[§ 413.] Note 1. Medicor, like medeor, takes the dative, but also the accusative. Medico, in the sense of, "to mix substances in an artificial manner," governs the accusative. Benedico, like maledico (I speak well or ill of a person, and hence, I praise or blame), governs the dative; but benedico, in this sense, is very rare: in the sense of "blessing," with the accusative, it occurs only in the ecclesiastical writers. Obtrectare alicui and alicui rei, to detract, is sometimes joined with the accusative; but not in Cicero, as obtrectare numen deorum, libellum. Invideo is commonly used intransitively with one dative, either of the person or the thing; but sometimes the accusative of the thing is added to the dative of the person; e. g. Cic. Tusc. iii. 2. invident nobis optimam magistram (naturam); Horat. Serm. i. 6. 50. honorem mihi invidet. Quintilian (ix. 3.), however, observes that his contemporaries used the ablat. instead of the accusat. of the earlier writers, but only when invidere is equivalent to privare: this construction first occurs in Livy, ii. 40.: non inviderunt laude sua mulieribus Romani (according to the best MSS.); very frequently in the younger Pliny, and sometimes in Tacitus; e. g. Plin. Epist. ii. 10.: Quousque et tibi et nobis invidebis, tibi maxima laude, nobis voluptate? (See Corte on Epist. i. 10.) Tac. Ann. i. 22. ne hostes quidem sepultură invident, scil. occisis; German. 33.: ne spectaculo quidem proelii invidere, scil. nobis. The genitive instead of this ablative or ancient accusative, in Horace, Serm. ii. 6. 84., neque ille sepositi ciceris nec longae invidit avenae, is a mere Grecism; and the personal passive in the same poet (Ars Poet. 56.), cur ego invideor, is a grammatical innovation, which the poet tried intentionally, and as an example. Respecting adūlor and aemulor with the dative and accusative see § 389. Praestolor, I wait upon a person, and ausculto, I listen or obey, are used by equally good authorities both with a dative and accusative, though Cicero prefers the dative. Dominor, I rule, is joined with a dative or genitive only in the latest Latin writers; in the classical language it does not govern any case, but according to its proper meaning, "I am master," is joined with in aliquem or in aliqua re; e. g. dominatur in cetera animalia, or in civitate. Fido and confido take the dative; e. g. confido mihi, causae meae, virtuti constantiaeque militum; the thing which produces the confidence is put in the ablative (ablativus causae, see § 452.); e. g. confido arte, natura loci, celeritate navium, propinquitate castrorum, and this ablative occurs, on the whole, more frequently than the dative. The adjective fretus, which has the same meaning, occurs with the dative only in Livy, iv. 37.: fortunae fretus; vi. 13.: nulli rei; vi. 31.: discordiae hostium, and usually has the ablative. Cedo, I yield, give up, when used transitively, takes a dative of the person and an accusative of the thing: cedo tibi locum, regnum, mulierem ; sometimes, however, the thing is expressed by the ablative, as cedo tibi hortorum possessione. So also concedo: concedo tibi locum, praemia, libertatem, or concedo tibi loco, de victoria. Convenit aliquid mihi, something suits me; convenit mihi tecum is used impersonally in the sense of "we agree," and equivalent to convenimus de aliqua re. The verbs denoting similarity or dissimilarity should be construed with the dative, like the adjectives similis and dissimilis, but in prose they are commonly joined with the prepositions cum and ab; e. g. congruo, consentio, abhorreo, dissideo. Comp. § 468. foll. [§ 414.] Note 2. Several verbs have a different meaning according as they

take the accus. or dat.

Metuo, timeo, and vereor te, I fear thee;-tibi, I am alarmed on thy account, which is also expressed by tuă causā.

re.

tibi, I provide for thy

Consulo te, I consult thee; tibi, I provide for thy interests. Prospicio and provideo te, I see thee at a distance; interests. Caveo, without any case, "I am on my guard ;"—a te, against thee, and in a legal sense, "I make thee give security to me for something," de aliqua Caveo te, I avoid thee: caveo tibi, I provide or am concerned for thy safety, and hence in a legal sense "I give thee security." Tempero and moderor aliquid, I regulate or arrange a thing; — mihi, animo, irae, lacrimis (scil. meis), I set bounds to, or check. Tempero mihi ab aliqua re, I abstain from a thing, and tempero (scil. mihi) tibi, I am sparing in regard to thee, or I spare thee, equivalent to parco tibi.

[§ 415.] 4. Verbs compounded with the prepositions ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, sub, and super, retaining, as compounds, the meaning of the prepositions, may be joined with a dative instead of repeating the preposition or an equivalent one with the case it requires. They are either transitives, and as such have an accusative besides, or intransitives without an accusative of the object.

The following are the most important transitive verbs of this kind: addo, affero, affigo, adhibeo, adjicio, adjungo, admoveo, alligo, applico; circumjicio; comparo, compono, confero, conjungo ; immisceo, impono, imprimo, incido, includo, infero, ingĕro, injicio, insero, inuro; interjicio, interpono; objicio, offundo, oppono; posthabeo, postpono; praefero, praeficio, praepono; subjicio, suppono, substerno.

The following are intransitive: accedo, acquiesco, adhaereo, alludo, annuo, arrepo, assideo, aspiro; antecello; cohaereo, collūdo, congruo, consentio, consono; excello; incido, incubo and incumbo, indormio, inhaereo, inhio, immorior, immoror, innascor, insisto; interjaceo, intervenio; obrēpo, obstrepo, obversor; praemineo, praesideo, praevaleo; succumbo, supersto, supervivo, and the compounds of esse: adsum, insum, intersum, praesum, subsum,

supersum.

Note. We must pay particular attention to the difference between the dative joined with these verbs, and the dative governed by those mentioned in § 412. With the latter it is necessary and dependent upon the signification of the verbs; but with those just enumerated, it is to be regarded as a short mode of speaking, in which the dat. supplies the place of a preposition with its case; e. g. leges axibus ligneis incisae, and leges in aes incisae, or Senatusconsultum in aere incisum. The beginner must further observe, that we are speaking of those compound verbs only, in which the prepositions retain their meaning of place, for in some compounded with ad

and cum, this is not the case; e.g. confugere, to take refuge, cannot take either the preposition cum or a dative, the meaning of the preposition con being lost in this compound. This is still more apparent in confringere, corrumpere, where con (cum) only strengthens the sense of the simple verb. Affirmare and approbare may indeed be joined with a dative, but only because they are transitive verbs, and not on account of the preposition they contain. We have not been able above to mention all those compound verbs, in which the preposition retains its meaning, and which, instead of repeating the preposition, take the dative, for their number, especially that of transitives, is unlimited; we have given those only with which, comparatively speaking, the dative occurs most frequently. There are some with which the dative is used exclusively, and the repetition of the preposition would be offensive, the reason being the signification of the verbs themselves: praeficio and praepono, e. g. might have been mentioned among the verbs in § 412., being joined exclusively with the dative. But there can be no fear of mistakes in these words.

[§ 416.] It must be remarked in general that in the early and unpolished prose, the preposition or one equivalent to it, is usually repeated; more especially in verbs compounded with ad, con, and in: e. g. adhibeo, confero, conjungo, communico, compăro, imprimo, inscribo, insum, and also interest in the sense of "there is a difference;" e. g. Cicero: studium adhibere ad disciplinas; conferte (comparate, contendite) hanc pacem cum illo bello; hospitio et amicitia mecum conjunxi, or, cum aliquo conjunctus sum; consilia sua mecum communicavit; in omnium animis dei notionem impressit ipsa natura; in hac vita nihil inest nisi miseria. The dative, however, is not to be rejected, being used sometimes by Cicero, and more frequently by later writers. Illacrimare, to weep over, e. g. morti Socratis, is generally used with the dative only; the preposition at least is never repeated.

The following verbs require some further explanation. Incumbo, I lean or press upon, and figuratively, "I apply to or study a thing;" in the former sense alone it is joined with the dative, though sometimes also with the preposition super; in its figurative sense, it is construed in prose with ad, and still more frequently with in with the accusative. The verbs assuescere, consuescere, and insuescere, to accustom a person or one's self (se however is omitted) to a thing, are sometimes construed with the dative and sometimes with the ablative; acquiescere, to acquiesce, likewise takes either the dative or ablative; e. g. Cic, pro Mil. 37: Qui maxime P. Clodii morte acquierunt, but

more frequently in with the ablative, in the sense of " to find peace or satisfaction;" e. g. in tuis litteris, in juvenum caritate. Supersedere likewise takes the ablative, and indeed more frequently than the dative, probably because its sense is equivalent to abstinere; e. g. supersedere labore itineris.

It is not difficult to determine which prepositions may be used for others, in case of repetition being necessary, for it always depends upon the sense in is used for ad: e. g. accedere in oppidum, aspirare in curiam; ab for ex; e. g. eripere ex miseriis and a miseria; ad for in; e. g. incumbere ad studia; in, ad, ante, and contra for ob; e. g. aliquid obrepit in animum, obrepere ad honores, obversari ante oculos, vallum objicere contra impetum hostium; ad and ante for pro; e. g. procumbere ante pedes, ad genua.

[§ 417.] The compounds of verbs of motion are construed with both cases, either the dative or the accusative, and some compounds of jacere, stare and sedere, follow their analogy. (See § 386.) Hence the verbs of excelling, if their simple verbs denote motion, are construed chiefly with the accusative, and antecello, praecello and praemineo, which at least admit the accusative, follow their example. (See § 386.) The following must be noticed separately on account of their twofold construction: :allatro, I bark at, address in a coarse manner; attendo, I attend to (the same as animum attendo ad aliquid or ad aliquem); obumbro, I overshadow, -all these occur most frequently with the accusative, whence they have a personal passive; but illudo, I ridicule, is found with the dative as often as with the accusative; e. g. illudo memoriae, existimationi alicujus, signis et aquilis Romanis, and praecepta rhetorum, corpus Vari. Despero, I despair of a thing, is used as an intransitive verb with de or with the dative; e. g. desperat de re publica, sibi, fortunis suis; as a transitive verb (I give up) it takes the accusative; e. g. despero rem publicam, pacem.

Praeverto, in the transitive sense of "I prefer," takes an accusative of the object and a dative, instead of which however the preposition prae may be repeated; e. g. uxorem praeverto prae republica or reipublicae; in the intransitive sense of "I go before," "precede," or precede," or "anticipate," it may take either the accusative or dative, praeverto te, fata, pietas praevertit amori; in

a reflective sense, praeverto, scil. me, or praevertor, it takes either the preposition ad or the dative, praeverto ad interna, praeverto rei mandatae. The deponent again takes the meaning of "I prefer," aliquam rem alicui rei, Liv. viii. 13.: consules coacti omnibus eam rem praeverti.

[§ 418.] 5. The verbs aspergo and inspergo, circumdo and circumfundo, dono and impertio, exuo and induo are used, like the above-mentioned transitives, with an accusative of the thing and a dative of the person, or with an accusative of the person and an ablative of the thing; e. g. circumdo alicui custodias, or circumdo aliquem custodiis, and consequently in the passive voice custodiae tibi circumdantur or (tu) circumdaris custodiis. So also: maculas aspergo vitae tuae, or maculis vitam tuam aspergo; dono tibi pecuniam, or pecunia te dono; impertio tibi laudes, or laudibus te impertio, &c. We find exuo tibi clipeum, induit sibi torquem, or still more frequently exuo and induo vestem, the dative expressing my own person being omitted. Exuo te aliqua re occurs only in the figurative sense of "I rob thee of a thing." Induo, I betake myself into some place, is commonly joined with the preposition in or with a dative. Intercludo, I cut off, alicui aliquid, e. g. hostibus fugam, or as a verb implying distance, aliquem aliqua re and ab aliqua re, e. g. milites itinere, or ab exercitu. Interdico tibi aliquid, I forbid thee something; the construction interdico te aliqua re does not occur, but a mixture of both interdico tibi aliqua re (e. g. in the Roman form of outlawry aqua et igni), I forbid thee the use of a thing. The double construction of mactare does not belong to this place, as it arises from two different meanings of the word: the original one "to honour," requires the accusative and ablative; e. g. Cic. in Vatin. 6.: puerorum extis deos manes mactare soles; the derivative meaning "to slaughter" is the ordinary one, victimas diis mactare.

[S 419.] 6. With passive verbs the dative is sometimes used instead of ab with the ablative.

Quidquid in hac causa mihi susceptum est, Quirites, id omne me rei publicae causa suscepisse confirmo, Cic. p. Leg. Man. 24. Barbarus hic ego sum, quia non intelligor ulli, Ovid, Trist.

v. 10. 37.

Note. It is a rule of the Latin language to join the dative instead of ab with the ablat. to the gerundive; e. g. moriendum mihi est. See $649. If this were not the case, we should consider the dative with passive verbs as a Grecism, for it rarely occurs in the earlier Latin prose