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district. Then of the hundred, more or less, freeholders and leaseholders to be won over the chief were bound to him by family ties or friendship, and others were, fortunately, Plymouthians. He himself was rich, with the Queen at his back. His lawyer, Serjeant Hele, as one of the neighbourhood, knew how the tinners, under cover of their charter, had set Parliaments at defiance, and that their charter, involving an ancient royal revenue (Hearne, 'Lib. Nig. Scac.,' 360), would not be annulled to gratify Plymouth. Parliamentary powers of the most stringent kind were indispensable, and a private Act would be impotent; therefore Hele decided to play off the safety of the state, or the very national existence, against the royal revenue, by petitioning Parliament, in the name of the Mayor and Commonalty of Plymouth, for powers to bring in the river Meavy, ostensibly for the preservation of the haven of Plymouth, matter moaste beneficiall to the Realme" (Act 27 Eliz.) and the supply of Her Majesty's Navy. The town was to elect for burgesses Drake's personal friends, C. Harris and Henry Bromley.*

⚫ Dictionary of Heraldry.' Notices to Correspondents.

Notes.

SIR FRANCIS DRAKE AND THE PLYMOUTH

LEAT.

(Concluded from p. 443) Thomas, the youngest brother and heir of Sir Francis Drake, married Mrs. Elford, a widow, whose house, near the head of the leat at Sheepstor, was pleasantly situated on the banks of the river Meavy, which coursed through her land. Drake's relative, John_Amadas, was Mayor of Plymouth in 1574-5. The succeeding mayor sent men to view a river (Plymouth Corporation Accounts)-probably the rivulet running to Pennycomquick, near Plymouth-or possibly to consider the feasibility of leading in the Plym, but not the Meavy to a moral certainty. In 1581-2, Drake, himself being mayor, knew that Plymouth wanted water; and the conjecture is reasonable that, when visiting Sheepstor and observing a mountain stream running to waste higher above the sealevel than the highest ground in Plymouth, he reflected how easily the ancient Peruvians would have conducted such water to a distant town. He well knew how the intervening hills and valleys resounded with the ceaseless clamour of the tinners' clash mills, and that he could count on the support of his cousin Richard Drake, a God-fearing Puritan, wealthy and childless, who happened to be the principal mill-owner and tinner in the

was the very best method that could have been de-' vised under the circumstances. Many years ago my cousin, once Mayor of Plymouth, informed me of the composition, and that Drake's gift was doubted. I insisted on the strength of the people's tradition, and he was struck by the absurdity of the idea that Plymouth, a town far from wealthy, should have volunteered to undertake the state's duty of preserving Plymouth Haven. As the Act of Parliament was delusive, he concluded that there was more behind the composition than we can understand now. Though a lawyer, he was no antiquary, I believe.

Certainly the Mayor and Corporation would not seriously have presented such a petition if uncountenanced in high quarters; it would have been a mockery and an offence to common sense, but pretext and strategy were necessary when fiction entered so largely into legal procedure. Had the

to whom Drake had presented 8007. worth of plate * Henry Bromley was the son of the Lord Chancellor, (Froude, Engl.,' xi. 403). Minsheu, in dedicating his Spanish Dictionary' to him, mentions that he bountifully maintained poor scholars at the university. See his portrait in Nash, 'Worcester,' ii. 444). Preservacon of the Haven of Plymowth." As it can be The Act 27 Eliz., c. 20, is entitled "An Acte for read at any time in the Round Room at the Record Office or in the British Museum Reading Room, a brief outline of the petition will suffice here. It represents that Plymouth had a haven safe for Her Majesty's ships sionally to go a mile for fresh water, and, consequently, and others; that the inhabitants and mariners had occathese frequently lost the advantage of a favourable wind; that the haven daily filled up with sand from the

But writers who stood committed to a literal interpretation of the Act argued that Plymouth Haven meant Sutton Pool. This explanation is inadmissible, for Stonehouse, in her Water Act (Private Act, 36 Eliz., No. 21), claimed to be on Ply. mouth Haven, which is laid down as an arm of the sea of " more than 10 miles circuit" (Add. MS. 16,370). Leland describes Mount Edgcumbe as on the Haven ('Itin.,' iii. 32). Tinners' refuse never entered Sutton Pool, and a contemporary plan of the leat (Charity Com., Thirty-Second Rep., pt. ii., 1837-8) proves that it flowed in another direction.t

Unquestionably Plymouth was at some expense, if only to save appearances. Thirty shillings in all were expended on plans necessary to be submitted to the assessors and Judges of Assize on their first visit. Out of this Robert Lampen, surveyor, received

tin-works and mines adjoining, and would soon be utterly decayed if some speedy remedy was not had; that the river Meavy, distant eight or ten miles, could be brought into Plymouth over hills and dry land that would be bettered by a leat which would scour and cleanse some part of the haven "to the perpetuall contynewance of the same Haven, a matter moaste beneficiall to the Realme." Powers were asked "to digge and myne a Diche or Trenche conteynenge in Bredthe betwene sixe or seaven Foote over in all Places" to convey the Meavy to Plymouth. The Act obtained the royal assent March 29, 1585 (D'Ewes, Journal'). We may remark that shipmasters could always fill their kegs at Barn Pool, or other points on the coast, without going a mile inland

for water.

These rivers conveyed from the tin-works "a mervelous greate quantitie of Sande, Gravell, Stone, Robell, Erthe, Slyme, and Filth into the said Ports and Havens, and have so filled and choked the same that where before this tyme a Shippe for portage of viij (800 tons burden) myght have easely entered at a lowe water into the same, nowe a Shippe of a hundred can skantly entre at the halfe fludde" (Act 23 Hen. VIII., c. 8, 1531-2).

Hollar's map of Plymouth, 1643, names the leat Sir Francis Drake's water "(King's Pamph., No. 141, and Worth, Hist. Plym.,' p. 64). Perceiving that the 300l. named would not cover the costs and compensations, it was insisted by some that the leat for half its course was an ancient leat to Warliegh Mill utilized (Plym. Trans., vii, 468). The only comment needed is to direct the reader to two contemporary plans of the leat (one Cott., Aug., i. p. 1, No. 41; and Lord Burghley's copy at Hatfield, for which see Plym. Trans., viii. 82). These duplicates trace the complete course from Sheeps

tor to Plymouth, and show no leat to Warleigh. The assertion rested on the authority of one "Old Giles," but the Plymouth tradition rested on the authority of a population.

the grounde." One Haywoode received 8s. 6d. for six days' "newe writinge the vewe four tymes," and one Jeane received 3s. for four days' assistance. The balance was "for their dyett" (Plymouth Corporation Accounts). This is all the surveying expense mentioned. But the main work of selecting the ground and taking the levels, over twentyfive miles of hilly country, with the rude instruments of the period, would have involved more than six days and the labour of a large staff of assistants at a heavier cost than 30s. However, this is of minor import comparatively with the fact that all the tinners had to be canvassed for their assent; and considering Drake's family, local, and court influence, and how he was worshipped as the hero of the day, he alone, of all men, could have prevailed all round; and with this closing remark I trust I have satisfactorily established the four points named at the commencement, though to my mind the strongest argument rests in the inherent force and internal evidence of the popular tradition.

Some parties, repenting of their bargain, attempted in 1593 to alter or explain away the Act, and the attorney of the duchy was placed on the committee not "because Sutton Pool, which the leat was intended to scour, was then, as now, part of duchy property" (Plym. Trans., viii. 518), but because the profits of the Stannary Courts had been assigned to the Prince of Wales (Act 38 Hen. VI.).

In 1602, after Drake's death, Mr. William Crymes, lord of the manor of Buckland Monachorum, deposed that, as one of the assessors, he had consented to the cutting of the leat, and had recently erected tin clash mills on Roborough Down, which he worked by diverting water from the Plymouth leat (by virtue of the tinners' charter), for so it happened that one tinner of Buckland Monachorum, who had been overlooked, had reserved his rights, and this tinner deposed that the men of his class had assented without fully weighing the consequences (Star Chamber Depositions). Mr. Crymes sustained his right, and paid the Corporation a nominal quit rent, a shilling a year, for forty years (the Rev. J. Erskine Risk, Plym. Trans., viii. 377).

Drake's munificence went further. He provided Plymouth with ample means for keeping the leat in repair, by giving her the reversion of certain grist mills, erected by him, which returned a handsome and increasing yearly income. These he might have reserved in fee to his family, with free water power in perpetuity.

It commonly happens that the excitement of party spirit incapacitates the understanding for weighing the evidence of facts, and leads writers to catch at those which they can most easily mould to their purpose, or, as George Eliot expresses it,