pleasanter surroundings, some of the older localities give ample scope for the enjoyment of his favorite pastime.

In Chatham county, which was settled 168 years ago, the deer yet roam the woods, and almost any winter day one can be started on the edge of the Ogeechee swamps. A dozen or more of Savannah's hunters each winter make a specialty of deer-shooting. Every now and then they return from a hunt with a big buck or a fat doe strapped to their buggies. For many generations have men been shooting them, and yet there are many survivors who continue to afford the hunter "lots and loads of fun."

Near Savannah regular hunters follow the dog for quail, or trail up the creeks for duck, or on the islands of the river and along the edges of the rice fields, bring down with unerring aim doves and partridges, snipe and woodcock. In one of the large game preserves below Savannah pheasants have been colonized.

Jekyl, one of the loveliest of Georgia's beautiful sea islands, belongs to a club which has stocked its woods with game and has the exclusive right to hunt on the island or fish in its waters. The owners of this island enjoy beautiful scenery, ocean beaches and charming forest drives.

CHAPTER XII.

MANUFACTURES.

Georgia stands in the front rank of the Southern States in the variety, extent and value of her manufacturing establishments, without considering the question of her leadership in any one particular line. Long be fore the civil war the prominence of the State in railroad construction and manufactures gained for her the proud title which she still worthily bears, "Empire State of the South." Some of her leading manufacturing enterprises began far back in the thirties and steadily grew in extent and variety. Many of the small industries, such as shops for making brooms, buckets and boxes, were early introduced. The larger ones, such as cotton and woolen factories, iron works, tanneries, saw, flour and grist mills, lumber and planing-mills for making doors, blinds, sashes and almost al descriptions of carpentry, were found in many localities, especially in or near the larger towns. Although agriculture was the leading pursuit. many enterprising men were engaged in manufactures and their number was steadily increasing. Georgia was no laggard in the march of progress, suddenly aroused from long slumber by the rude shock of arms, and taught in the school of adversity to turn her attention to other industries besides those of planting. The thoughts of her wide-awake business men had long been turned to manufactures and commerce, as important colaborers with agriculture in the development of their beloved State, and many of the most influential men of Georgia, some of them planters of large means, were stockholders and directors of cotton and woolen factories, flour, grist and saw-mills. The rattle of looms and whir of spindles were heard in our growing cities and towns. Manufacturing villages sprang up near good water-powers, in solitudes that had never yet been pierced by the whistle of the locomotive. The same spirit, which is making Georgia great to-day, was abroad in the land then. The rapid growth of our cities had already commenced. We see the evidence of this in White's "Historical Collections of Georgia," published in 1854, where we find the following reference to what is now our greatest city: "Atlanta has had a growth unexampled in the history of the South. It is the point at which the Western and Atlantic, the Macon and Western and the Georgia railroads connect." Then Mr. White gives a state

ment from Jonathan Norcross, Esq., a few extracts from which are here given: "Population of Atlanta not precisely known, but placed by none under 4,500 and still increasing. . There is in this city one steam flouring-mill, investment $35,000, the operation of which may be placed at $150,000 per annum. One iron foundry and machine shop -cash operations $20,000 per annum. There are three carriage and wheelwright shops, two large tanneries, one large shoemaking establishment, two large tanneries and shoe-establishments in course of construction. In addition to the Georgia Railroad and State machine shops, which employ large numbers of workmen, one car-shop is now going up as a private enterprise-investment $30,000."

Mr. White then goes on to enumerate "the Winship establishment for making railroad cars, with a capital of $20,000; the Atlanta Tanning company-proprietors, Alexander and Orme, with a capital of $20,000hides handled by machinery, propelled by steam-connected with which establishment were a grist-mill and patent circular saw-mill, lathe and shingle machine; the Atlanta Machine Company turning out $12,000 worth of work per annum."

The railroads and manufactures which were then laying the foundations of a great city in what a few years before was a wilderness, were the fruits of Georgia enterprise. The same agencies were at that very time putting new life into the older cities, Augusta, Macon, Columbus and Athens. It may be news to some that the period of Atlanta's most wonderful development and most rapid growth was between 1850 and 1860. The child of railroads and manufactures, she grew at a tremendous pace, which no subsequent decade of her history has paralleled, and was an important factor, as she is still, in winning for Georgia a reputation for energy, pluck and enterprise.

In the whole State there were in 1850 1,522 manufacturing establishments, of which 35 were cotton-mills, several of these being also engaged in the production of woolen fabrics for the sole manufacture of which there were three mills. The other entablishments were divided among the various manufactures which minister to the needs of every civilized community. The total value of the products of all manufactories was $7,082,075. The total number of establishments at each succeeding decade is: in 1860, 1,890; in 1870, 3,836; in 1880, 3,593; in 1890, 4,283.

The total value of their products has shown a steady increase, being for 1860, $16,925,564; for 1870, $31,196,115; for 1880, $36,440,948; for 1890, $68,917,020. In 1880 the 24,875 laborers employed received $5,266,152 in wages; in 1890 the 56,383 laborers were paid $17,312,126.

A Pioneer in Georgia Manufacturing Enterprises and First President of the Georgia Agricultural Society, the influence of which organization was largely instrumental in the establishment of the State Department of Agri

culture.