SEC. 19. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable seizures and searches, shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue but on probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched and the person and things to be seized.

SEC. 20. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court.

SEC. 21. No special privileges or immunities shall ever be granted which may not be altered, revoked, or repealed by the Legislature, nor shall any citizen, or class of citizens, be granted privileges or immunities which, upon the same terms, shall not be granted to all citizens.

SEC. 22. The provisions of this Constitution are mandatory and prohibitory, unless by express words they are declared to be otherwise.

SEC. 23. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others retained by the people.

SEC. 24. No property qualification shall ever be required for any person to vote or hold office.

SEC. 25. The people shall have the right to fish upon and from public lands of the State and in the waters thereof, excepting upon lands set aside for fish hatcheries, and no land owned by the State shall ever be sold or transferred without reserving in the people the absolute right to fish thereupon; and no law shall ever be passed making it a crime for the people to enter upon the public lands within this State for the purpose of fishing in any water containing fish that have been planted therein by the State; provided. that the Legislature may by statute, provide for the season when and the conditions under which the different species of fish may be taken.3

ARTICLE II.

RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE.

SECTION 1. Every native citizen of the United States, every person who shall have acquired the rights of citizenship under or by virtue of the treaty of Queretaro, and every naturalized citizen thereof, who shall have become such ninety days prior to any election, of the age of twenty-one years, who shall have been resident of the State one year next preceding the election, and of the county in which he or she claims his or her vote ninety days, and in the election precinct thirty days, shall be entitled to vote at all elections which are now or may hereafter be authorized by law; provided, no native of China, no idiot, no insane person, no person convicted of any infamous crime. no person hereafter convicted of the embezzlement or misappropriation of public money, and no person who shall not be able to read the Constitution in the English language and write his or her name. shall ever exercise the privileges of an elector in this State; provided, that the provisions of this amendment relative to an educational qualification shall not apply to any person prevented by a physical disability from complying with its requisitions. nor to any person who now has the right to vote, nor to any person who shall be sixty years of age and upwards at the time this amendment shall take effect.4

SEC. 2. Electors shall in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the peace. be privileged from arrest on the days of election, during their attendance at such election, going to and returning therefrom.

ના

SEC. 2. The Legislature shall have the power to enact laws relative to the election of delegates to conventions of political parties; and the Legislature

Section 25 is new; it was proposed by the legislature of 1909 and ratified at the election of November 8, 1910.

'Section 1 has been amended twice; the first amendment was proposed by the fegislature of 1893 and ratified at the election of November 6, 1894; the present amendment was proposed by the legislature of 1911 and ratified at the election 03 October 10, 1911.

shall enact laws providing for the direct nomination of candidates for public office. by electors, political parties, or organizations of electors, without conventions, at elections to be known and designated as primary elections; also to determine the tests and conditions upon which electors, political parties, or organizations of electors may participate in any such primary election. It shall also be lawful for the Legislature to prescribe that any such primary election shall be mandatory and obligatory. The Legislature shall also have the power to establish the rates of compensation for primary election officers serving at such primary elections in any city, or city and county, or county, or other subdivision of a desiguated population, without making such compensation uniform, and for such purpose such law may declare the population of any city, city and county, county or political subdivision; provided, however, that until the Legislature shall enact a direct primary election law under the provisions of this section, the present primary election law shall remain in force and effect.

SEC. 3.

No elector shall be obliged to perform militia duty on the day of election, except in time of war or public danger.

SEC. 4. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason of his presence or absence while employed in the service of the United States; nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of this State, or of the United States, or of the high seas; nor while a student at any seminary of learning; nor while kept in any almshouse or other asylum, at public expense; nor while confined in any public prison.

SEC. 5. All elections by the people shall be by ballot or by such other method as may be prescribed by law; provided, that secrecy in voting be preserved.6

SEC. 6. The inhibitions of this Constitution to the contrary notwithstanding, the Legislature shall have the power to provide that in different parts of the State, different methods may be employed for receiving and registering the will of the people as expressed at elections, and may provide that mechanical devices may be used within designated subdivisions of the State at the option of the local authority indicated by the Legislature for that purpose.

ARTICLE III.

DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS.

SECTION 1. The powers of the government of the State of California shall be divided into three separate departments-the legislative, executive, and judicial; and no person charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any functions appertaining to either of the others, except as in this Constitution expressly directed or permitted.

ARTICLE IV.
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.

SECTION 1. The legislative power of this State shall be vested in a Senate and Assembly which shall be designated "The Legislature of the State of California," but the people reserve to themselves the power to propose laws and amendments to the Constitution, and to adopt or reject the same, at the polls independent of the Legislature, and also reserve the power, at their own option, to so adopt or reject any act, or section or part of any act, passed by the Legislature. The enacting clause of every law shall be "The people of the State of California do enact as follows:"

The first power reserved to the people shall be known as the initiative,

Section 21 is a new section: it was originally proposed by the legislature of 1899 and was ratified at the election of November 6, 1900; the present amendment was proposed by the legislature of 1907 and was ratified at the election of November 3, 1908.

* Amendment proposed by the legislature of 1895 and ratified at the election of November 3, 1896.

Section 6 is a new section; it was proposed by the legislature of 1901 and ratified at the election of November 4, 1902.

the said clerk, or registrar of voters, shall determine from the records of regis tration what number of qualified electors have signed the same, and if necessary the board of supervisors shall allow said clerk or registrar additional assistants for the purpose of examining such petition and provide for their compensation. The said clerk or registrar, upon the completion of such examination, shall forthwith attach to said petition, except the signatures thereto appended, his certificate, properly dated, showing the result of said examination and shall forthwith transmit said petition, together with his said certificate, to the Secretary of State and also file a copy of said certificate in his office. Within forty days from the transmission of the said petition and certificate by the clerk or registrar to the Secretary of State, a supplemental petition identical with the original as to the body of the petition but containing supplemental names, may be filed with the clerk or registrar of voters, as aforesaid. The clerk or registrar of voters shall within ten days after the filing of such supplemental petition make like examination thereof, as of the original petition, and upon the completion of such examination shall forthwith attach to said petition his certificate, properly dated, showing the result of said examination, and shall forthwith transmit a copy of said supplemental petition, except the signatures thereto appended, together with his certificate, to the Secretary of State.

When the Secretary of State shall have received from one or more county clerks or registrars of voters a petition certified as herein provided to have been signed by the requisite number of qualified electors, he shall forthwith transmit to the county clerk or registrar of voters of every county or city and county in the State his certificate showing such fact. A petition shall be deemed to be filed with the Secretary of State upon the date of the receipt by him of a certificate or certificates showing said petition to be signed by the requisite number of electors of the State. Any county clerk or registrar of voters shall, upon receipt of such copy, file the same for record in his office. The duties herein imposed upon the clerk or registrar of voters shall be performed by such registrar of voters in all cases where the office of registrar of voters exists.

The initiative and referendum powers of the people are hereby further reserved to the electors of each county, city and county, city and town of the State, to be exercised under such procedure as may be provided by law. Until otherwise provided by law, the legislative body of any such county, city and county, city or town may provide for the manner of exercising the initiative and referendum powers herein reserved to such counties, cities and counties, cities and towns, but shall not require more than fifteen per cent of the electors thereof to propose any initiative measure nor more than ten per cent of the electors thereof to order the referendum. Nothing contained in this section shall be construed as affecting or limiting the present or future powers of cities or cities and counties having charters adopted under the provisions of section eight of article eleven of this Constitution. In the submission to the electors of any measure under this section, all officers shall be guided by the general laws of this State, except as is herein otherwise provided. This section is selfexecuting, but legislation may be enacted to facilitate its operation, but in no way limiting or restricting either the provisions of this section or the powers herein reserved.8

SEC. 2. The sessions of the Legislature shall be biennial, unless the Governor shall, in the interim, convene the Legislature, by proclamation, in extraordinary session. All sessions, other than extraordinary, shall commence at twelve o'clock M., on the first Monday after the first day of January next succeeding the election of its members, and shall continue in session for a period not exceeding thirty days thereafter; whereupon a recess of both houses must be taken for not less than thirty days. On the reassembling of the Legislature, no bill shall be introduced in either house without the consent of three

$Amendment proposed by the legislature of 1911 and ratified at the election of October 10, 1911.

fourths of the members thereof, nor shall more than two bills be introduced by any one member after such reassembling.9

SEC. 3. Members of the Assembly shall be elected in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-nine, at the time and in the manner now provided by law. The second election of members of the Assembly, after the adoption of this Constitution, shall be on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, eighteen hundred and eighty. Thereafter members of the AssemMy shall be chosen biennially, and their term of office shall be two years; and each election shall be on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, less otherwise ordered by the Legislature.

SEC. 4. Senators shall be chosen for the term of four years, at the same me and places as members of the Assembly, and no person shall be a member of the Senate or Assembly who has not been a citizen and inhabitant of the State three years, and of the district for which he shall be chosen one year, ext before his election.

SEC. 5. The Senate shall consist of forty members, and the Assembly of ighty members, to be elected by districts, numbered as hereinafter provided. The seats of the twenty Senators elected in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-two from the odd-numbered districts shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, so that one half of the Senators shall be elected every two rears; provided, that all the Senators elected at the first election under this Constitution shall hold office for the term of three years.

SEC. 6. For the purpose of choosing members of the Legislature, the State stall be divided into forty senatorial and eighty assembly districts, as nearly qual in population as may be, and composed of contiguous territory, to be alled senatorial and assembly districts. Each senatorial district shall choose ne Senator, and each assembly district shall choose one Member of Assembly. The senatorial districts shall be numbered from one to forty, inclusive, in americal order, and the assembly districts shall be numbered from one to eighty in the same order, commencing at the northern boundary of the State and ending at the southern boundary thereof. In the formation of such districts 50 county, or city and county, shall be divided, unless it contains sufficient population within itself to form two or more districts, nor shall a part of any County, or of any city and county, be united with any other county, or city d county, in forming any district. The census taken under the direction of the Congress of the United States in the year one thousand eight hundred and #ghty, and every ten years thereafter, shall be the basis of fixing and adjustng the legislative districts; and the Legislature shall, at its first session after | Pach census, adjust such districts and reapportion the representation so as to Preserve them as near equal in population as may be. But in making such djustment no persons who are not eligible to become citizens of the United States, under the naturalization laws, shall be counted as forming a part of the population of any district. Until such districting as herein provided for shall be made. Senators and Assemblymen shall be elected by the districts ording to the apportionment now provided for by law.

SEC. 7. Each house shall choose its officers, and judge of the qualifications, elections, and returns of its members.

SEC. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do busiTess, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as Fach house may provide.

Section 2 has been amended twice; the first amendment was proposed by the egislature of 1907 and was ratified at the election of November 3, 1908; the present mendment was proposed by the legislature of 1911 and was ratified at the election October 10, 1911. The text of the amendment as adopted in 1908 is as follows: Section 2. The sessions of the Legislature shall commence at twelve o'clock M. on the first Monday after the first day of January next succeeding the election. f its members, and after the election held in the year eighteen hundred and eighty hall be biennial, unless the Governor shall, in the interim, convene the Legislature by proclamation. No bill shall be introduced in either house forty days after the Commencement of each session without the consent of three-fourths of the members thereof.

the said clerk, or registrar of voters, shall determine from the records of regis tration what number of qualified electors have signed the same, and if necessary the board of supervisors shall allow said clerk or registrar additional assistants for the purpose of examining such petition and provide for their compensation. The said clerk or registrar, upon the completion of such examination, shall forthwith attach to said petition, except the signatures thereto appended, his certificate, properly dated, showing the result of said examination and shall forthwith transmit said petition, together with his said certificate, to the Secretary of State and also file a copy of said certificate in his office. Within forty days from the transmission of the said petition and certificate by the clerk or registrar to the Secretary of State, a supplemental petition identical with the original as to the body of the petition but containing supplemental names, may be filed with the clerk or registrar of voters, as aforesaid. The clerk or registrar of voters shall within ten days after the filing of such supplemental petition make like examination thereof, as of the original petition, and upon the completion of such examination shall forthwith attach to said petition his certificate, properly dated, showing the result of said examination, and shall forthwith transmit a copy of said supplemental petition, except the signatures thereto appended, together with his certificate, to the Secretary of State.

When the Secretary of State shall have received from one or more county clerks or registrars of voters a petition certified as herein provided to have been signed by the requisite number of qualified electors, he shall forthwith transmit to the county clerk or registrar of voters of every county or city and county in the State his certificate showing such fact. A petition shall be deemed to be filed with the Secretary of State upon the date of the receipt by him of a certificate or certificates showing said petition to be signed by the requisite number of electors of the State. Any county clerk or registrar of voters shall, upon receipt of such copy, file the same for record in his office. The duties herein imposed upon the clerk or registrar of voters shall be performed by such registrar of voters in all cases where the office of registrar of voters exists.

The initiative and referendum powers of the people are hereby further reserved to the electors of each county, city and county, city and town of the State, to be exercised under such procedure as may be provided by law. Until otherwise provided by law, the legislative body of any such county, city and county, city or town may provide for the manner of exercising the initi»tive and referendum powers herein reserved to such counties, cities and counties, cities and towns, but shall not require more than fifteen per cent of the electors thereof to propose any initiative measure nor more than ten per cent of the electors thereof to order the referendum. Nothing contained in this section shall be construed as affecting or limiting the present or future powers of cities or cities and counties having charters adopted under the provisions of section eight of article eleven of this Constitution. In the submission to the electors of any measure under this section, all officers shall be guided by the general laws of this State, except as is herein otherwise provided. This section is selfexecuting, but legislation may be enacted to facilitate its operation, but in no way limiting or restricting either the provisions of this section or the powers herein reserved.8

SEC. 2. The sessions of the Legislature shall be biennial, unless the Governor shall, in the interim, convene the Legislature, by proclamation, in extraordinary session. All sessions, other than extraordinary, shall commence at twelve o'clock M., on the first Monday after the first day of January next succeeding the election of its members, and shall continue in session for a period not exceeding thirty days thereafter; whereupon a recess of both houses must be taken for not less than thirty days. On the reassembling of the Legislature, no bill shall be introduced in either house without the consent of three

$Amendment proposed by the legislature of 1911 and ratified at the election of October 10, 1911.