base that will prove as useful as any. It consists simply of a piece of board, say three-quarters of an inch thick and one to two inches larger than the instrument. The board may be square or round, and in it cut, or have cut by some friend in possession of a lathe, a circular groove a quarter of an inch deep and about the same width. The groove should be of such a diameter that the glass may stand in it without touching either side of it. Having placed the glass in position, pour into the groove some liquefied paraffin wax until the level of the board is reached. This is simply to lightly cement the wood and glass together to permit of the instrument being carried about, and to exclude moisture, &c. Feet may be provided by

screwing pieces of wood of equal thickness on to the under side of the piece of board. The thickness need only be sufficient to allow the fingers to pass underneath the base for lifting purposes.

For my own part I rarely use a base, but, before commencing to work my electroscope, lay it carefully on its side before the fire, to dry the glass and expel as much of the moist air as possible. Something of the kind should be done before fixing the glass on to the base, or the instrument is likely to prove of little use on account of the confined moisture.

Ex. CX.-Another plan, which I have frequently and satisfactorily resorted to, is to provide the stopper (D, Fig. 61) with two holes, as shown in section in Fig. 65, where A B C D is the stopper and W W' the brass rod or wire. The second hole is bored parallel to it and of such a width, say a quarter of an inch, as to allow a piece of glass tubing, G G', to fit tightly. The tubing, it will be seen, is sealed at one end. The object is to enable one to drive out the damp air by gently warming the instrument when in the ordinary vertical position, the piece of tubing being withdrawn to permit the escape. When the warming is finished the tubing may be restored, and a further supply of moist air, which would otherwise find its way in, excluded. Where the cemented base is used the piece of tubing may be also cemented in (after the drying operation) by means of shellac varnish, &c., as it will rarely require to be withdrawn.

Ex. CXI. To seal up the end of a piece of glasstubing is a matter of little difficulty. All that is necessary is to hold a piece of ordinary glass-tubing over a gas

Fig. 66.

or spirit flame, placing one hand at A (Fig. 66) and the other at B, and revolving the glass gently in the flame, which we will suppose to be at or under C. When the

flame turns decidedly yellow in colour, the glass may be regarded as having been more or less softened. It should then be withdrawn from the flame and pulled apart with both hands. The diamater of the tube will in consequence be diminished, and may be made as small as we wish. As we at present only require a short, taper point, the pulling should be done as quickly as possible. If it were required to produce a long taper or a very fine hair-like tube, the pulling should be gradual, but equably maintained. A great deal depends upon the shape of the flame employed. When a short taper is required, only a narrow flame, such as that from a small spirit-lamp, should be used. But for most purposes, such as bending, long tapers, &c., a good batswing gas flame answers as well as anything, the glass being placed in the plane of the flame, that is, so that the greatest possible length of glass is heated. The reasons for this are too apparent to need detailing. It should be borne in mind that the glass should be thoroughly dried before being placed in the flame, as the smallest drop of water falling on the heated part is sufficient to fracture it. The glass should also be kept revolving during the whole of the time it is over the flame, or it will be unequably heated, and will, therefore, only extend badly, possibly it will break.

iron or any other metal, but brass looks best and costs but very little. It should be of the same size as the plate or cover of the electroscope (A, Fig. 61), and may be of the same thickness. In the centre of it a small piece of half-inch brass tubing C D should be soldered (Ex. XI. to XIV). The length of the tubing need not be more than half an inch. Then procure a piece of glass tubing, G G', five or six inches long, and about three-eighths of an inch in diameter; the end G of the glass should be sealed by revolving it in a good strong flame, holding it in a slightly inclined position, SO that the glass will have a tendency to run down. need be, the sealing may be assisted by using a piece of glass in the other hand and working the end G therewith. When the sealing operation is completed the end G' of the tubing should be placed in the soldered cup C D and cemented in with a little plaster of Paris. When the latter is dry the handle G G' should be coated with a layer of shellac varnish, whereby a good insulating handle is insured. If the sealing cannot be accomplished by

If

fusing the glass, the tube may be plugged with a small piece of dry wood or with a little plaster of Paris, and then well coated with shellac; or, instead of either of these, a stout test-tube may be employed, inverting it and cementing the open end. It only remains now to coat the under surface of AB with shellac varnish and the apparatus is complete. With it many interesting and instructive experiments can be performed.

Ex. CXIII. A more elaborate, but in some cases more useful form of condensing electroscope is illustrated in Fig. 68, where CDEF is a wooden base about threequarters of an inch thick, six inches wide, and fifteen or eighteen inches long. L is our electroscope (Fig. 61), W W', the wire bent so that the plate A becomes vertical instead of horizontal. B is the condensing plate illustrated in Fig. 67, a piece of quarter inch glass rod being used instead of the piece of tubing GG. The rod is bent similarly to W, and the lower end fastened by plaster of Paris into a foot made by soldering a piece of brass tubing on to a piece of brass, K, which slides over the two strips of brass HH and LL, screwed along the middle of the base, the strips being half an inch wide and long enough to reach from within an inch or so of the electroscope to the opposite end FD of the base; they need not be more than a sixteenth of an inch thick; they should be a quarter of an inch apart; but before being

W

Fig. 68.

fixed, the wood separating them should be cut out with a chisel and saw, a slot being thereby made a quarter of an inch wide and equal in length to the brass strips. Similar strips should also be screwed on to the corresponding portion of the under side of the base. The foot-piece, K, has to support B and the glass rod, and must also offer facilities for changing the distance between the plate A and B. To do this satisfactorily, K should present a vertical section, as shown in Fig. 69. This may be easily made. Cut two pieces of sheet brass, an eighth of an inch thick and measuring three-quarters of an inch wide by an inch long. These form the upper and lower pieces, A B and D C, which slide over HH, L L, and the corresponding underneath pieces respectively. C is a piece of brass a quarter of an inchthick, an inch long, and seven-eighths of an inch wide, the width being just a trifle in excess of the distance between the upper surfaces of the strips HH LL, and the lower surfaces of the strips beneath.

A B and D E, being screwed or soldered on to C, a very efficient foot, K, is at once provided and the movable plate, B, can be easily placed at any distance from A, within the range of the instrument. The foot might also be made from a solid piece of brass, filing out the necessary portions. When it is desired to connect B to earth, the back surface may be touched with the finger, or a piece of loose chain (Ex. VIII.) may be passed round the piece of brass tubing into which the upper end of G is cemented. It would be as well to coat G G with shellac varnish.

Ex. CXIV. A makeshift which I have occasionally resorted to with advantage when hard up for an electroscope, and when the necessary materials are not to hand,

is illustrated in Fig. 70. An ordinary wooden retort stand is used, or (as is here shown) a wooden base A is provided with a wooden rod B; two pieces of wood are screwed together on opposite sides of the rod, so as to clamp it securely, and at the same time to hold in position at Ca piece of well-insulated (gutta-percha covered) wire D E bared at the extremities, the upper end D being bent in to a loop so as to prevent the extremity acting as a point and discharging any electricity produced in the instrument. The lower end E is bent at right angles, the extreme point being turned back, and a gold or Dutch-metal leaf hung over the wire so that the two pendant parts are of equal length. Any open-mouthed jar, such as the receiver of an air-pump, a pickle-bottle, &c., placed on the base and the leaves suspended within it completes the apparatus, which for temporary purposes will do all that can be fairly expected of it.

There are very many interesting and instructive experiments which may be performed with the electroscope: some of them I have already dealt with; those pertaining to the condensing form of the apparatus should, in a measure, suggest themselves. In the main, they turn on the question of induction, and it is to be hoped that. with the apparatus so far constructed, the Young Electrician will pass many a pleasant hour during the fastapproaching winter.

THE destruction of Flood Rock, near Hell Gate, the preparations for which were detailed in a recent issue of KNOWLEDGE, was to have been effected yesterday, but, owing, it is said, to slight imperfections in the insulation of wires, used to complete the electrical firing circuit, the explosion has been postponed until Saturday.

MYSTERIES AND MORALITIES.

BY EDWARD CLODD. CONCLUSION.

HE introduction of Moralities dates from the reign of

THenry VI, that is, about the middle of the fifteenth

century. The personification of abstract qualities which had already found its way into the Mysteries* was a necessary element as the religious plays became less historical and more didactic in character, and the popularity of Moralities obviously quickened, because they were admirable vehicles for attacks upon or defence of current beliefs and superstitions, and could readily concern themselves with the social, political, and religious questions of the time, expressing through their allegorical character the thoughts of men's minds upon these topics.

The earliest extant English Moralities are in manuscript, and of these Mr. Payne Collier gives interesting abstracts in his "History of Dramatic Poetry."+ whilst Mr. Carew Hazlitt, in the additions which he has made to the re-issue of Dodsley's "Old Plays," has supplied us with several valuable specimens. The moral play with which that edition opens is not so early as was once held, but is especially interesting, as setting forth the advantage of the pursuit of natural knowledge. It is entitled, "A New Interlude and a Mery of the Nature of the Four Elements (ie., the earth, the water, the air, and fire), and is assigned to the early part of the sixteenth century. The "Messenger," a name usually given to the prologue, is followed by Natura Naturata, who discourses, it must be admitted very tediously, to Humanity, upon the ethereal region of the heavens and the lower region of the earth, and counsels him to study these. Humanity is, however, beguiled by Sensual Appetite, but, at the last, accepts Nature's reproof. The only known copy of the play is imperfect, the middle and concluding leaves being lost.

Of a still earlier date, although printed in 1522, is the "Propre Newe Interlude of the Worlde and the Chylde," in which the several stages of human life are represented, Man appearing successively as Infans, Wanton, Lust and Lykynge, Mauhode and Age. Perseverance recites to him the "Twelve Articles of the Faith" and "The Commandments Ten," when Age signifies his adhesion, and is thereupon named Repentance. ‡

In the more important "Morall-playe of Everyman," we meet with some admirable moral teaching in association with expositions of the Roman Catholic religion, the defence of which appears to have been one of the objects of the play. Everyman is the representative of the human race, and is summoned by Death, already personified in the Coventry plays as the messenger of God, to appear before the Divine tribunal, and bring his "book of counte," for

"a reckoning he will need have Without any lenger respite."

In his fear, Everyman asks his friends-Fellowship, Kindred, Goods, Strength, Beauty, and others--to accompany him; but they one by one forsake him when they learn who has summoned him; and in his despair he betakes himself to Good Deeds, "who is so weak that she cannot stand, verily." She upbraids him for neglect, but leads him to her sister Knowledge, who takes him to the holy man Confession. Everyman then does penance, receives the sacrament, and, with comforting words from * Vide KNOWLEDGE, p. 219, Sept. 11, 1885. + Vol. II., pp. 200-216. Dodsley, vol. i., p. 273.

Good Deeds, expires. Whereupon the Doctor who has attended him steps forward and delivers the moral :—

Ye herers, take it a worthe olde and yonge

And forsake Pryde, for he deceyves you in the ende,
And remembre Beaute, v. wyttes, Strength, and Discrecion,
They all at last do Everyman forsake,

Save his Good Dedes; there do he take;
But beware, for, and they be small,
Before God he hathe no helpe at all.*

An Act was passed in the reign of Henry VIII., forbidding any person to "play in interludes, sing or rhyme any matter contrary to the doctrine of the Church of Rome." This was repealed under Edward VI., and accordingly among the Moral Plays of his time we have, in "Lusty Juventus," a defence of the Bible against tradition and the superstitions of the Romish Church. The "parsonages that speake" are "Messenger, Lusty Juventus, Good Counsaill, Knowledge, Sathan the devyll, his son Hypocrisie, Felowship, Abhominable Lyvying, and God's Mercifull Promises.' Lusty Juventus represents the "frailtie of youth," of "nature prone to vyce," and is led astray by a gay woman, Abhominable Lyvyng, but finally reclaimed by good Counsaill. The edifying speeches of Good Counsaill and Knowledge are fortified with Bible references by no means contributory to the rhythm, as thus:

:

The prophet David saith, that the man is blessed
Which doth exercise himsel in the law of the Lord,
And doth not follow the way of the wicked;

As the first psalm doth plainly record;

The fourscore and thirteenth psalm thereunto doth accord.

My meaning is, as Christ saith in the sixth chapter of Matthew, To do to him as you would be done to.

I will show you what Saint Paul doth declare

In his Epistle to the Hebrews and the tenth chapter.+

Satan is wittily represented as lamenting the downfall of the old religion: "ful well," he says, I know the cause,

That my estimacion doth thus decay;
The olde people would beleve stil in my lawes,
But the yonger sort leade them a contrary way.
They wyll not beleve, they playnly say,

In old traditions and made by men,

But they wyll lyve as the Scripture teacheth them.

Hypocrisie recites a long list of the mummeries by which he had deceived men "since the world began": Holy cardinals, holy popes, Holy vestments, holy copes, Holy pardons, holy beads, Holy saints, holy images, With holy, holy blood. Holy stocks, holy stones, Holy clouts, holy bones, Holy wax, holy lead, Holy water, holy bread, Holy brooches, holy rings,

Holy kneeling, holy censings,

And a hundred trim-trams mo.‡

But such contempt was not confined to the Protestants. In John Heywood's "Enterlude of the Four P's," i.e., a Palmer, a Pardoner, a 'Poticary, and a Pedlar, the author, although a staunch Catholic, flings some coarse satire against the relic-mongers. The play itself is amusing as hinging on a dispute between the four characters as to who could tell the biggest lie. The credit falls to the Palmer, who remarks incidentally that he never saw a woman out of patience, whereupon the others, taken off their guard, declare it to be the greatest lie they ever heard. It is through the Pardoner that Heywood directs

*Collier, II., 228.

† Dodsley, Vol. I., pp, 55, 59. Dodsley, Vol. II., pp. 65-6.

I pray you turn that relic about:

Either the Trinity had the gout,

Or else, because it is three toes in one,
God made it as much as three toes alone.*

Mr. Herbert Spencer, in his Study of Sociology, refers to an illuminated missal in the possession of Mr. Huth, in which the Trinity is represented by three persons standing in one pair of boots. Heywood's satire is justified by the disclosures made in his time in the report of the Commissioners appointed by Thomas Cromwell to inquire into the state of the monasteries,† and by the currency of legends such as that gravely related of St. Clara de Monte Falconis :

That after her death there was found in her gall a plain testimony of the Holy Trinity, consisting of three balls of equal figure, colour, and size, and of equal weight, one weighing the weight of two and also of three, yet all three weighing no more than one!

But we pass beyond the assigned limits of our subject in referring to the Interludes, so called because they were played in the intervals of banquets and other festivities, since these fill the gap between the Moral-play and the regular drama. The abstract characters of the former were slowly displaced by concrete figures from history, the portrayal of

whose actions came so much nearer men's "business and bosoms" in those stirring times than any life of prophet, warrior, or king of a remote past and unsubstantial age, however crowded with supernatural detail. In addition to this, the institution fell into disrepute by reason of the indecency and buffoonery which were no longer in harmony with the improving taste of the people. So the religious drama passed from the hands of the guilds to those of the strolling player in town and country fairs, and the bans of the heralds to the "walk up, walk up" of the puppet showman. In the Spectator of March 16, 1711, Steele intimates that Powell the showman exhibited religious subjects with his puppets under the little piazza in Covent Garden, and talks of "his next opera of Susannah or Innocence betrayed, which will be exhibited next week with a pair of new Elders," while the following droll specimen from Strutt's Sports and Pastimes also evidences to the performance of Mysteries in this country as late as the eighteenth century:

+ Langton sends to Cromwell, among other reliques, Our Ladies smock, parte of God's supper, a fragment of stone from the manger at Bethlehem, while Dr. London sends from the abbey of Reading "the principal relique of idolytrie within this realm-an angel with one wing that brought to Caversham the spearhede that percyd our Saviour his syde upon the Crosse." In the inventory of reliques in the abbot's house, we find "two peces of the Holye Cross, Saynt James his hand, a bone of Mary Magdalene, a chow-bone of Saint Ethelwolde." Vid. Suppression of the Monasteries. Camden Society, 1843, pp. 58, 227.

6. Abraham offering his son Isaac.

7. Three wise men of the East guided by a star, who worship him.

8. Joseph and Mary flew away by night upon an ass.

9. King Herod's cruelty; his men's spears laden with children. 10. Rich Dives invites his friends, and orders his porter to keep the beggars from his gate.

11. Poor Lazarus comes a begging at rich Dives" gate, and the dogs lick his sores.

12. The good angel and death contend for Lazarus's life.

13. Rich Dives is taken sick and dieth. He is buried in great solemnity.

14. Rich Dives in hell, and Lazarus in Abraham's bosom, seen in a most glorious object, all in machines descending in a throne, guarded with multitudes of angels, with the breaking of the clouds, discovering the palace of the sun, in double and treble prospects, to the admiration of all spectators. Likewise several rich and large figures, with dances, jiggs, sarabrands, anticks, and country dances between every act: compleated with the merry humours of Sir John Spendall and Punchanello, with several other things never yet exposed. Perform'd by Mat Heatly. Vivat Regina."

Enough, however, has been said and cited to show that the Miracle Play has an interest not so much for the antiquarian as for the student of culture. Our knowledge of the manifold causes which contributed to the moral development of England during the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries would be very imperfect if we omitted the influence of this institution on a people among whom only portions of the Bible began to be circulated as late as the sixteenth century. It at least powerfully affected human conduct in supplying men with conceptions, rude and false though we now know them to have been, of a divine government of the world and a tribunal at which they would at the last be judged, but at the same time it did quite otherwise than contribute to the permanence of any one form of theology. In view of the political and personal causes which in England precipitated the Reformation, it is not easy to apportion to the religious plays of that period their share in the dethronement of sacerdotalism, and in the substitution of the authority of the Bible for that of the Church, which proved to be but an exchange of fetters; enough that they were on the liberal side, even when it seemed otherwise. For as the permanent in thought cannot be literalised and localised, the representation of the Deity in a linen coat and gloves could only quicken the advance of conceptions which refuse to surround Him with the limitations of Personality.

LIVE STOCK IN EUROPE.†

HE United States Consul in Copenhagen, writing_on the subject of the live stock in Europe, says that the number of horned cattle throughout Europe is estimated at about 92,000,000, of horses 36,000,000, of sheep 200,000,000, and of swine about 46,000,000. Of the European States, the Scandinavian countries and Servia stand in a prominently favourable position as regards the relative amount of their live stock to the inhabitants, Denmark ranking first on the list with 755 head of horned cattle per 1,000 inhabitants, next Servia with 609, then Norway with 562, and, lastly, Sweden with 483. France may be taken as representing the European average, whilst below the average come Great Britain, Spain, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, and Italy. Of sheep, Servia has relatively the largest number, namely, 2,200 head for 1,000 inhabitants, and Greece with 1,496. Spain, Roumania, Great Britain, and Norway rank as above the European average, Denmark above the average with 777 head, and all the other countries below the average, the *Coventry Mysteries, p. 408. † Journal of Society of Arts.

lowest in rank being Holland, Switzerland, and Belgium, with 121 head. Of swine, Servia has relatively also the largest number, namely, 1,062 head, whilst Spain, which follows next, has only 272, then Denmark with 263; Portugal, Austria, Roumania, and Germany being all above the average, France about the average, and the remaining countries below, the lowest in rank being Sweden, Holland, Italy, and Norway, with only 56 head. In an examination of the total numbers of live stock in the different countries, it will be found that Russia has the decided superiority, taking all classes of animals together. This country, including Poland and Finland, in the year 1876, possessed 25,000,000 head of horned cattle, 45,000,000 sheep, 10,000,000 swine, and 17,000,000 horses. The increase during the last twenty years has been greatest in sheep-about 20 per cent.; whereas the increase of horned cattle and swine has only been about 4 per cent.; and horses have remained stationary. Next to Russia, Germany has the largest number of horned cattle about 15,000,000, of sheep 25,000,000, of swine 7,000,000, and of horses 3,000,000. In Prussia there has been, of late years, a considerable increase in all classes of animals; in Saxony and Baden it has been stationary; while in Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Hesse, and Oldenburg there has been a falling off. Austria, with Hungary, ranks third on the list, so far as horned cattle and swine are concerned, respectively with 12,000,000 and 7,000,000; in the second rank as regards horses, namely, 3,000,000, but only in the sixth rank as regards sheep, with 20,000,000. After Austria, France has the next largest number of horned cattle, about 11,000,000 head, while it only occupies the fourth place for sheep and swine, namely, 24,000,000 and 5,000,000, and 2,000,000 horses. From 1850 to 1872 there was a considerable falling off in horned cattle in France, but in later years there has been a steady improvement.

Great Britain follows next in regard to horned cattle, namely, with 9,000,000 head; but, in respect to sheep, stands second on the list with 32,000,000; she takes the fourth rank in respect to horses, viz., with 2,750,000, but for swine only the sixth rank, with 4,000,000. Live stock in Great Britain has fallen off very considerably of late years; for example, from 1874 to 1880 there was a decrease of 500,000 head of cattle, 4,000,000 sheep, and 750,000 swine. Italy ranks last with respect to horned cattle, with 3,500,000 head, 1,000,000 horses, 9,000,000 sheep, and 3,750,000 swine. Of late years there has been a falling-off in the number of horned cattle, but sheep show an increase. In Holland the absolute number of live stock may be given as 1,500,000 head of cattle, 1,000,000 sheep, 500,000 swine, and 300,000 horses. The cattle interest in this country is of considerably more importance than the culture of cereals, about 40 per cent. of the land area being devoted to meadow and grass land. Denmark, in the cattle census of 1881, was stated to possess about 347,500 horses, 1,470,000 head of horned cattle, 1,548,600 sheep and lambs, and 527,000 swine. These figures, as compared with the previous census of 1876, show a very considerable increase in horned cattle and swine, while there is a diminution in the number of horses to the extent of 5,000, and in sheep of 170,000. In Norway, where the cattle interest is of more importance than cereal culture, the number of horned cattle is given at about 1,000,000 head, sheep at about 1,700,000, but of swine not more than about 100,000. Lastly, Sweden appears with 2,000,000 head of horned cattle, 1,500,000 sheep, 500,000 horses, and 450,000 swine. Taking the extra European countries,

the United States comes first with its enormous and steadily-increasing amount of live stock, which, notwithstanding the large annual increase of population from natural causes as well as from the great tide of emigration annually pouring into the country, has been fully able to keep pace with its relative position to the population. According to the latest returns, the number of horned cattle in 1882 amounted to 41,000,000; of sheep and lambs, 49,000,000; horses, 11,000,000; and swine, 43,000,000. From Canada there are no later census returns than those of 1871, when the numbers given were 2,700,000 head of horned cattle, about 3,000,000 sheep, and 1,500,000 swine. South America has relatively a larger number of animals even than the United States, especially the La Plata States are noted for their enormous hordes. Statistics place the number of horned cattle at 19,500,000 head, with 70,000,000 sheep, and about 500,000 swine. In the Pampas the horned cattle are estimated at 30,000,000. In Algeria the number of live stock in 1879 was stated as 1,200,000 head of horned cattle, and about 9,000,000 sheep. As regards Australia, the stock of animals in these colonies has received a very great increase during the last ten years. In the census of 1878, horned cattle are stated as 7,400,000, as compared with 4,700,000 in 1876; sheep, 61,000,000, against 51,000,000; and swine, 815,000, against 695,000. The proportion of live stock to every 1,000 inhabitants is very large, being as much as 2,800 head for horned cattle, 23,400 for sheep, and 310 for swine.

5. Perseus, the Champion (ẞ, Algol, famous variable). 6. Auriga, the Charioteer (a, Capella)

7. Ursa Major, the Greater Bear (a, ẞ, the Pointers).

8. Canes Venatici, the Hunting Dogs (a, Cor Caroli). Queen

9. Coma Berenices, Berenice's Hair.

10. Boötes, the Herdsman (a, Arcturus).

11. Corona Borealis, the Northern Crown.

12. Serpens, the Serpent. 13. Hercules, the Kneeler. 14. Lyra, the Lyre (a, Vega). 15. Cygnus, the Swan (a,

Arided; B, Albires). 16. Pegasus, the Winged Horse. 17. Andromeda, the Chained Lady.

18. Triangula, the Triangles. 19. Aries, the Ram.

20. Taurus, the Bull (a, Aldeburan; n, Alcyone, chief Pleiad).

21. Gemini, the Twins (a, Castor; B, Pollux).

22. Cancer,

the Crab (the cluster is the Beehive). 23. Leo, the Lion (a, Regulus). 24. Virgo, the Virgin (a, Spica). 25. Libra, the Scales.

26. Ophiuchus, the Serpent Holder.

27. Aquila, the Eagle (a, Altair). 28. Delphinus, the Dolphin. 29. Aquarius, the Water Carrier. 30. Pisces, the Fishes. 31. Cetus, the Sea Monster (0, Mira, remarkable riable).

32. Eridanus, the River. 33. Orion, the Giant Hunter (a, Betelgeux; ß, Rigel). 34. Canis Minor, the Lesser Dog (a, Procyon).

35. Hydra, the Sea Serpent (a, Alphard).

36. Crater, the Cup (a, Alkes). 37. Corvus, the Crow.

38. Scorpio, the Scorpion (a, Antares). 39. Sagittarius, the Archer. 40. Capricornus, the Sea Goat. 41. Piscis Australis, the Sou thern Fish (a, Fomalhaut).

42. Lepus, the Hare. 43. Columba, the Dove. 44. Canis Major, the Greater Dog (a, Sirius). 45. Argo, the Ship.