SEC. 12. A majority of the Board shall constitute a quorum for the trans action of business.

SEC. 13. The contingent expenses of the Board shall be provided by the General Assembly.

SEC. 14. As soon as practicable after the adoption of this Constitution the ming General Assembly shall establish and maintain in connection with the Univer sity a department of agriculture, of mechanics, of mining and of normal inter, struction.

SEC. 15. The General Assembly is hereby empowered to enact that every t child of sufficient mental and physical ability shall attend the public school pit during the period between the ages of six and eighteen years for a term not less than sixteen months, unless educated by other means.

ARTICLE X.

HOMESTEADS AND EXEMPTIONS.

SECTION 1. The personal property of any resident of this State to the vals of five hundred dollars, to be selected by such resident, shall be and is here exempted from sale under execution or other final process of any court iss for the collection of any debt.

SEC. 2. Every homestead, and the dwellings and buildings used therewit not exceeding in value one thousand dollars, to be selected by the ow thereof, or in lieu thereof, at the option of the owner, any lot in a city, to or village, with the dwelling and buildings used thereon, owned and occupi by any resident of this State, and not exceeding the value of one thous dollars, shall be exempt from sale under execution or other final process tained on any debt. But no property shall be exempt from sale for taxes for payment of obligations contracted for the purchase of said premises. SEC. 3. The homestead, after the death of the owner thereof, shall exempt from, the payment of any debt during the minority of his children any one of them.

SEC. 4. The provisions of sections one and two of this article shall be so construed as to prevent a laborer's lien for work done and perform for the person claiming such exemption, or a mechanic's lien for work da on the premises.

SEC. 5. If the owner of a homestead die, leaving a widow but no childre the same shall be exempt from the debts of her husband, and the rents profits thereof shall inure to her benefit during her widowhood, unless she the owner of a homestead in her own right.

SEC. 6. The real and personal property of any female in this State quired before marriage, and all property, real and personal, to which she m after marriage, become in any manner entitled, shall be and remain the and separate estate and property of such female, and shall not be liable any debts, obligations or engagements of her husband, and may be devi and bequeathed, and, with the written assent of her husband, conveyed by as if she were unmarried.

SEC. 7. The husband may insure his own life for the sole use and bene of his wife and children, and in case of the death of the husband the am thus insured shall be paid over to the wife and children, or to the guarda if under age, for her or their own use, free from all the claims of the rep sentatives of her husband or any of his creditors.

SEC. 8. Nothing contained in the foregoing sections of this article sh operate to prevent the owner of a homestead from disposing of the same deed; but no deed made by the owner of a homestead shall be valid with the voluntary signature and assent of his wife, signified on her private evan ination according to law.

ARTICLE XI.

PUNISHMENTS, PENAL INSTITUTIONS AND PUBLIC CHARITIES.

SECTION 1. The following punishments only shall be known to the laws of this State, viz., death, imprisonment with or without hard labor, fines, re

oval from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, ust or profit under this State. The foregoing provision for imprisonment ith hard labor shall be construed to authorize the employment of such conet labor on public works or highways, or other labor for public benefit, and e farming out thereof, where and in such manner as may be provided by w; but no convict shall be farmed out who has been sentenced on a charge murder, manslaughter, rape, attempt to commit rape, or arson: Provided, at no convict whose labor may be farmed out shall be punished for any ilure of duty as a laborer except by a responsible officer of the State; but e convicts so farmed out shall be at all times under the supervision and atrol, as to their government and discipline, of the Penitentiary Board or me officer of this State.

SEC. 2. The object of punishments being not only to satisfy justice, but to reform the offender, and thus prevent crime, murder, arson, burglary d rape, and these only, may be punishable with death, if the General Asnbly shall so enact.

SEC. 3. The General Assembly shall, at its first meeting, make provision the erection and conduct of a State's Prison or Penitentiary at some cenl and accessible point within the State.

SEC. 4. The General Assembly may provide for the erection of Houses Correction, where vagrants and persons guilty of misdemeanors shall be trained and usefully employed.

SEC. 5. A House or Houses of Refuge may be established whenever the lic interests may require it, for the correction and instruction of other sses of offenders.

SEC. 6. It shall be required by competent legislation that the structure 1 superintendence of penal institutions of the State, the county jails and police prisons secure the health and comfort of the prisoners, and that le and female prisoners be never confined in the same room or cell. SEC. 7. Beneficent provision for the poor, the unfortunate and orphan ng one of the first duties of a civilized and Christian State, the General sembly shall, at its first session, appoint and define the duties of a Board Public Charities, to whom shall be entrusted the supervision of all charide and penal State institutions, and who shall annually report to the Govor upon their condition, with suggestions for their improvement.

SEC. 8. There shall also, as soon as practicable, be measures devised by State for the establishment of one or more orphan houses, where destitute hans may be cared for, educated and taught some business or trade. SEC. 9. It shall be the duty of the Legislature, as soon as practicable, to ise means for the education of idiots and inebriates.

SEC. 10. The General Assembly may provide that the indigent deaf-mute, nd and insane of the State shall be cared for at the charge of the State.9 SEC. 11. It shall be steadily kept in view by the Legislature and the Board Public Charities, that all penal and charitable institutions should be made nearly self-supporting as is consistent with the purposes of their creation.

ARTICLE XII.

MILITIA.

SECTION 1. All able-bodied male citizens of the State of North Carolina, tween the ages of twenty-one and forty years, who are citizens of the nited States, shall be liable to duty in the militia: Provided, that all perns who may be averse to bearing arms, from religious scruples, shall be empt therefrom.

SEC. 2. The General Assembly shall provide for the organizing, arming. uipping and discipline of the militia, and for paying the saine, when called to active service.

SEC. 3. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief, and shall have power

* Amendment proposed by the general assembly of 1879 and ratified on Nov. 2, 90. The text of the original section is as follows: Section 10. The General Asmbly shall provide, that all the deaf mutes, the blind, and the insane of the State, all be cared for at the charge of the State.

to call out the militia to execute the law, suppress riots or insurrections, and to repel invasion.

SEC. 4. The General Assembly shall have power to make such exemption as may be deemed necessary, and to enact laws that may be expedient for the government of the militia.

ARTICLE XIII.

AMENDMENTS.

SECTION 1. No convention of the people of this State shall ever be calle by the General Assembly, unless by the concurrence of two-thirds of all th members of each House of the General Assembly, and except the proposition Convention or No Convention, be first submitted to the qualified voters of the whole State, at the next general election in a manner to be prescribed by law And should a majority of the votes cast be in favor of said convention, shall assemble on such day as may be prescribed by the General Assembly,

SEC. 2. No part of the Constitution of this State shall be altered unles a bill to alter the same shall have been agreed to by three-fifths of e House of the General Assembly. And the amendment or amendments so agre to shall be submitted at the next general election to the qualified voters the whole State, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. And in event of their adoption by a majority of the votes cast, such amendment amendments shall become a part of the Constitution of the State.

SECTION 1. All indictments which shall have been found, or may he after be found, for any crime or offense committed before this Constituti takes effect, may be proceeded upon in the proper Courts, but no punishne shall be inflicted which is forbidden by this Constitution.

SEC. 2. No person who shall hereafter fight a duel, or assist in the si as a second, or send, accept, or knowingly carry a challenge therefor, or aga to go out of the State to fight a duel, shall hold any office in this State.

SEC. 3. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in conseque of appropriations made by law; and an accurate account of the receipts expenditures of the public money shall be annually published.

SEC. 4. The General Assembly shall provide, by proper legislation, giving to mechanics and laborers an adequate lien on the subject-matter their labor.

SEC. 5. In the absence of any contrary provision, all officers of this St whether heretofore elected, or appointed by the Governor, shall hold their p tions only until other appointments are made by the Governor, or, if officers are elective, until their successors shall have been chosen and do qualified according to the provisions of this Constitution.

SEC. 6. The seat of government in this State shall remain at the city Raleigh.

SEC. 7. No person, who shall hold any office or place of trust or pr under the United States, or any department thereof, or under this State. under any other State or Government, shall hold or exercise any other o or place of trust or profit under the authority of this State, or be eligible a seat in either House of the General Assembly: Provided, that nothing here contained shall extend to officers in the militia, Justices of the Peace, Co missioners of Public Charities, or commissioners for special purposes.

SEC. S. All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between white person and a person of negro descent to the third generation inclusi are hereby forever prohibited.

CONSTITUTION OF NORTH DAKOTA-1889.**

e, the people of North Dakota, grateful to Almighty God for the blessings of civil and religious liberty, do ordain and establish this constitution.

ARTICLE I.

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.

SECTION 1. All men are by nature equally free and independent and have tain inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property and reputation; I pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness.

SEC. 2. All political power is inherent in the people. Government is instid for the protection, security and benefit of the people, and they have a it to alter or reform the same whenever the public good may require. SEC. 3. The state of North Dakota is an inseparable part of the American on and the constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the 1.

e.

SEC. 4. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and wor, without discrimination or preference, shall be forever guaranteed in this e, and no person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness or juror on unt of his opinion on matters of religious belief; but the liberty of conace hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licensness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this SEC. 5. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended ss, when in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require. SEC. 6. All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for capoffenses, when the proof is evidence or the presumption great. Excessive shall not be required, nor excessive fines, imposed, nor shall cruel or sual punishments be inflicted. Witnesses shall not be unreasonably deed, nor be confined in any room where criminals are actually imprisoned. SEC. 7. The right of trial by jury shall be secured to all, and remain olate; but a jury in civil cases, in courts not of record, may consist of than twelve men, as may be prescribed by law.

SEC. 8. Until otherwise provided by law, no person shall for a felony, be eeded against criminally, otherwise than by indictment, except in cases ing in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in of war or public danger. In all other cases offenses shall be prosecuted inally by indictment or information. The legislative assembly may change, late or abolish the grand jury system.

SEC. 9. Every man may freely write, speak and publish his opinions on subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege. In all civil and inal trials for libel the truth may be given in evidence, and shall be suffit defense when the matter is published with good motives and for justie ends; and the jury shall have the same power of giving a general verdict n other cases; and in all indictments or informations for libels the jury I have the right to determine the law and the facts under the direction he court, as in other cases.

SEC. 10. The citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner, to assemble ther for the common good, and to apply to those invested with the powers the government for the redress of grievances, or for other purposes, by tion, address or remonstrance.

*The convention which drafted the constitution of North Dakota assembled at narck on July 4 and adjourned on Aug. 17, 1889. On Oct. 1, 1889, the electors d on the adoption or rejection of the constitution as a whole and upon the ratificaof Article 20, concerning Prohibition. The constitution was ratified by a vote of 41 to 8,107. The constitution became effective on Nov. 2, 1889, the day on which President's proclamation admitting North Dakota to the Union was issued.

SEC. 11. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation. SEC. 12. The military shall be subordinate to the civil power. No stande ing army shall be maintained by this state in time of peace, and no soldiers shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, except in the manner prescribed by law.

SEC. 13. In criminal prosecutions in any court whatever, the party a cused shall have the right to a speedy and public trial; to have the proced of the court to compel the attendance of witnesses in his behalf; and to appe and defend in person and with counsel. No person shall be twice put in je ardy for the same offense, nor be compelled in any criminal case to be a w ness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without process of law.

SEC. 14. Private property shall not be taken or damaged for public c without just compensation having been first made to or paid into court the owner and no right of way shall be appropriated to the use of any co ration, other than municipal, until full compensation therefor be first maj in money or ascertained and paid into court for the owner, irrespective of benefit from any improvement proposed by such corporation, which compens tion shall be ascertained by a jury, unless a jury be waived.

SEC. 15. No person shall be imprisoned for debt unless upon refusal deliver up his estate for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as be prescribed by law; or in cases of tort; or where there is strong presumpt of fraud.

SEC. 16. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing obligations of contracts shall ever be passed.

SEC. 17. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, unless for the ishment of crime, shall ever be tolerated in this state.

SEC. 18. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, hous papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not violated, and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched and persons and things to be seized.

SEC. 19. Treason against the state shall consist only in levying against it, adhering to its enemies or giving them aid and comfort. No pe shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to same overt act, or confession in open court.

SEC. 20. No special privileges or immunities shall ever be granted w may not be altered, revoked or repealed by the legislative assembly; nor any citizen or class of citizens be granted privileges or immunities which the same terms shall not be granted to all citizens.

SEC. 21. The provisions of this constitution are mandatory and pros. itory unless, by express words, they are declared to be otherwise.

SEC. 22. All courts shall be open, and every man for any injury done in his lands, goods, person or reputation shall have remedy by due process law, and right and justice administered without sale, denial or delay. may be brought against the state in such manner, in such courts and in cases as the legislative assembly may, by law, direct.

SEC. 23. Every citizen of this state shall be free to obtain employme wherever possible, and any person, corporation, or agent thereof, malicio interfering or hindering in any way, any citizen from obtaining or enjoy employment already obtained. from any other corporation or person, shal deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.

SEC. 24. To guard against transgressions of the high powers which have delegated, we declare that everything in this article is excepted out the general powers of government and shall forever remain inviolate.

ARTICLE II.

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.

SEC. 25. The legislative authority of the state of North Dakota shal! vested in a legislative assembly consisting of a senate and house of representa tives, but the people reserve to themselves power to propose laws and to enla