshed's 'Chronicle, 1577, vol. ii. p. 654, &c., which, although a valuable book, is not rare, as it is to be found in almost every library R. R. of any pretension. Boston, Lincolnshire. The whole history of the guillotine, with its anticipations and results, may be seen in J. W. Croker's History of the Guillotine,' from the Quarterly Review, 1844, Lond., J. Murray, 1853. ED. MARSHALL. in the territory we now call France. However that may have been, they certainly reached us in a French dress. When, therefore, we speak of the romance hero, not of the magnus imperator, Boni fructus bonus sator, Et prudens agricola it is better to say Charlemagne. The distinction is not a vain one. There is but a very shadowy likeness between the "Christi miles fortis," in whose honour the priests of Aachen sang, and the hero whose deeds were chanted by minstrels from Kirkwall to Palermo and from Breslau to Cadiz. ASTARTE. "BRING" AND "TAKE" (7th S. vi. 225, 313, 454).-It is a noticeable fact that those who have spoken Gaelic in their youth almost invariably use bring where others would say take. A typical instance occurs to me. Once, in a strange place, and in somewhat peculiar and trying circumstances, I was along with a friend whose Gaelic idiom still troubled him. We sadly needed a place of refuge and entertainment, and when at the end of our own resources, my friend suddenly stopped in front of a stalwart policeman, and in theatrical tones observed, "You'll require to bring us to a place of refreshment, sir!" Being thus partly entreated, partly commanded, and very nearly threatened, the official, with a docile bewilderment of expression, did as requested, and our troubles were over. Compare, however, with this, the appeal of the dainty Rosalind to the shepherd in As You Like It, II. iv. 69, and it will appear that the idiom is not necessarily an Irishism after all : 6 I pr'ythee, shepherd, if that love, or gold, Helensburgh, N.B. FRIAR'S LANTHORN (7th S. vi. 168, 257, 338, 473).-The ignis fatuus or Will-o'-the-wisp is supposed in popular superstition to be generally a soul which has broken out of purgatory, and not particularly the soul of a priest. I refer to Brand's Popular Antiquities,' vol. iii. p. 398 of Bohn's edition. I think that the explanation to which MR. GRIFFINHOOFE alludes can hardly be correct, E. YARDLEY. although ingenious enough. CHARLEMAGNE (7th S. vi. 426).—There cannot be any doubt that the name of the great Frank should be written "Charles by Englishmen. That is the best English equivalent for his name; and so he was almost always written BELGIAN CUSTOM (7th S. vi. 249, 336, 456).— and spoken of until recent days, when it became a fashion to imitate French ways. If your Is not this so-called Belgian custom of hanging out correspondent will take the trouble to look up a bundle of straw suspended by a long string from the references given in the index to the pub- a window, as a sign of repairs going on above, also lications of the Parker Society, he will find many an English practice? If my memory serves me examples of the way his name was written in the rightly, I have noticed more than once, when sixteenth century. It would be easy to give seven-travelling on the river steamers on the Thames, a teenth century examples almost without limit. The romances concerning the great founder of similar bundle of straw suspended by a cord over one of the archways of Waterloo Bridge (which at the time was undergoing repair), and I took it that Borrow's note-books, MSS., and correspondence went to America, to the possession of Prof. W. J. Knapp, Yale University, New Haven, who is an enthusiastic student of Borrow. Prof. Knapp intends to publish a full biography of Borrow, and will correct many errors that have been made in the inadequate notices of him that have appeared from his pen appeared in an American magazine, in this country. An interesting article on Borrow the Chautauquan, November, 1887. Borrow was born July 5, 1803, and so was more than " twentyone when 'Romantic Ballads' was published." O. W. TANCOCK. Norwich, "Faustus: his Life, Death......Translated from the German of F. M. von Klinger by G. B.," 1825, 8vo., heads the list of Borrow's works appended to the sketch of his life in the 'Dict. of Nat. Biog.,' vol. v. p. 408. G. F. R. B. SIR MICHAEL LIVESEY (7th S. vi. 408).-Sir M. Livesey was one of the Commissioners and Council of War appointed for the county of Kent, by ordinance of Parliament, April 23, 1645. He is frequently mentioned in The Declaration of Col. Anthony Weldon,' 4to., 1649. Weldon was major in Livesey's regiment of horse, and quarrelled with his colonel, whom he accused of misconduct as a soldier (pp. 13-26). See also Weldon's petitions in the Record Office. Livesey was present at Cropredy Bridge and Alresford. He took part in the defeat of the Earl of Holland's rising in July, 1648 (Rushworth, iv. 2, 1182). After the Restoration he fled to Holland. In September, 1663, he is said to have been living at Arnheim ('Cal. State Papers, Dom.,' 1663-4, p. 266). C. H. FIRTH. CHARTISTS (7th S. vi. 187, 273, 432).—William Lovett, cabinet maker, who died at 137, Euston Road, London, August 8, 1877, drew up, in 1837, the address and rules of the Working Men's Association, and for some time acted as the secretary. A volume in the British Museum, marked 8138a, contains thirty-two pamphlets relating to the proceedings of the association. For an account of William Lovett (who suffered imprisonment for his political and social opinions) and his writingselect had but wit enough to stand out."—Aaron Hill, consult the 'Bibliotheca Cornubiensis,' pp. 324, GEORGE C. BOASE. 1269. 36, James Street, Buckingham Gate, S.W. THE FIRST PUBLISHED WORK OF GEORGE BORROW (7th S. vi. 428).—The 'Romantic Ballads' was not the first published work, but it was the first that bears his name. He had published in 1825'Faustus: his Life, Death, and Descent into Hell,' translated from the German, London, Simpkin & Marshall, 1825. It was a translation of Von Klinger's 'Faustes Leben,' &c. There are two issues of the Romantic Ballads.' It was first issued in May, 1826, as 'Romantic Ballads, translated from the Danish, and Miscellaneous Pieces,' by George Borrow, Norwich, S. Wilkin, 1826, 8vo., pp. xi, 187. Then part of the edition was handed to a London publisher, and issued with a new titlepage, ending, "London: John Taylor, Waterloo Place, 1826." I think copies of this issue are more common. Probably something of the same kind was done in the matter of the Faustus,' for I have seen a copy with a preface dated "Norwich, April, · 1826." There is no doubt that he also wrote 'Celebrated Trials, &c., to the Year 1825,' which Sir Richard Phillips published in six volumes on March 19, 1825. I am not sure if it is known BOOK ON BANK-NOTE ISSUE (7th S. vi. 359).— By far the best book on American bank-note issues is J. J. Knox's 'United States Notes,' New York, order. For remarks on note issues in general see Scribners. Mr. Knox is a man of the highest the Annual Report of the U.S. Director of the Mint, and, secondarily, the U.S. Comptroller of the CurC. W. ERNST. rency. Boston, Mass., U.S. 'NEW ENGLISH DICTIONARY,' VOL. III. (7th S. vi. 347).-The following instances of the employment of elect may be of use to MR. BRADLEY— The Snake in the Grass,' ed. 1760, p. 97. "Poet (laughing). Ha, ha, ha, ha......if he should, and the Young Apollo, Laureat supreme, but conferring Bays of a new Model, on a Laureat elect, to encourage him." Ibid., p. 88. put up for Poet-elect, to the Opera."-Ibid., p. 99. F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY. THE SCENES OF JOHN CONSTABLE'S PICTURES (7th S. vi. 426).—MR. COBBOLD, in writing to you respecting this matter, has perhaps followed the course which appeared best to him, but I regret that he did not previously communicate to me his intention of so doing. That he has been treated with discourtesy I at once admit, but this has been through a misunderstanding. Upon receiving his letter I at once sent it to the writer of the article, and asked him to reply to it. I now for the first time learn that "he thought it better to do nothing in the matter." I had been waiting to hear the result from him, which accounts for no correction having appeared in the Art Journal. It is now, unfortunately, too late to insert it in last year's volume. MARCUS B. HUISH, Editor. 317, 414).—I am concerned only with the alleged PITSHANGER, EALING (7th S. v. 448; vi. 33, equation of y=z, which I regard as a misapprehen no reply; but, aided by his comrades, builds the cruel stones higher and higher until they reach her breast. Again she appeals in vain, and implores him, for the sake of their unborn babe, to set her free. Steadily, remorselessly, her murderers close the walls around her till the living tomb is finished, and her dying voice is heard reproachfully whisper sion. We are referred to the Scottish Dalziel, also KIRK-GRIMS (7th S. vi. 265, 349).-I am not aware of any church in England of which the story mentioned by your correspondent is told, but there is a similar legend in Transylvanian folk-lore, which is as follows. The Hospodar Negru, who reigned from 1513 to 1521, was taken by the Turks as a hostage to Constantinople, where, by the assistance of a Greek architect, a superb mosque was built by him for the Sultan Selim I., which so pleased that potentate that he dismissed him to his own country with rich presents, so as to enable him to build a church in his principality. Accompanied by the Greek, whose name was Manoel, and nine master-masons, Negru left Constantinople, and on arriving in his own territories selected a site on the river Ärgisch, where the ruins of an ancient temple stood, for the erection of his new church. The builders set to work, but, wonderful to relate, the walls which were constructed in the daytime were thrown down at night. Manoel at last had a dream, in which he heard a voice, which said that all their labour would be in vain unless they built up in the masonry the first woman who should appear in the morning. He informed his nine comrades of this, and they bound themselves with a solemn oath to do as the voice had directed. Treat me not thus cruelly, Manolli, oh! Manolli, Manolli, my Manolli-husband, master, Manolli ! After the victim has been thus immured the building goes on without interruption, and is soon completed to the satisfaction of Prince Negru. Shortly afterwards, when the ten masons are employed putting the finishing touch to their work, Negru asks them if they would be able to build a still more glorious temple. Exulting in their skill, they boastfully call from their lofty position that they would be able to do so. On receiving this reply the Hospodar, who had no desire that his church should be eclipsed, has the ladders removed, so that his unfortunate servants should be left to perish. With much ingenuity Manoel and his fellow craftsmen make artificial wings of pieces of scantling, and, trusting to these frail supports, launch themselves into the air. They are killed by the fall, and, with the exception of Manoel, are turned into stones. He as he is dying imagines he hears his wife's voice calling her last sad refrain, Manolli, my Manolli," and, as tears rise to his glazing eyes at the mournful sound, he is transformed into a fountain, which to the present time is known as Manoel's Well. Madame Gerard, in her recently published work 'Beyond the Forest,' gives extracts from the doina, or folk-song, entitled 'Temple Argisch,' which contains the foregoing story. Cork. 66 R. STEWART PATTERSON. The following morning Manoel, to his horror, There seems to have been a general superstition beholds his own wife Annika approaching the fatal that the stability of a building could be ensured by building, and, falling on his knees, he implores the the sacrifice of a human being, and we have many heavens to send rain, so that a raging flood would legends that church towers and other constructions impede her progress. His prayers are heard, but are assured of lasting by the fact that some one it is all in vain, for the faithful wife, who is carry- (usually the wife or child of the master-builder or ing her husband's breakfast, struggles through the architect) is built up into the wall or buried alive rising waters and howling tempest, till at last, beneath the foundation. This may account for smiling and triumphant, she reaches where he some of the ghosts that, on the best authority, are stood, and is greeted by him with the accustomed accused of haunting this or that church. Of course kiss. With a breaking heart-remembering his in great buildings it is too often a deplorable incivow, but disguising his anguish as best he could-dent that life is lost by some untoward accident, he carries her up the scaffolding, and then pro- and this may have given rise to the popular belief. poses to her, as if in a merry mood, that she would It holds to this day. I was asked if it was not true place herself in a niche and see them build around that a man had been thus buried beneath one of her. The poor young wife claps her hands in glee the towers of the great Brooklyn bridge, and I had at the idea. The wall gradually rises around her some difficulty in convincing the inquirer that it feet, then the masonry reaches her knees. Fear was pure fable. has now taken the place of merriment in her heart, and she begs to be released. Her husband makes Closely connected with this story of life-tribute is the saying that blood makes a durable mortar, 14 and a master-builder of this city, who had heard the saying without knowing its origin, went to much trouble and no small expense in obtaining bullock's blood with which to mix the mortar for a job of some importance he was about to undertake. He did not get the results he expected, and returned to the use of water. The church-ghost has not made his appearance In the in this country. We are yet too new. twenty-fifth century, perhaps, he may be one of our domestic institutions, adapted from the elder civilization of Europe, but accustomed to American ways. JOHN E. NORCROSS. Brooklyn, U.S. It is a curious instance of the wide spread of the belief in blood as a cement of ancient buildings that Alá-ud-din Khilji, the King of Delhi, A.D. 1296-1315, when enlarging and strengthening the walls of old Delhi, is reported to have mingled in the mortar the bones and blood "of thousands of goat-bearded Moghuls whom he slaughtered for the QUARLES (7th S. vi. 225, 373).—The entry of the baptism of Francis Quarles runs : "May 8. 1592 bapt fuit Franciscus, filius Magistri Jacobi Quarles."-Par. Reg., Romford, co. Essex. "Francis Quarles, gent., of Romford, Essex, bachelor, about 26, and Ursely Woodgate, of St. Andrew, Holborn, spinster, 17, daughter of John Woodgate, of same, gent., who consents-at St. Andrew, Holborn, 26 May, 1618." -Col. Chester's Marriage Licences,' Bishop of London's An estate in Ufford, in the county of NorthampHe and his ton, was purchased in 1554 by Francis Quarles, Esq. (Bridge's 'Northants,' ii. 600). descendants resided at Ufford down to the beginning of the last century. Mr. Justin Simpson has printed full extracts from the registers of Ufford and neighbouring parishes of the baptisms, marriages, and burials of members of the Quarles family from 1577 to 1703 in the Reliquary, xi. 23. How came Pierre Phillipe van Ufford, nephew Jos. PHILLIPS. Angelique Quarles, by his surname? Stamford. of ANONYMOUS POEM (7th S. vi. 469).-The 'Lines on a Skeleton,' forty in number, are too many for insertion. They can be seen in "Fugitive Poetry, 1600-1878, compiled and edited by J. C. Hutcheson," p. 130, "Chandos Classics." ED. MARSHALL. CHILDREN (7th S. vi. 467).-The Latin charter of Norwich School, granted by King Edward VI., pueros" only. The Mayor and Alder"Ordinances, 1547, uses men made, "accepted, and passed on June 14, 1566. In these, ""scholars," and Laws, and Statutes which are long and in English, the word "boys does not occur; but "scholar," Norwich. O. W. TANCOCK. Office. "21 June, 2 Charles I.-True Bill that at St. Cle-"child," "children" are always used. One headment's Danes, co. Midd., on the said day, Frances ing is, "Certain ordinances necessary to be deRichardson, late of the said parish, spinster, assaulted clared to such as offer their children to be scholars." Francis Quarles, gentleman, when he was in God's and the King's peace, and secretly and without his observation picked his pocket of fifty shillings.' The note 'Franc'us Quarles pross,' at the foot of the bill, indicates that on this occasion Francis Quarles figured at the Old Bailey as the prosecutor of a female pickpocket. How it fared with the Frances Riehardson when she had put herself on a jury of the country does not appear, 'po. se being the only minute, by the pen of the clerk of Gaol "Middlesex County ReDeliveries, over her name.". cords,' ed, by John Cordy Jeaffreson, vol. iii. p. 9. "1639, 1 February, 15 Charles I.-At the request of the Right Hon. the Earl of Dorset, signified by his letter, Francis Quarles, Gent., was admitted Chronologer, with a fee of 100 nobles per annum, during the pleasure of the Court."-Rep. 54, fol. 86, Remembrancia preserved among the Archives of the City of London.' He was buried in the church of St. Leonard Foster, in the City of London, but the registers of this parish have long since perished. "In P. C. C.-Francis Quarles, late of Ridley Hall, co. Feb., In the Calendar (Rivers) for the year 1645 the 34, Myddelton Square, Clerkenwell. BUONAPARTE'S HABEAS CORPUS (7th S. vi. 467). —It is stated in Scott's 'Life of Napoleon,' chap. xcii., that when he was on board the Bellerophon, after Waterloo, and attempting resistance to his banishment to St. Helena, a suggestion was made that he should be brought up on a writ of Probably some habeas corpus, which, he being an alien and a prisoner, was not acted upon. rumour of this was in Lamb's mind. But that Buonaparte himself could have made any such application is quite unlikely. On July 31, when the resolution of the Government was told him, Scott says that he inquired "to what tribunal he could apply." The Bellerophon sailed from Torbay on August 4. On the 7th he was put on board the Northumberland, which then set sail for St. Helena. There is another possibility, which seems more than such to me, that Lamb was altogether in joke: "the twelve judges" looks very like it. Lastly, it would appear that the fact which H. S. S. C. himself states, that the applica |