SEC. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to transact business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.

SEC. 9. Each house shall sit upon its own adjournments, keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish the same; determine its rules of proceedings, punish members for disorderly behavior, and with the consent of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same offense, and shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the general assembly of a free and independent state.

SEC. 10. Every member of the general assembly shall have the liberty to dissent from or protest against any act or resolution which he may think injurious to the public or an individual, and have the reasons for his dissent entered on the journals; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house. on any question, shall, at the desire of any two members present, be entered on the journals.

SEC. 11. Senators and representatives, in all cases except treason, felony. or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during the session of the general assembly, and in going to or returning from the same.

SEC. 12. When vacancies occur in either house, the governor, or the person exercising the functions of governor, shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

SEC. 13. The doors of each house shall be open, except on such occasions as, in the opinion of the house, may require secrecy.

SEC. 14. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they may be sitting.

SEC. 15. Bills may originate in either house, and may be amended, altered. or rejected by the other; and every bill having passed both houses, shall be signed by the speaker and the president of their respective houses.

SEC. 16. Every bill which shall have passed the general assembly, shall. before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the same upon their journal, and proceed to reconsider it; if, after such reconsideration, it again pass both houses, by yeas and nays, by a majority of two-thirds of the members of each house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the governor's objections. If any bill shall not be returned within three days after it shall have been presented to him (Sunday excepted), the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the general assembly by adjournment, prevent such return. Any bill submitted to the governor for his approval during the last three days of a session of the general assembly, shall be deposited by him in the office of the secretary of state within thirty days after the adjournment, with his approval, if approved by him, and with his objections, if he disapproves thereof.

SEC. 17. No bill shall be passed unless by the assent of a majority of all the members elected to each branch of the general assembly, and the question upon the final passage shall be taken immediately upon its last reading. and the yeas and nays entered on the journal.

SEC. 18. An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public money shall be attached to and published with the laws at every regular session of the general assembly.

SEC. 19. The house of representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment, and all impeachments shall be tried by the senate. When sitting for that purpose, the senators shall be upon oaths or affirmation; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.

SEC. 20. The governor, judges of the supreme and district courts, and other state officers, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor or malfeasance in office, but judgment in such cases shall extend only to removal from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit under this state; but the party convicted or acquitted shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, and punishment according to law. All other civil officers shall

be tried for misdemeanors and malfeasance in office, in such manner as the general assembly may provide.

SEC. 21. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under this state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during such term, except such offices as may be filled by elections by the people.

SEC. 22. No person holding any lucrative office under the United States, or this state, or any other power, shall be eligible to hold a seat in the general assembly. But offices in the militia, to which there is attached no annual salary, or the office of justice of the peace, or postmaster, whose compensation does not exceed one hundred dollars per annum, or notary public, shall not be deemed lucrative.

SEC. 23. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of public moneys, shall have a seat in either house of the general assembly, or be eligible to hold any office of trust or profit in this state, until he shall have accounted for and paid into the treasury all sums for which he may be liable.

SEC. 24. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law.

SEC. 25. Each member of the first general assembly under this constitution shall receive three dollars per diem while in session; and the further sum of three dollars for every twenty miles traveled in going to and returning from the place where such session is held, by the nearest traveled route; after which they shall receive compensation as shall be fixed by law; but no general assembly shall have the power to increase the compensation of its members. And when convened in extra session they shall receive the same mileage and per diem compensation as fixed by law for the regular session, and none other.

SEC. 26. No law of the general assembly, passed at a regular session, of a public nature, shall take effect until the fourth day of July next, after the passage thereof. Laws passed at a special session shall take effect ninety days after the adjournment of the general assembly by which they were passed. If the general assembly shall deem any law of immediate importance, they may provide that the same shall take effect by publication in newspapers in the

state.

SEC. 27. No divorce shall be granted by the general assembly.

1

SEC. 28. No lottery shall be authorized by this state; nor shall the sale of lottery tickets be allowed.

SEC. 29. Every act shall embrace but one subject, and matters properly connected therewith; which subject shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed in the title.

SEC. 30. The general assembly shall not pass local or special laws in the following cases:

For the assessment and collection of taxes for state, county, or road purposes:

For laying out. opening, and working roads or highways;

For changing the names of persons;

For the incorporation of cities and towns;

For vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys, or public squares;

For locating or changing county seats.

In all the cases above enumerated and in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general, and of uniform operation throughout the state; and no law changing the boundary lines of any county shall have effect until upon being submitted to the people of the counties affected by the change, at a general election, it shall be approved by a majority of the votes in each county, cast for and against it.

SEC. 31. No extra compensation shall be made to any officer, public agent, or contractor, after the service shall have been rendered, or the contract entered into nor shall any money be paid on any claim, the subject-matter of which shall not have been provided for by pre-existing laws, and no public

money or property shall be appropriated for local or private purposes, unless such appropriation, compensation, or claim be allowed by two-thirds of the members elected to each branch of the general assembly.

SEC. 32. Members of the general assembly shall, before they enter upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be) that I will support the constitution of the United States, and the constitution of the state of Iowa, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of senator (or representative, as the case may be), according to the best of my ability." And members of the general assembly are hereby empowered to administer to each other the said oath or affirmation.

SEC. 33. The general assembly shall, in the years one thousand eight hu dred and fifty-nine, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, om thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, and one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, and every ten years thereafter, cause an enumeration to be mad of all the inhabitants of the state.7

SEC. 34. The senate shall be composed of fifty members to be elected from ⠀ the several senatorial districts, established by law and at the next session of the general assembly held following the taking of the state and nations census, they shall be apportioned among the several counties or districts a the state, according to population as shown by the last preceding census.

SEC. 35. The house of representatives shall consist of not more than on 'hundred and eight members. The ratio of representation shall be determine by dividing the whole number of the population of the state as shown by the last preceding state or national census, by the whole number of counties thei existing or organized, but each county shall constitute one representative dis trict and be entitled to one representative, but each county having a populatio in excess of the ratio number, as herein provided of three-fifths or more a such ratio number shall be entitled to one additional representative, but sait addition shall extend only to the nine counties having the greatest population!

SEC. 36. The general assembly shall, at the first regular session held fol lowing the adoption of this amendment, and at each succeeding regular ses sion held next after the taking of such census, fix the ratio of representations and apportion the additional representatives, as hereinbefore required.9

SEC. 37. When a congressional, senatorial, or representative district shall be composed of two or more counties, it shall not be entirely separated by any county belonging to another district; and no county shall be divided in forming a congressional, senatorial, or representative district.

SEC. 38. In all elections by the general assembly, the members thereof shall vote viva voce, and the votes shall be entered on the journal.

ARTICLE IV.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.

SECTION 1. The supreme executive power of this state shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled the governor of the state of Iowa. SEC. 2. The governor shall be elected by the qualified electors at the time and place of voting for members of the general assembly, and shall hold his office two years from the time of his installation, and until his successor is elected and qualified.

7Amendment proposed by the general assembly of 1866; re-adopted by the general assembly of 1868; ratified at the election of November 3, 1868, and proclaimed adopted on December. 8, 1868.

$Sections 34 and 35 have been amended twice; the first amendment proposed by the general assembly of 1866; re-adopted by the general assembly of 1868; ratified at the election of November 3, 1868, and proclaimed adopted on December 8, 1868 The present amendment was proposed by the general assembly of 1902; re-adopted by the general assembly of 1904; ratified at the election of November 8, 1904, and certified adopted on November 29, 1904.

Amendment proposed by the general assembly of 1902; re-adopted by the general assembly of 1904; ratified at the election of November 8, 1904, and certified adopted on November 29, 1904.

SEC. 3. There shall be a lieutenant-governor, who shall hold his office two years, and be elected at the same time as the governor. In voting for governor and lieutenant-governor, the electors shall designate for whom they vote as governor, and for whom as lieutenant-governor. The returns of every election for governor and lieutenant-governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of government of the state, directed to the speaker of the house of representatives, who shall open and publish them in the presence of both houses of the general assembly.

SEC. 4. The persons respectively having the highest number of votes, for zovernor and lieutenant-governor, shall be declared duly elected, but in case two or more persons shall have an equal, and the highest number of votes for ether office, the general assembly shall, by joint vote, forthwith proceed to elect one of said persons governor, or lieutenant-governor, as the case may be. SEC. 5. Contested elections for governor, or lieutenant-governor, shall be determined by the general assembly in such manner as may be prescribed by law.

SEC. 6. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor, or lieutenantgovernor, who shall not have been a citizen of the United States, and a resident of the state two years next preceding the election, and attained the age of thirty years at the time of said election.

SEC. 7. The governor shall be commander-in-chief of the militia, the army, and navy of this state.

SEC. 8. He shall transact all executive business with the officers of government, civil and military, and may require information in writing from the officers of the executive department upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices.

SEC. 9. He shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed.

SEC. 10. When any office shall, from any cause, become vacant, and no mode is provided by the constitution and laws for filling such vacancy, the governor shall have power to fill such vacancy, by granting a commission, which shall expire at the end of the next session of the general assembly, or at the next election by the people.

SEC. 11. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the general assembly by proclamation, and shall state to both houses, when assembled, the purpose for which they shall have been convened.

SEC. 12. He shall communicate, by message, to the general assembly, at every regular session, the condition of the state, and recommend such matters as he shall deem expedient.

SEC. 13. In case of disagreement between the two houses with respect to the time of adjournment, the governor shall have power to adjourn the general assembly to such time as he may think proper; but no such adjournment shall be beyond the time fixed for the regular meeting of the next general assembly. SEC. 14. No person shall, while holding any office under the authority of the United States, or this state, execute the office of governor, or lieutenantgovernor, except as hereinafter expressly provided.

SEC. 15. The official term of governor and lieutenant-governor, shall commence on the second Monday of January next after their election, and continue for two years, and until their successors are elected and qualified. The lieutenant-governor, while acting as governor, shall receive the same pay as provided for governor; and while presiding in the senate, shall receive as compensation therefor, the same mileage and double the per diem pay provided for asenator, and none other.

SEC. 16. The governor shall have power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, after conviction, for all offenses except treason and cases of impeachment, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law. Upon conviction for treason, he shall have power to suspend the execution of the entence until the case shall be reported to the general assembly at its next meeting; when the general assembly shall either grant a pardon, commute the sentence, direct the execution of the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, under such regulations as may, be prescribed by law; and shall report to the general assembly, at its next

meeting, each case of reprieve, commutation, or pardon granted, and the reasons therefor; and also all persons in whose favor remission of fines and forfeitures shall have been made, and the several amounts remitted.

SEC. 17. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal from office, or other disability of the governor, the powers and duties of the office for the residue of the term, or until he shall be acquitted, or the disability removed, shall devolve upon the lieutenant-governor.

SEC. 18. The lieutenant-governor shall be president of the senate, but shall only vote when the senate is equally divided, and in case of his absence or impeachment, or when he shall exercise the office of governor, the senate shall choose a president pro tempore.

SEC. 19. If the lieutenant-governor, while acting as governor, shall be impeached, displaced, resign, or die, or otherwise, become incapable of performing the duties of the office, the president pro tempore of the senate shall act as governor until the vacancy is filled, or the disability removed; and if the president of the senate, for any of the above causes, shall be rendered incapable of performing the duties pertaining to the office of governor, the same shall devolve upon the speaker of the house of representatives.

SEC. 20. There shall be a seal of this state, which shall be kept by the governor, and used by him officially, and shall be called the great seal of the state of Iowa.

SEC. 21. All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the people of the state of Iowa, sealed with the great seal of the state, signed by the governor, and countersigned by the secretary of state.

SEC. 22. A secretary of state, auditor of state, and treasurer of state, shall be elected by the qualified electors, who shall continue in office two years, and until their successors are elected and qualified; and perform such duties as may be required by law.

ARTICLE V.

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.

SECTION 1. The judicial power shall be vested in a supreme court, district court, and such other courts, inferior to the supreme court, as the general assembly may, from time to time, establish.

SEC. 2. The supreme court shall consist of three judges, two of whom shall constitute a quorum to hold court.

SEC. 3. The judges of the supreme court shall be elected by the qualified electors of the state, and shall hold their court at such time and place as the general assembly may prescribe. The judges of the supreme court so elected. shall be classified so that one judge shall go out of office every two years: and the judge holding the shortest term of office under such classification, shall be chief justice of the court during his term, and so on in rotation. After the expiration of their terms of office, under such classification, the term of each judge of the supreme court shall be six years, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. The judges of the supreme courts shall be ineligible to any other office in the state, during the term for which they shall have been elected.

SEC. 4. The supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction only in cases in chancery, and shall constitute a court for the correction of errors at law, under such restrictions as the general assembly may by law prescribe: and shall have power to issue all writs and process necessary to secure justice to parties, and exercise a supervisory control over all inferior judicial tribunals throughout the state.

SEC. 5. The district court shall consist of a single judge, who shall be elected by the qualified electors of the district in which he resides. The judge of the district court shall hold his office for the term of four years, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified; and shall be ineligible to any other office, except that of judge of the supreme court, during the term for which he was elected.