347.

Carib Indians, cannibals, 2. 155, 3.

95; enslaved, 254.
Carleton, Sir Guy, governor of
Canada, 10. 193; at Quebec,
196; invasion of New York,
292-295; commander-in-chief,
II. 347.

Carolina, frontier country, 5. 315-
317; named, 317; grant, 317;
Fundamental Constitutions and gov-
ernment, 319-322; distinct set-
tlements, 322-326, 339; Baha-
ma Islands annexed, 324; end of
proprietary government, 360; pi-
rates, 421. See also North Caro-
lina, South Carolina.
Carpini, John of Plano, missionary
to Jenghis Khan, 1. 320; in-
creases geographical knowledge,
321.

Carr, Dabney, proposes intercolonial
committees of correspondence, 10.
96.

Carr, Sir Robert, royal commissioner,
7. 331; on the Delaware, 8. 4;
in Boston, 9; death, 11.
Carrington, Edward, and the Ordi-
nance of 1787, 12. 242.
Carroll, Charles, proposed Catholic
colony on the Mississippi, 5. 198.
Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, on
independence, 10. 221.

Carroll, Daniel, member of the Fed-

eral Convention, 12. 271.
Carroll, John, first Catholic bishop
in United States, 12. 104.
Cartagena, Juan de, with Magellan,
2. 428, 431, 433, 436.
Carteret, Sir George, grant of New
Jersey, 5. 167, 8. 12; a proprietor
of Carolina, 5. 317; regrant of
New Jersey, 8. 42, 108.
Carteret, James, son of Sir George,
8. 18, 97.
Carteret, Peter, governor of North
Carolina, 5. 327, 329.

Jersey, 8. 13, 14, 18; relation-
ship to Sir George, 97 n.; and
New York's claim to New Jersey,
108--113.

Cartier, Jacques, early career, 9. 13;
first voyage, 13; second voyage,
14; at Stadacona, 15, 20; at
Hochelaga, 16-20; captain-gen-
eral, 22; third voyage, 23; brings
Roberval back to France, 31;
death, 32.

Cartwright, George, royal commis
sioner, 7. 331; in Boston, 8. 8;
captured by the Dutch, 8.
Carvajal, Francisco de, lieutenant of

Gonzano Pizarro, grim facetious-
ness, 3. 240; executed, 240.
Cary, Sir Henry, member of London
Company, 4. 81.

Caste, not in Mexico, 1. 136 n.;
in Peru, 3. 124, 139.
Castile. See Isabella, Spain.
Castro, Vaca de, royal agent to
Peru, 3. 236; defeats young Al-
magro, 237.
Caswell, Richard, commands North
Carolina militia, defeats loyalists at
Moore's Creek, 10. 208; joins
Gates, 11. 227; at Camden,
231.
Cathari.

See Albigenses.
Cathay, origin of name, I. 320. See
also China.

Catherine, empress of Russia, refuses
to sell soldiers to George III., 10.
189; interest in humanitarian
movement, II. 175; England
desires alliance, 175-178, 181;
and doctrine of free ships, free
goods, 178, 182; in Armed
Neutrality, 184; importance of
her work, 185; refuses to aid
Holland, 192-194.

Catlin, George, American artist, on
Mandan Indians, I. 49.
Cato, leads negro insurrection, 5.385.
Cattigara, Ptolemy's antipodal city,
reappearance in early maps of New

World, 2. 354, 355, 355 n.,
381-n., 3. 327.
Cauchis, Peruvian tribe, 3. 123.
Caughnawaga, Canada, settlement of
Christianized Iroquois, 8 286,
289, 9. 262.

Cavaliers and Roundheads compared
socially, 5. 11-15, 32; emigra-
tion to Virginia, 18-21; effect on
Virginia, 27-29, 33, 114, 394.
Cave men, progenitors of Eskimos,
I. 19-23.

Cavelier. See La Salle.

Cavendish, Lord, member of London

Company, 4. 243, 252.
Cavendish, Lord John, on hiring of
German troops, IO. 190; in
Rockingham ministry, II. 348,
12. 6; in coalition ministry, 53.
Cavendish, Thomas, voyage around
the world, 4. 39.

Cayugas, Iroquois Indians, 9. 45, 47.
See also Iroquois.

Cecil, Sir Robert, intrigues against
Raleigh, 4. 64; heads London
Company's members, 169.
Céloron de Bienville, takes possession
of Ohio valley for France, 9. 264-
267.

Censors in Pennsylvania, 12. 178.
Central America, Columbus on the
coast, 2. 203; Vespucius on the
coast, 272, 292; conquest, 3.
90; voyages on west coast, 203,
204; struggle over jurisdiction in,
205;
Las Casas's peaceful con-
quest of Tuzulutlan, 292-300.
See also Mayas.
Champlain, Samuel, settles Quebec,
3. 359, 9. 60, 92; birth, 38;
religion, 39, 59, 81; character,
3. 359, 9. 39, 58, 92; in the
West Indies and Mexico, 40;
suggests a canal at Panama, 41;
and Pontgravé, 41; first voyage
to Canada, 42; on coast of New
England, 52-55; greeting at Po.t
Royal, 55; his knightly Order
of Good Times, 57; interest in

Canada, 58, 82; return to Can-
ada, 60; makes alliance with Al-
gonquins and Hurons, 62-64;
expeditions against the Iroquois,
65-71, 80, 86-88; married, 80
founds Montreal, 81; viceregal
lieutenant, 81; controls the fur-
trade, 82; seeks the western sea,
83; brings Recollets to Canada,
86; defends Quebec against Kirke,
91; surrenders, 92; governor,
92; last days, 92.

Chancas, Peruvian tribe, 3. 126.
Chandler, Thomas, on Maryland
clergy, 5. 190.

Charles I. of England, relations with
Virginia, 4. 279, 283-285, 294,
349, 350; and Baltimore, 307,
308, 311,318, 321, 342; relations
with Massachusetts, 6. 116, 135-
138; character, 118; conflict with
Parliament, 119–122.

Charles II. of England, charters
Hudson Bay Company, 3. 372;
and Baltimore, 4. 361, 5. 159;
Virginia's loyalty, 4. 366, 5.
24-26, 62; land grants, 61;
comment on Berkeley, 110; in-
structions on suffrage, 118;
knights Morgan, 416; relations
with New England, 6. 243-249,
317, 318, 325, 328, 7. 321;
measures toward absolutism, 6.
328-331, 8. 27, 40; and the
naming of Pennsylvania, 175.
Charles V. of Spain, and Las Casas,
3. 284; issues the New Laws,
301.
Charles City County, Va., origin of
its name, 5. 45 n.
Charleston,

S. C., named for
Charles II., 5. 318; founded,
325, 333; attacked by French
and Spanish fleets, 341-343;
focus of social life, 361, 383,
387; trade, 381; trade with pi-
rates, 423; action on tea question,
10. 99, 108; futile British attack,
232-235; Prevost's advance and

retreat, II. 206, 210; captured
by British, 214–216. See also
South Carolina.

Charlestown, Mass., settled, 6. 126;

fired by the British, 10. 165.
Charlottesville, Va., British prisoners
quartered, 10. 401; Tarleton's
raid, 11. 325.
Charter Oak, 6. 335.
Charters: Hudson Bay Company,
3. 372; Raleigh's, 4. 35, 36;
Virginia, 71-73, 169-171, 258;
Maryland, 311, 316-318, 5.
188, 196; Massachusetts, 4. 315,
6. 116, 332, 344, 9. 202, 10.
113; Pennsylvania, 5. 168, 8.
176-178, 432-449; Carolina,
5. 318, 320, 359; Georgia, 391;
Rhode Island, 6. 190, 249, 335,
342; Connecticut, 249, 335,
342, 7. 320; Dutch West India
Company, 129; of Privileges and
Exemptions in New Netherland,
154. See also Grants.
Chase, Samuel, and independence,

IO. 221.

Chatham, Earl of. See Pitt.
Chauvin, Pierre, monopoly of the
fur-trade, 9. 36; death, 37.
Cheesman, Edward, and Berkeley,
5. 108.

Cherokee Indians, 1. 50 n., 167;

mound builders, 166; during the
Revolution, II. 124.

Cherry Valley, N. Y., massacre, II.

109.

Chesapeake Bay, character, 5. 239 n.;
and Verrazano Sea, 7. 71-74,
9. 11.

Chester, Penn., named, 8. 182.
Cheyenne Indians, I. 51.
Chibchas, Central American Indians,

3. 92-94.

Chichimecs, traditional people of
Mexico, 3. 7, II.
Chickasaw Indians, 1. 50, 168.
Chief, Indian military leader, of clan,
1. 82; of tribe, 86; of Iroquois
confederacy, 90; European mis-

conception, III, 127, 4. 111,
133, 202, Mexican clan, 1. 122.
See also Chief - of- men, Inca
Sachem.

Chief-of-men, Aztec military exe-
cutive, 1. 127, 130-133, 3.
72-74.

Child, Robert, in Presbyterian cabal,
6. 213-215.

Childs, James, founds free school in
South Carolina, 5. 380.
Chili, Peruvian invasion, 3. 128;
Almagro governor, 226; Spanish
conquest, 232.

Chimus, Peruvian tribe, 3. 126.
China, early knowledge of, 1. 304,
309; accessible under Mongol
empire, 320, 323-326, 332-334;
effect of closing, 334-337.
Chiiihuanas, South American In-
dians, 3. 158-160.
Chittenden, Thomas, governor of
Vermont, 12. 179.
Choctaws, Maskoki Indians, 1. 50.
Cholula, Mexican pueblo, I. 107,
3. 17; and Cortes, 49-52.
Christiansen, Hendrick, at Manhat-
tan, 4. 201, 7. 118, 120.
Christison, Wenlock, Quaker, perse-

cuted, 6. 240, 241.

Church, Benjamin, in King Philip's
War, 6. 281, 296, 297, 299.
Church, Benjamin, corresponds with
the enemy, 10. 180.
Church of England, liberalism, 4.
276, 6. 77; in Virginia, 4. 290,
354-356, 5. 135, 305-308,
312, 12. 93-98; Puritans within,
4. 353; established in Maryland,
5. 188-192; established in South
Carolina, 377; in Georgia, 393;
origin, 6. 51; forbidden in Mas-
sachusetts, 131, 318; royal or-
der for toleration, 317, 323; first
services in Boston, 336; establish-
ment in the colonies, 12. 91;
disestablished, 92; American con-
nection after the Revolution,
98-101.

Colonies, Dutch, East Indian, 7. 57-

60; in Brazil, 62; divergent
views on policy in 1609, 113,
116. See also New Netherland.
Colonies, English, effect of defeat
of Armada, 3. 394, 4. 46, 6.
72; reasons for success, 3. 405,
6. 169, 7. 147, 151, 9. 104;
Gilbert's attempt, 4; 33; Ra-
leigh's attempt, 35-39, 41, 44-
46; Hakluyt's reasons for plant-
ing, 51-58; Zones, 74; become
a policy, 6. 90; right of Crown
to soil, 140, 332; Crown and
parliamentary control, 141, 145,
190, 194-196, 211, 243, 317,
318, 333, 344, 10. 38-41; non-
English influences, 7. 34-39, 8,
385, 414; significance of the
year 1609, 7. 111-113; land
purchases from the Indians, 8.
187-191; unsuccessful expeditions
against Canada, 229, 281, 283;
strategic position of New York
and Pennsylvania, 243-245; in-
tercolonial relationship, 9. 278,
10. 7; contribution to French
and Indian war, 9. 343, 10. 17;
relation with England from 1690
to 1760, 1-5; political standards
compared with the British, 18,
84; willing to grant aid to the

empire, 20; purpose of the
Townshend Acts, 36; reasons
for attitude of George III., 50;
Dickinson on rights, 54; strength
of, unappreciated, 65-67; local
vexations, 89; courage of, depre-
ciated in England, 118, 165;
make common cause, 121; va-
cillating policy of British ministry,
133, 134; attitude of middle
colonies on question of war, 135-
137; hesitate at offensive war,
138, 156, 193; general prepara-
tion for war, 150; political chaos
in 1775, 184. See also Conti-
nental Congress, England, New
England, Union, and colonies by

name.

Colonies, French, attempted Hugue-
not, 3. 342-350, 4. 19-21, 9.
33; cause of failure, 7. 149, 150;
attempt at Sable Island, 9. 6.
See also Acadia, Canada.
Colonies, Portuguese, on Cape Bre-
ton Island, 2. 236; in Brazil,
406; East Indian, 416–418.
Colonies, Spanish, preparation for
first, 2. 151, 154; attempted, in
Veragua, 206, 207; on the main-
land, 3. 178-185; Las Casas's
a tempt, 284-287; attempted. in
Virginia, 321; in Florida, 341,
346; character of American, 4.
29. See also Hispaniola.
Colonization, Europe not prepared for
in 1000, I. 297-300.
Columbus, Bartholomew, brother of
Christopher, voyage with Dias, I.
383, ii. 81, 81 n.-83 n.; ability,
21; appearance, 23 n.; said to
have suggested route to Indies,
73; in England and France, 84-
88; in Hispaniola, 169; Ade-
lantado, 170; as a governor, 172;
founds San Domingo, 176; im-
prisoned and sent to Spain, 194;
in Christopher's fourth expedition,
200; puts down mutiny at Ja-
maica, 208; and Cabot, 215