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These Pills counteract the subtle poisons in decaying animal or vege table matter, and remove all tendency to bowel complaints, biliousE.C.ditions can be completely removed by Holloway's corrective medicines. ness, and a host of annoying symptoms arising from foul stomachs. The fruit season is especially prone to produce irritation of the bowels and disorders of the digestive organs, both of which dangerous con REPLIES:-John Bunyan, 169-Last Believer in the Phoenix, 170-Visitations of Norwich-Arms Wanted-HigheringCol. Whitelocke-Schoolgirl's Epitaph, 171-Yorkshire Expressions—Quotation from Dante-Definition of a Proverb -Biography-Rev. J. Hackman-Fotheringhay Castle, 172 -Book Illustrating - Vase, 173 Burchett - Chymer"Gofer" Bells-Rev. W. Anderson O'Conor, 174-Heraldry, 175-The Nimbus-Sir J. Friend-Howe Family, 176-Book Muslin-Capt. Marryat-" Dolce far niente"- VillonAldermen of London-History of the Court of Charles II.Chapman's All Fools,' 177-Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock"The one and the other"-Burton-Betham-Long Perne Court-"There's a difference I ween"-Sir A. Hart, 178-Authors Wanted, 179. ANTIPHONARIES OF METZ AND OF ST. GALL. I beg permission to reply under this heading to the query Pope Adrian I. and Charlemagne' (7th S. vii. 47). It seems to have been men, rather than books, that Charlemagne asked for, and Adrian sent, to revive the genuine Gregorian chant among the Franks. A monk of St. Gall in the eleventh century, Ekkehard IV., otherwise named Ekkehardus Minimus, records the circumstance in his chronicle called 'Casus [i.e., de Casibus] Sancti Galli,' cap. iii., as follows: "Karolus Imperator cognomine Magnus......rogat Papam......ut iterum mittat Romanos cantuum gnaros in Franciam. Mittuntur secundum regis peticionem Petrus et Romanus,* et cantuum et septem liberalium artium paginis admodum imbuti, Metensem ecclesiam, ut priores i. e., as those formerly sent], adituri." As a matter of course the envoys took with them the necessary teaching "apparatus," in the form of transcripts from the Antiphonarium of St. Gregory the Great, which, we are told, was at that time (say, A.D. 790) carefully preserved at Rome as a standard for reference. It is questioned, indeed, whether the system "Chant of musical notation, the neums (neuma or neumata*), used in these MSS., having some resemblance in form to the Tironian notes, and written without a stave, could at all serve the purpose in view, except as a mere aid, subordinate and supplemental to the recollection of traditional viva voce teaching. On this point Père Lambillotte, to whose work I shall have occasion to refer again, says, p. 193 "The neumic notation had hardly anything in common, as regards musical value, with ours. In the latter the mere inspection of a note tells us the precise tone corresponding to it, and we need no external help to show whether we are to sound do or re or any other note. Such, however, was neither the effect nor the aim of the neums. These only indicated: 1. How many sounds each sign represented; 2. Whether the order of those sounds was ascending, descending, or unisonant; 3. What was the value of the signs in relation to the mode to which the piece of music belonged. Consequently this value, which may be called numerical value and approximate tonal value, is all that we can expect from the neums. This is attested by the language of all ancient writers on this point. It was impossible to learn singing without the help of a master; an air was not read, but learnt by heart," I regard the antiphonary volumes in the present case as intended for the personal use of the bearers and their pupils, rather than as a direct gift to the emperor. Of the two manuscripts thus started on their way to Metz one was arrested in its progress by the illness of Romanus, who sought and found needful hospitality and nursing in the monastery of St. Gall. In compliance with a subsequent order from Charlemagne Romanus settled in that community as a teacher of the Gregorian chant; and apparently there is much reason to believe that his Antiphonary has remained in the possession of the abbey during the eleven centuries that have since elapsed. Forty years ago the MS. believed to be that of Romanus was-and presumably it still is— No. 359 in the catalogue of the MSS. in the abbey library. It bears the title, 66 Antiphonarium B. Gregorii M."; and, in a second but ancient hand, the following addition : "Liber pretiosus, item Graduale, et absque dubio illud ipsum Antiphonarium S. Gregorii Magni quod cantor Romanus ab autographo Romano descripsit et, a Papa in Germaniam missus, in theca secum ad Sanctum Gallum attulit." This long-hidden, or by the outside world long-forgotten, MS. was brought into notice about the year 1827 by Herr Sonnleitner, a member of a musical society at Vienna, who made a journey to the library of St. Gall in search of it. The Emperor of Austria is stated to have caused a facsimile from the Antiphonary to be made about the Martigny ('Dict. des Antiq. Chrét..' s.v. * Neuma Notæ quas musicales dicimus" (Ducange, Ecclésiastique") calls them Theodore and Benedict, appa-s.v. "Pneuma "), a meaning distinct from that of the rently on the authority of Joannes Diaconus, a Neapoli- Pneuma treated of in Smith and Cheetham's invaluable tan chronicler in the tenth century. 'Dict. of Christian Antiquities.' same date for the Vienna Library. The learned editor of the 'Monumenta Germaniæ' agrees with Sonnleitner and others in pronouncing this MS. to be the identical Antiphonary brought to St. Gall by Romanus, as is clear," he says, "from many indications" ("ut ex multis indiciis patet"). A volume containing the story and description of the MS., an account of the external and internal_evidence of its identity with that brought by Romanus, and a facsimile (unfortunately not photographic) of the whole of its 132 pages, with dissertations by Père Lambillotte, S.J., was published at Brussels in 1867. Father Lambillotte, an enthusiast for the revival of the true Gregorian chant, after examining, with that object in view, many ancient MSS. in Belgium, France, England, and several parts of Germany, paid a visit in 1848 to both Metz and St. Gall. Of the former he says only: "I knew that this city had formerly possessed precious liturgical documents and renowned Chant-Schools; I hoped that time might possibly have still left it some fragmentary remains of those ancient treasures; grief, I found that the revolutionary storm had robbed it of them all." to my From Metz early in September, 1848, F. Lambillotte proceeded to St. Gall; and, the two canons in charge of the library being absent on their vacation, succeeded, by the intervention of the landammann of the canton, in obtaining access to the Antiphonary. The ultimate result was a facsimile made in that and the following year by a M. Naef, the fidelity of which to the ancient MS., "especially as regards the musical notation," was, after a careful collation, attested in a certificate signed by the dean, director of the library, and by the librarian. One cannot but wish that a facsimile, by one or other of the processes of recent invention based upon photography, could be made from the original. Such a reproduction of even an isolated page or two would furnish a means of measuring the accuracy and merit of the one edited by Lambillotte, and help to a sound palæographical judgment of the age of the St. Gall manuscript. The abbey of St. Gall was secularized after the French Revolution. Its church is now the cathedral of the diocese of St. Gall and Appenzel, while the library has, I understand, passed into the hands of the Municipality, and is under the management of a commission. JOHN W. BONE, F.S.A. for a time, made a feeble effort to defend him, and then gave him up to the mad fury of the sister university, and bowed to the Cambridge idol telegrapheme. The Times newspaper was crowded with letters on the controversy. So many and so fierce were these letters, that at length the proprietor of the Times came down with his bâton, and would have no more of it. Just previously I had got one short letter in the Times offering a new theory, which Walford, the Oxford champion, adopted, and so renewed the battle in favour of poor tele gram. The controversy was carried on in other papers, and in letters published in the shape of a pamphlet, now out of print, of which I have only one imperfect copy-A. C. on behalf of telegram, H. doing battle for telegrapheme. The former is the writer of this note; the latter the then Greek professor, William Hepworth Thompson, afterwards successor to Dr. Whewell in the mastership of Trinity College, Cambridge, of which college I also had the honour of being a scholar and first classman. My first point was to show that on the adverbial theory telegram could stand and maintain his position, thus, o τnλéуpaμμos, ov, just like & 66 that which is far off delineated," vypaμμos, ov, a very good and appropriate sense. Not so with regard to his rival telegrapheme. An adjectival form τnλeypánμos, ov, would have been too great a grammatical monstrosity to be proposed, so his noun substantive supporters set him up as a (Teypápnua), and they quoted as parallel instances σκιαγράφημα, δελτογράφημα, ζωγρά nua, &c. But all these differ toto cœlo. They are compounds of nouns with nouns, not of a noun with an adverb. Fancy such forms as evypápnua οι δυογράφημα. Ο shades of old grammarian what would you say to such atrocities? No; telegrapheme is a grammatical impossibility. On my setting this before one of the most eminent of Greek professors he fully admitted, as had done his predecessor in the Greek professorial chair, that telegrapheme is a barbarism, an impossible term. But another question arose-indeed, it had been present to my mind from the first-viz., how to justify the venerated forms "the telegraph" and "to telegraph," which had been in vogue fifty (or nearer a hundred) years previously-through all Porson's time, certainly. They could not standthough Dr. Donaldson and others attempted to place them on the adverbial theory-any more than εὐγραφή, εὐγράφος, εὐγραφέω, c. Let the prepositional theory be admitted-viz., that re, like πρόσθε, ὄπισθε, and several other such forms, is used as a preposition-and all is right; "the telegraph" (Teypan), "to telegraph" (Te ypále), "a telegram" (réypapua). Confer επιγραφή, ἐπιγράφειν, ἐπίγραμμα. The word Te governs a case, is prefixed before nouns, and in many of its compounds, as it seems to me, has the force and discharges the duty of a preposi |