in Maryland, 5. 174; general
fear of, in the colonies, 185, 8.
210-214; Maryland laws against,
5. 188, 192-194; continued in-
fluence in Maryland, 196, 313;
private worship allowed, 197;
under the restored palatinate, 197-
199; scheme for colony in Mis-
sissippi valley, 198; number in
Maryland, 313; relation to the
struggle for control in America,
440; significance of date, 476, 6.
3; preserves the imperial idea,
20-22; apogee, 22; political de-
cline, 40; compared with Protest-
antism, 44; other colonial mea-
sures against, 8. 247, 337, 349,
421, 12. 89 n., 90; and Quak-
ers in England, 8. 343;
first
church in New England, 12. 103;
strength in America in 1784,
103; first American bishop, 104.
See also Protestantism, and popes
by name.

Roman Empire, date of end, 6. 1-6,
57; importance of imperial idea,
2, 5, 6, 21, 40; considered in-
destructible, 3; reunited, 4; re-
divided, 4. See also Holy Roman
Empire, Nation-making.
Rotch, Francis, and the tea ships,

10. 101-107.
Roundheads. See Puritans.
Rousby, Christopher, revenue col-
lector in Maryland, and Talbot, 5.
183.

Rowe, John, suggests destruction of
the tea, 10. 106.
Rowlandson, Mary, narrative of In-

dian captivity, 6. 291–294.
Royal Americans in Forbes's army,
9.337.

Royal commissioners of Charles II.,
capture New Amsterdam, 6. 249,
7: 330, 332-338; baffled by
Massachusetts, 6. 249, 318, 7.
331, 8. 8-11.

Rubruquis, Willem de, Franciscan |
monk, mission to Great Khan, I.

320; increases geographical know
ledge, 321.

Ruiz, Bartholomew, in Pizarro's
second expedition, 3. 207; re-
mains at Gallo Island, 209 n.
Ruiz, Sancho, in Columbus's first
expedition, 2. 103.

Rush, Benjamin, anonymous letter
on Washington, II. 44.
Russell, John, gentleman pioneer in
Virginia, 4. 142.

Rut, John, English navigator, voy-
age, 2. 231, 237 n.
Rutgers v. Waddington, 12. 147,
150-153.

Rutherford, Griffith, defeats Chero-
kees, 11. 124.
Rutledge, John, member of the
Federal Convention, 12. 270.

Sable Island, attempted colony, g. 6.
Sachem, civil Indian executive, of
clan, I. 82, 83; in Iroquois con-
federacy, 89; among pueblo In-
dians, 103; of Aztec clan, 122;

Aztec tribal, 125. See also Chief.
Sacs, Algonquin Indians, I. 51.
Sacsahuaman hill, near Cuzco, Peru,

fortress, 3. 104-111, 168.
Saga of Vinland, versions, I. 229-
234, 239 n.; corroborated by
other Icelandic documents, 234-
244; a history, 245-247.
Sagas, classification, 1, 224, 227-

St. Eustatius, Dutch West Indian
island, importance, II. 187; cap-
tured by British, 194; recaptured,
346.

St. John's, Canada, captured by
Americans, 10. 154, 194; re-
captured, 154.

St. Lawrence Gulf and River, Car-
tier in, 3. 325, 9. 14; on Dee
map, 3. 358; Aubert's alleged
voyage, 7. 68, 9. 4 ; naming of,
7. 68, 69; impressiveness, 9.
15; notion of union with the
Hudson, 27.

St. Leger, Barry, part assigned in

Burgoyne's campaign, 10. 307;
army, 334; besieges Fort Stan-
wix, 335; effect of Oriskany,
343; flight, 346.

St. Louis on the Illinois River,

founded, 9. 131.

St. Lusson, Sieur de, takes posses-
sion of the Northwest for France,
9. 107-109.

St. Mary's, Md., founded, 4. 321;
captured by Ingle, 360; capital
taken from, 5. 188; decay, 189.
See also Maryland.
Saint-Pierre, Legardeur de, expedi-
tion to Ohio valley, 9. 269; with
Dieskau, 298; killed, 299.
Saint-Simon, Marquis de, joins La-
fayette before Yorktown, II.
336.

Salaries, colonial controversies over,

5. 321, 8. 279, 10. 4, 15, 92,

93, 97.
Salem, Mass., settled, 6. 112;
named, 116; Episcopal service
prevented, 131; Roger Williams
at, 139-141; seat of govern-
ment, 10. 113. See also Salem
Village.

Salem, N. J., founded, 8. 163.
Salem Village (Danvers), Mass.,
Cotton Mather's connection with
the witchcraft delusion, 9. 150-
152, 155, 170-173, 186, 197;
bibliography of the witchcraft,

151 n.; situation, 157; church
troubles, 157-159; beginnings of
the witchcraft troubles, 159-161;
persons accused, 161-169, 184;
malice as an element in the accu-
sations, 165, 167-169, 180-
191, 195; special court, 169;
recommendations of the ministers,
170-172; convictions on spectral
evidence, 173; trials, 174-180;
executions, 179, 180, 186; pro-
testations of innocence, 180-
183; reaction, 183-185; special
court abolished, 186; confessions
of miscarriage of justice, 188; ex-
planation of the delusion, 189-
195; historical importance of
the troubles, 195; reaction on
the clergy, 197. See also Witch-
craft.
Salisbury, Earl of.
See Cecil.
Salomon, Haym, financial aid during
the Revolution, 8. 392.
Saltonstall, Sir Richard, on religious

persecution, 6. 224.

"Sam Adams regiments," 10. 82.
Samoset, Indian, friendly with Pil-
grims, 6. 102.

San Domingo, Hayti Island, founded,
2. 176.

San Juan de Ulloa, Mexico, Grijalva
at, 3. 35; Cortes at, 37; Haw-
kins's fight, 4. 22-24.

San Salvador Island, Columbus's

landfall, 2. 115; identity, 115.
Sanchez, Gabriel (Raphael), Co-
lumbus's letter to, published, 2.

135.

Sanctuary, Aztec right, 1. 140 n.
Sandys, Sir Edwin, member of the

London Company, career, 4. 81;
leader in party opposed to king's
pretensions, 216, 236; treasurer,
217; bestows representation on
Virginia, 219, 221; election op-
posed by the king, 237; with-
draws, 238; prepares answer to
charges against the company, 252;
assists Pilgrims, 276, 6. 96; in-

276.

Sandys, George, in Virginia, 4. 273;

on Pott, 295.

Santangel, Luis de, interest in Colum-
bus, 2. 95, 99; Columbus's let-
ter to, 128.

Santarem, João de, Portuguese navi-

gator, crosses equator, 2. 375.
Saracen Empire, barrier between Eu-
rope and Asia, I. 310.
Saratoga, N. Y., Burgoyne retreats
to, 9. 389; surrender at, 394,
395- See also Burgoyne.
Sargasso Sea, Columbus in, 2. 107;
situation, 107 n.-109 n.; and
Atlantis, 108 n.

Sargent, Winthrop, and the Ohio
Company, 12. 241.

Sataspes, voyage on west coast of
Africa, I. 347.

Savagery and barbarism, 1. 29-31;
three periods, 31, 32; unknown
to mediæval Europeans, 213,
375 n., 377 n. ; history of the
word, 376 n.; knowledge of the
ancients concerning, 377 n.
Savannah, Ga., surrender to British,
II. 202; French-American at-
tack, 211.

Say-and-Sele, Lord, grant in Connec-
ticut, 6. 150, 7. 176.
Saybrook, Conn., fort built, 6. 150,
7. 177.

Saybrook Platform, 9. 215-218.
Sayle, William, first governor in

South Carolina, 5. 324.
Sayri Tupac, Inca, pensioner of
Spain, 3. 245.

Schaats, Gideon, minister at Albany,
8. 100.

Schenectady, N. Y., settled, 8. 63;

meaning of the name, 64 n. ;

massacre, 224-227.

Schout, duties of the office in the
New Netherland government, 7.

152.

Schuyler, Peter, and the Iroquois,
8. 66, 248, 9. 103, 263; de-
feats Frontenac, 8. 250; takes
Iroquois chiefs to England, 282;
manor, 311-317; protest against
Leisler, 420.

Schuyler, Philip, commands northern
department, 10. 178, 194; char-
acter, 297; hated by his New
England army, 297, 344; Gates's
intrigue against, 300, 301; blame
for failure of invasion of Canada,
300; blame for loss of Ticonde-
roga, 318, 319; evacuates Fort
Edward, 320; removed from com-
mand, 347; house burnt by Brit-
ish, 389; magnanimity, 395-
397; friendship for Arnold, II.

260.

Scotch loyalists, in North Carolina,
10. 207; on the frontier, II.

104; in South Carolina, 200.
Scotch-Irish, in North Carolina, 5.
373; influence on American
progress, 456, 460, 462, 463, 8.
414; origin, 5. 457-459, 8.
411; reasons for migrating, 5.
459, 8. 412; frontier settlements,
5. 460-462, 8. 413, 9. 259;
prominent descendants, 5. 460,
461; objectionable name, 8. 410;
religious toleration, 413, 12. 96;
union with the Palatines, 8. 414;
Whigs, 11. 200.

Scotland, power of the church, 6.
82; compared with New England,
183-185; witchcraft trials, 9.
142, 143.

Scott, John, adventurer, 7. 326;
president of league of Long Island
towns, 328; arrested, 329.
Scrooby congregation, gathered, 6.
85; escape to Holland, 86.
See
also Pilgrims.
Sea kings, English, of Elizabeth's

Schöner, Johann, America on his
globes, 2. 380; confuses facts on
Vespucius, 387; southern strait on
his globes, 425; identifies North
America with Asia, 451.

time, influence on America, 4.
12; policy of development, 26-
28, 5. 400; not buccaneers, 4.
28, F. 399; Drake's achieve-
ments, 4. 29-33, 38-41; defeat
of the Armada, 41-44; final blow
to Spain's naval power, 44; Pu-
ritans, 6. 72.

attempt to introduce by patroons,
7. 197; in New York, 8. 333;
Dunmore attempts to enlist, 10.
210. See also Slavery.
Setebos, Patagonian deity, 2. 437.
Seven Years' War, early grounds,
6. 343; beginning, 9. 301. See
also French and Indian War.

12. 100.

Seal of Virginia, 5. 25-27.
Sedgwick, Robert, Massachusetts

major, conquers Acadia, 9. 96.
Seminole Indians, 1. 50.
Senate, state, origin and early char-
acter, 12. 77, 79, 80. See also
Legislature.

Seneca, prophecy of discovery of
America, 2. 43.
Senecas, Iroquois Indians, I. 54, 9.
45; segregated from the Onon-
dagas, 47. See also Iroquois.
Separatists, polity, 6. 78; organized,
79; opposed, 79; persecuted,
80; effect of James I.'s threat,
85; Massachusetts settlers be-
come, 131. See also Pilgrims,
Scrooby congregation.
Sepulveda, Juan de, controversy with

Las Casas, 3. 306–308.
Serapis, British ship, equipment, II.
153;
battle with Bon Homme

Richard, 154-159.
Servants, white indented, demand for,
in Virginia, 5. 205; convicts and
kidnapped children sent to Amer-
ica, 205;
term of service and
treatment, 206; notion that Vir-
ginians are descended from con-
victs, 207-210; redemptioners,
211; character, number, and dis-
tribution of transported convicts,
211-214; protests against trans-
portation of convicts, 213, 220;
transported political offenders, 214;
career of white freedmen and their
descendants, 216–220, 369-371,
373-376; taxation, 226; as tutors,
289; in New England, 6. 172;

4. 371.

Sevier, John, defeats Cherokees, II.
124; at King's Mountain, 295,
297; governor of the state of
Franklin, 12. 237; governor of
Tennessee, 239.

Sewall, Samuel, judge of Salem
witches, 9. 170; public acknow
ledgment of error, 188.
Seymour, Sir Edward, on Virginia's
desire for a college, 5. 136.
Seymour, John, governor of Mary-
land, reprimands Catholic priests,
5. 192.

Shaftesbury, Earl of.
See Cooper.
Sharpe, Horatio, governor of Mary-
land, 5. 200; advises tax on col-
onies, 10. 14.

Sharpless, Edward, clerk of House
of Burgesses punished, 4. 287.
Shattuck, Job, leader in Shays's Re-

bellion, 12. 213; captured, 214.
Shawnee Indians in Ohio valley, 1.

51, 9. 263; mound-builders, I.
166, 168; English allies, 9.

357.
Shawomet, R. I., Gorton's settle-

ment, 6. 204; expedition against,
210; new settlement, 212.
Shays, Daniel, at Springfield, 12.

214, 215; retreat and capture,
215-217.

Shays's Rebellion, causes, 12. 210-
213; outbreak, 213-215; sup-
pression, 215-217; pardon of
insurgents, 218; attitude of Con-
gress, 219, 220.
Sheffield, Lord, pamphlet on Amer-
ican trade, 12. 190.
Shelburne, Earl of, colonial policy,

char-

istry, 10. 33; in Rockingham
ministry, II. 348, 12. 6;
acter, 5; and Fox, 6, 9, 13,
16-18; favours parliamentary re-
form, 7; begins informal peace
negotiations, 10; on Franklin's
peace suggestions, 12-14, 17;
ministry, 19; his negotiations
denounced, 50; resigns, 51; jus-
tified, 53.

Shelby, Isaac, pioneer, defeats Indi-
ans, 10. 129; at King's Moun-

tain, 295, 296.
Shenandoah Valley, Va., Spots-
wood's expedition to, 5. 450;
settlement, 461.

Sheriffs, duties and appointment in
Maryland, 4. 330, 5. 178; and
in Virginia, 47, 82.

Sherman, Roger, on committee to
draft Declaration of Independence,
10. 227; member of the Federal
Convention, 12. 271; suggests
compromise on representation in
Congress, 297; pregnant sugges-
tions on the executive, 329.
Sherwood, William, career, 5.
119 n.

Ship-building, in New Netherland,

7. 163; cost in New England,
12. 163.
Shippen, Margaret, betrothed to

Arnold, 11. 250; marriage, 255;
ignorant of Arnold's treason, 256;
devotion, 284.

Ships, viking, I. 198-201; clumsi-
ness of caravels, 359.
Shirley, William, governor of Mas-
sachusetts, project to attack Louis-
burg, 9. 250; and his assembly,
278, 294; suggests a stamp tax and
consolidation, 281, 10. 13, 18;
part in the first campaign of French
and Indian War, 9. 294; failure
of expedition against Fort Niagara,
300; superseded as commander-
in-chief, 306.

Shoshones, Indian group, 1. 47.

chusetts, conference with the
Maine Indians, 9. 239; conflict
with the assembly, 242;
sails
suddenly for England, 242.
Silk, attempted culture in Virginia,
4. 271, 5. 3.
Sinclair, Henry, Earl of Orkneys,
and Nicolò Zeno, 1. 264; voyage
of discovery, 265; the Zichmni
of Zeno narrative, 274.

Sioux Indians, 1. 48, 5. 349.
Six Nations.
See Iroquois.

Slavery, in Mexican tribes, I. 139;
beginning of modern, 372, 3.
247, 249-251; religious motive,
I. 372, 3. 250, 4. 18; ancient,
3. 247-249, 6. 11, 16; influ-
ence of discovery of America, 3.
253

Indian : Vespucius enslaves
Bermuda natives, 2. 280; oppo-
sition to the New Laws in Peru,
3. 237, 238; beginnings, 253-
255; origin of repartimientos,
255; royal Spanish orders for
forced labour and conversion, 264 ;
encomiendas, 265; effect of the
discovery of gold, 266; horrors,
267-269; Dominicans denounce,
270-272; Las Casas begins his
labours against, 274-276; Ximi-
nes's attitude, 277; first at-
tempted reforms, 277; Las Casas
renews attempt to abolish, 289;
pope forbids further enslavement,
301; New Laws, 301; gradual
and final abolition, 302, 308;
policy of abolition, 302 n.; kid-
napping in South Carolina, 5.
338, 341; New England Indians
sold, 6. 299.

:

Negro conditions of early, in
Europe, 3. 251, 252 n.; Las
Casas and its introduction in Amer-
ica, 278-284; early English slave
trade, 4. 18, 19; negroes con-
sidered not human, 18, 5. 223;
introduction in Virginia, 4. 221;