Imposing a tax shall state distinctly the object of the same, to which only it Shall be applied.

SEC. 14. The power of taxation shall never be surrendered or suspended by any grant or contract to which the state or any county or other municipal corporation shall be a party.

.

ARTICLE XVI.

PUBLIC INDEBTEDNESS.

SECTION 1. The state of Wyoming shall not, in any manner, create any indebtedness exceeding one per centum on the assessed value of the taxable property in the state, as shown by the last general assessment for taxation, preceding; except to suppress insurrection or to provide for the public defense.

SEC. 2. No debt in excess of the taxes for the current year, shall in any manner be created in the state of Wyoming, unless the proposition to create such debt shall have been submitted to a vote of the people and by them approved; except to suppress insurrection or to provide for the public defense.

SEC. 3. No county in the state of Wyoming shall in any manner create any indebtedness, exceeding two per centum on the assessed value of taxable property in such county, as shown by the last general assessment, preceding; provided, however, that any county, city, town, village or other subdivision thereof in the state of Wyoming, may bond its public debt existing at the time of the adoption of this constitution, in any sum not exceeding four per centum on the assessed value of the taxable property in such county, city, town, village or other subdivision, as shown by the last general assessment for taxation.

SEC. 4. No debt in excess of the taxes for the current year shall, in any manner, be created by any county or sub-division thereof, or any city, town or village, or any sub-division thereof in the state of Wyoming, unless the proposition to create such debt shall have been submitted to a vote of the people thereof and by them approved.

SEC. 5. No city, town or village, or any sub-division thereof, or any subdivision of any county of the state of Wyoming, shall, in any manner, create any indebtedness exceeding two per centum on the assessed value of the taxable property therein; provided, however, that any city, town or village may be authorized to create an additional indebtedness, not exceeding four per centum on the assessed value of the taxable property therein as shown by the last preceding general assessment, for the purpose of building sewerage therein. Debts contracted for supplying water to such city or town are excepted from the operation of this section.

SEC. 6. Neither the state nor any county, city, township, town, school district, or any other political sub-division, shall loan or give its credit or make donations to or in aid of any individual, association or corporation, except for necessary support of the poor, nor subscribe to or become the owner of the capital stock of any association or corporation. The state shall not engage in any work of internal improvement unless authorized by a two-thirds vote of the people.

SEC. 7. No money shall be paid out of the state treasury except upon appropriation by law and on warrant drawn by the proper officer, and no bills, claims, accounts or demands against the state, or any county or political sub-division, shall be audited, allowed or paid until a full itemized statement in writing, verified by affidavit, shall be filed with the officer or officers whose duty it may be to audit the same.

SEC. 8. No bond or evidence of indebtedness of the state shall be valid unless the same shall have endorsed thereon a certificate signed by the auditor and secretary of state that the bond or evidence of debt is issued pursuant to law and is within the debt limit. No bond or evidence of debt of any county, or bond of any township or other political sub-division, shall be valid unless the same shall have endorsed thereon a certificate signed by the county auditor or other officer authorized by law to sign such certificate, stating that said bond or evidence of debt is issued pursuant to law and is within the debt limit. SEC. 9. The provision of Section 6 of Article 16 of this Constitution prohibiting the state from engaging in any work of internal improvement unless

authorized by a two-thirds vote of the people shall not apply to or affect the construction or improvement of public roads and highways, but the legislature shall have power to provide for the construction and improvement of public roads and highways in whole or in part by the state, either directly or by extending aid to counties; and, notwithstanding said inhibition as to works of internal improvement, whenever grants of land or other property shall have been made to the state, especially dedicated by the grant to particular works of internal improvement, the state may carry on such particular works and shall devote thereto the avails of such grants, and may pledge or appropriate the revenues derived from such work in the aid of their completion.9

ARTICLE XVII.

STATE MILITIA.

SECTION 1. The militia of the state shall consist of all able-bodied male citizens of the state, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years; except such as are exempted by the law of the United States or the state. But all such citizen having scruples of conscience reverse to bearing arms shall be excused therefrom upon such conditions as shall be prescribed by law.

SEC. 2. The legislature shall provide by law for the enrollment, equipment and discipline of the militia to conform as nearly as practicable to the regulations for the government of the armies of the United States.

SEC. 3. All militia officers shall be commissioned by the governor, the manner of their selection to be provided by law and may hold their commissions for such period of time as the legislature may provide.

SEC. 4. No military organization under the laws of the state shall carry any banner or flag representing any sect or society or the flag of any nationality but that of the United States.

SEC. 5. The governor shall be commander-in-chief of all the military forces of the state, and shall have power to call out the militia to preserve the public peace, to execute the laws of the state, to suppress insurrection or repel invasion.

ARTICLE XVIII.

PUBLIC LANDS AND DONATIONS.

SECTION 1. The state of Wyoming hereby agrees to accept the grants of lands heretofore made, or that may be hereafter made by the United States to the state, for educational purposes, for public buildings and institutions and for other objects, and donations of money with the conditions and limitations that may be imposed by the act or acts of congress, making such grants or donations. Such lands shall be disposed of only at public auction to the highest responsible bidder, after having been duly appraised by the land con missioners, at not less than three-fourths of the appraised value thereof. and for not less than $10 per acre; provided, that in case of actual and bom fide settlement and improvement thereon at the time of the adoption of this constitution, such actual settler shall have the preference right to purchase the land whereon he may have settled, not exceeding 160 acres at a sum not less than the appraised value thereof, and in making such appraisement the value of improvements shall not be taken into consideration. If, at any time hereafter. the United States shall grant any arid lands in the state to the state, on the condition that the state reclaim and dispose of them to actual settlers, the legislature shall be authorized to accept such arid lands on such conditions. or other conditions, if the same are practicable and reasonable.

SEC. 2. The proceeds from the sale and rental of all lands and other property donated, granted or received, or that may hereafter be donate L granted or received, from the United States or any other source, shall le inviolably appropriated and applied to the specific purposes specified in the original grants or gifts.

SEC. 3. The governor, superintendent of public instruction and secretary

? Section 9 is a new section; it was proposed by the legislature of 1915, ratified at the election of Nov. 7, 1916, and effective on Dec. 22, 1916.

of state, shall constitute a board of land commissioners who, under such regulations as may be provided by law, shall have the direction, control, disposition and care of all lands that have been heretofore or may hereafter be granted to the state.10

SEC. 4. The legislature shall enact the necessary laws for the sale, disposal, leasing or care of all lands that have been or may hereafter be granted to the state, and shall, at the earliest practicable period, provide by law for the location and selection of all lands that have been or may hereafter be granted by congress to the state, and shall pass laws for the suitable keeping, transfer and disbursement of the land grant funds, and shall require of all officers charged with the same or the safe keeping thereof to give ample bonds for all moneys and funds received by them.

SEC. 5. Except a preference right to buy as in this constitution otherwise provided, no law shall ever be passed by the legislature granting any privileges to persons who may have settled upon any of the school lands granted to the state subsequent to the survey thereof by the general government, by which the amount to be derived by the sale, or other disposition of such lands, shall be diminished directly or indirectly.

SEC. 6. If any portion of the interest or income of the perpetual school fund be not expended during any year, said portion shall be added to and become a part of the said school fund.

ARTICLE XIX.

MISCELLANEOUS.

LIVESTOCK.

SECTION 1. The legislature shall pass all necessary laws to provide for the protection of live stock against the introduction or spread of pleuro-pneumonia, glanders, splenetic or Texas fever, and other infectious or contagious diseases. The legislature shall also establish a system of quarantine, or inspection, and such other regulations as may be necessary for the protection of stock owners, and most conducive to the stock interests within the state.

CONCERNING LABOR.

SECTION 1. Eight (8) hours actual work shall constitute a lawful day's work in all mines, and on all state and municipal works.

LABOR ON PUBLIC WORKS.

SECTION 1. No person not a citizen of the United States or who has not declared his intentions to become such, shall be employed upon or in connection with any state, county or municipal works or employment.

SEC. 2. The legislature shall, by appropriate legislation, see that the provisions of the foregoing section are enforced.

BOARDS OF ARBITRATION.

SECTION 1. The legislature shall establish courts of arbitration, whose duty it shall be to hear, and determine all differences, and controversies between organizations or associations of laborers, and their employers, which shall be submitted to them in such manner as the legislature may provide.11

POLICE POWERS.

SECTION 1. No armed police force, or detective agency, or armed body, or unarmed body of men, shall ever be brought into this state, for the suppression of domestic violence, except upon the application of the legislature, or executive, when the legislature cannot be convened.

10 See Note No. 5.

11 See Note No. 2.

LABOR CONTRACTS.

SECTION 1. It shall be unlawful for any person, company or corporation. to require of its servants or employees as a condition of their employment, or otherwise, any contract or agreement, whereby such person, company or corporation shall be released or discharged from liability or responsibility, on account of personal injuries received by such servants or employees, while in the service of such person, company or corporation, by reason of the negligence of such person, company or corporation, or the agents or employees thereof, and such contracts shall be absolutely null and void.

ARBITRATION.

SECTION 1. The legislature may provide by law for the voluntary submis sion of differences to arbitrators for determination, and said arbitrators sha!! have such powers and duties as may be prescribed by law, but they shall have no power to render judgment to be obligatory on parties, unless they voluntarily submit their matters of difference and agree to abide by the judgment of such arbitrators. 12

HOMESTEADS.

SECTION 1. A homestead as provided by law shall be exempt from forcel sale under any process of law, and shall not be alienated without the joint consent of husband and wife, when that relation exists; but no property shall be exempt from sale for taxes, or for the payment of obligations contracted for the purchase of said premises, or for the erection of improvements there

ARTICLE XX.

AMENDMENTS.

SECTION 1. Any amendment or amendments to this constitution may be proposed in either branch of the legislature, and, if the same shall be agreed to by two-thirds of all the members of each of the two houses, voting sepa rately, such proposed amendment or amendments shall, with the yeas and nays thereon, be entered on their journals, and it shall be the duty of the legislature to submit such amendment or amendments to the electors of the state at the next general election, and cause the same to be published witho delay for at least twelve (12) consecutive weeks, prior to said election. in ** least one newspaper of general circulation, published in each county, and if a majority of the electors shall ratify the same, such amendment or ament ments shall become a part of this constitution.

SEC. 2. If two or more amendments are proposed, they shall be submittel in such manner that the electors shall vote for or against each of thei separately.

SEC. 3. Whenever two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the legislature shall deem it necessary to call a convention to revise or amend this constitution, they shall recommend to the electors to vote at the next gener::| election for or against a convention, and if a majority of all the electors voting at such election shall have voted for a convention, the legislature shall at the next session provide by law for calling the same; and such convention shvi consist of a number of members, not less than double that of the most numer ers branch of the legislature.

SEC. 4. Any constitution adopted by such convention shall have no validity until it has been submitted to and adopted by the people.

ARTICLE XXI.

SCHEDULE.

SECTION 1. That no inconvenience may arise from a change of the tert.torial government to a permanent state government, it is declared that a. writs, actions, prosecutions, claims, liabilities and obligations against the terri tory of Wyoming, of whatever nature, and rights of individuals, and of bodies

12 See Note No. 2.

corporate, shall continue as if no change had taken place in this government. and all process which may, before the organization of the judicial department under this constitution, be issued under the authority of the territory of Wyoming, shall be as valid as if issued in the name of the state.

SEC. 2. All property, real and personal, and all moneys, credits, claims and choses in action, belonging to the territory of Wyoming, at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be vested in and become the property of the state of Wyoming.

SEC. 3. All laws now in force in the territory of Wyoming, which are not repugnant to this constitution, shall remain in force until they expire by their own limitation, or be altered or repealed by the legislature.

SEC. 4. All fines, penalties, forfeitures and escheats, accruing to the territory of Wyoming, shall accrue to the use of the state.

SEC. 5. All recognizances, bonds, obligations or other undertakings heretofore taken, or which may be taken before the organization of the judicial department under this constitution, shall remain valid, and shall pass over to and may be prosecuted in the name of the state, and all bonds, obligations or other undertakings executed to this territory, or to any officer in his official capacity, shall pass over to the proper state authority and to their successors in office, for the uses therein respectively expressed, and may be sued for and recovered accordingly. All criminal prosecutions and penal actions which have arisen or which may arise before the organization of the judicial department under this constitution, and which shall then be pending, may be prosecuted to judgment and execution in the name of the state.

SEC. 6. All officers, civil and military, holding their offices and appointments in this territory, under the authority of the United States or under the authority of this territory, shall continue to hold and exercise their respective offices and appointments until suspended under this constitution.

SEC. 7. This constitution shall be submitted for adoption or rejection to a vote of the qualified electors of this territory, at an election to be held on the first Tuesday in November, A. D. 1889. Said election, as nearly as may be, shall be conducted in all respects in the same manner as provided by the laws of the territory for general elections, and the returns thereof shall be made to the secretary of said territory, who with the governor and chief justice thereof, or any two of them, shall canvass the same, and if a majority of the legal votes cast shall be for the constitution the governor shall certify the result to the president of the United States, together with a statement of the votes cast thereon and a copy of said constitution, articles, propositions and ordinances. At the said election the ballots shall be in the following form: "For the constitution-Yes. No." And as a heading to each of said ballots, shall be printed on each ballot the following instructions to voters: "All persons who desire to vote for the constitution may erase the word 'No.' All persons who desire to vote against the constitution may erase the word 'Yes.' Any person may have printed or written on his ballot only the words: "For the constitution," or "Against the constitution," and such ballots shall be counted for or against the constitution accordingly.

SEC. 8. This constitution shall take effect and be in full force immediately upon the admission of the territory as a state.

SEC. 9. Immediately upon the admission of the territory as a state, the governor of the territory, or in case of his absence or failure to act, the secretary of the territory, or in case of his absence or failure to act, the president of this convention shall issue a proclamation, which shall be published and a copy thereof mailed to the chairman of the board of county commissioners of each county, calling an election by the people for all state, district and other officers, created and made elective by this constitution, and fixing a day for such election, which shall not be less than forty days after the date of such proclamation nor more than ninety days after the admission of the territory as a state.

SEC. 10. The board of commissioners of the several counties shall thereupon order such election for said day, and shall cause notice thereof to be given, in the manner and for the length of time provided by the laws of