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CHAPTER VIII.
ENGLAND AND RUSSIA IN CENTRAL ASIA.
The expansion of Russia-Blocked in Europe, but still possible in
Asia-Russia's true policy-Conquests in Central Asia: their
political object to squeeze England through India-Only one
land-approach to India--Routes of invaders-Origin and pro-
gress of Russophobia-Causes of the first Afghan war—The
"great game" in Afghanistan-Sindh annexed-Dost Muham-
mad restored-Astute diplomacy of Russia in Central Asia-
Exhaustion after the Crimea-The Caucasus subdued - Our
non-intervention policy facilitates Russian schemes - Civil
war in Afghanistan-We keep the ring-Change of policy-
Sher Ali, dissatisfied, makes a treaty with Russia-Party com-
plexion of England's policy-Cavagnari's massacre at Kabul-
The Radicals reverse the Conservative policy and encourage
Russia-Public opinion goes against them-The "Panjdeh
incident"-Radical and Conservative policy contrasted
CHAPTER IX.
135
ADMINISTRATION OF OUR NORTH-WESTERN FRONTIER.
States in the East Rise of the East India Company. Our
dominion in the Panjab-Feeling of the Panjabis about us
-Our North-Western frontier-Large powers of early local
administrators-The Peshawar and Deráját divisions-Differ-
ent systems of frontier administration-Treatment of border
offences Frontier expeditions on humanitarian principles
ineffectual-Two "little wars "-Improvement in firearms—
Effect of the breech-loader on the tribes-Criticism on expedi-
tions conducted on Exeter Hall lines--Delenda est Carthago
principle the best in savage warfare-The Russian system—
Some unnecessary expeditions-Increased attention to frontier
administration The Panjab Government's answer to the
charge of indifference-Reasons against a frontier Chief Com-
missionership-Cost of the Afghan war, 1878-80-Reforms in
frontier administration · Border defence - Results of new
frontier policy
-
163
CHAPTER X.
INDEPENDENT TRIBES WITHIN OUR POLITICAL FRONTIER.
Four groupings of trans-border tribes. First group: Kohistanis
and Cis-Indus Swatis-Black Mountain tribes-The Hindus-
tani fanatics-Ambela expedition, 1863-The Swatis of Swat
-Utmankhels - Mohmands - Bajour. Second group: The
Afridis-Khyber Pass arrangements-The Kohat Pass-Orak-
zais--Zaimukhts-The Kurram valley tribes-Their annexa-
tion-Use of the valley to us. Third group: Tribes of the
Sulimans The Waziris The Mahsud expedition, 1860.
Fourth or Baluchistan group: The Baluches-The taming of
the divided tribes-System of administration of Baluchistan
a success- -Its expensiveness-Small results after forty-five
years' contact with the trans-border tribes within our political
frontier-Lesson taught.
192
CHAPTER XI.
ATTACK AND DEFENCE.
The Indo-Russian question-Our costly policy a failure hitherto
---Our two Afghan wars-Russia has a free hand in Central
Asia, 1860-68-"Masterly inactivity" versus "mischievous
activity "—Views of the Jingo school on invasion-Views of
the Rawlinson or advance-to-Herat school-The quietists or
optimistic school-Mr Wyllie's no-advance views-Reasons for
non-interference-Sir Henry Durand's opinion - Firm but
sympathetic rule in India necessary- Mr Wyllie's view of
the humanitarian mission of Russia - Her advance to the
Hindu Kush inevitable-A "strong, friendly, and united"
Afghanistan-What Afghanistan is-Sir Henry Rawlinson's
opinion-Russia's proximity would disturb India-Sir Richard
Temple's alarmism-Herat-Sher Ali forced over to Russia-
-The "Panjdeh incident"-Conservative action, 1886-92-
Popularity of our active policy with officials in India
223
CHAPTER XII.
THE DIFFICULTIES OF A GREAT ADVENTURE.
Invasion of India impracticable from present frontier-Russia's
forces in Central Asia weak-Sufficient for local purposes-
What travellers see and do-Expense and difficulties of send-
ing reinforcements from Russia in Europe to Central Asia-
Russian prestige-Her losses in Central Asia small-Slaughter
of Turkomans-Lomakin's disaster at Geok Tepe-Applica-
tion of the delenda est Carthago principle-Want of roads and
railways in Central Asia-Dependence on a single line unsafe
-Antecedent improbability of an invasion of India—Wars not
made on business principles-Russia's raison d'étre in Central
Asia-Russia's position strong for annoyance already-John
Bull becoming reassured again.
CHAPTER XIII.
THE END OF A BUFFER STATE.
Questions repeated-Why Russia should advance-Consequences
to India-Should we advance?-India strong on the Balu-
chistan side-Hypothetical situation-Three routes to India
north of Quetta-The Karrachi route always open to us in
any case-India only assailable via Kabul-Occupation of
Northern Afghanistan necessary for Russia - Effect of a
Russian failure on Indian opinion - Cost of occupation of
Afghanistan-Cost of our last Afghan war-Russia at Kabul
and Kandahar-Effect on India-Russia on English rule in
India-Her absurd plan of campaign in 1878 - Where to
advance to The Hindu Kush only line for a conterminous
frontier-Reasons for our holding Kandahar-Railway link-
ing up of India and Russia-Should we advance to Kabul?
-Arguments of no-advance school- Mutual exhaustion-
Possibility of increasing taxation - The raising of Indian
postal rates The whole question one of money - Useless
holes in our armour-. -Reply to no-advance arguments-Battle
of Sadowa-Cost of holding Kabul-Our Afghan wars-
Author's opinion-Our obligations to the Amir-We cannot
fight beyond the Hindu Kush-Our duty and interest coincide
-Is Russia vulnerable for England?-The Amir's army-We
want soldiers, not forts-Speculation is of small value.
243
261
CHAPTER XIV.
Two dangers before us in India, one internal, the other external-
Over-government of India-Effect on classes and masses-
Exploitation of latter - Effect on Hindus and Musalmans—
A more sympathetic system required-India's financial diffi-
culties The taming of the tribes on our North-Western
frontier Magnitude of the task- External danger from
approach of Russia-Her inability to use her full strength
due to Tzardom-Conflicting interests of Russia and Great
Britain in Asia-A protectorate over Afghanistan forced on
us--Pressure put on India by Russia-Maintenance of the
status quo a necessity for us-Conditions under which Russia
will take Herat and Afghan Turkestan-Courses open to us
with Russia in possession of both or either-Consequences to
the British dominion in India if Russia obtains the Hindu
Kush line for her frontier Appeal of Indian masses to
British democracy
APPENDIX-
Publications read or consulted
INDEX
294
310
312