of society are founded on obvious principles of morality, and do but enjoin and enforce the obligations of justice, founded in every man's conscience. These laws are abstractly right, and it is no evil or injustice to be compelled to observe them.

But the laws which compel a man to pay taxes, to do military duty, to serve on juries, are, abstractly considered, evils. A man has a natural right to his money and his time, and the law which takes a part of these away, takes away a part of that which the moral law allows, and the natural law of liberty, gives. But in society, a man surrenders a portion of these, or, in other words, submits to one evil, in order to prevent a greater evil, and at the same time to secure a good.

In a community where the laws are fewest, and most imperfectly enforced, there is the most injustice, and the greatest abridgment of natural liberty, in practice. There, life, property, and character are the least secure, and there, human rights are most violated.

Where the system of laws is most complete and best enforced, there is the greatest practical liberty. In other words, in society, where the laws greatly abridge the natural liberty of the citizen, by clipping off many of his lesser privileges, still, by rendering him free to travel about in safety, to enjoy his home and fireside, and to keep secure possession of his property, to enjoy his fair character, to enjoy freedom of conscience, and the free exercise of his faculties, the law makes full compensation for the sacrifices it requires.

4. Civil liberty, is freedom to act, think, and speak as a man pleases, without restraint, except

so far as the good of society requires. A member of society can reasonably ask no other than civil liberty; for, in the first place, the laws impose no greater restraint upon him than upon others, and in the second place, this kind of liberty is the only kind that can be enjoyed by a whole community.

As some persons have fancied that society could realize a state of absolute liberty, so some have fancied that a state of absolute equality could be attained. It is said in our Declaration of Independence, that "all mankind are created equal;" and this has often been taken as literally true.

But absolute equality is as impossible as abso

and whose natural rights are the same as those of men, are never placed on an equality with men before the law. They are never permitted, even in forming the constitution of a country, nor in enacting the laws, nor in choosing rulers, to use the right of voting. They are excluded from all share in the government, by the stronger sex, who proceed to make such laws as they please; and in all countries these laws exclude women from political power.

It appears, therefore, that mankind are not born free and equal, in a literal sense. In what sense, then, can it be truly said that men are created equal? Only as meaning that all the members of society are born with a just claim to civil liberty— to that freedom which is compatible with the general good, and to an equality of rights. It means to say that those laws which make one man a lord and another a serf-which make one a citizen and debar another in the same condition, from the right of voting-are violations of the principles of justice and the rights of man.

While, therefore, equality of condition is out of the question, one thing is plain,—that equal rights, equal laws, and an equal administration of these laws-so that the rich and the poor, the high and the lowly, the citizen and the office-holder, shall all stand on the same footing-are the ends and designs of a good government; and every person should so use his power as to establish such ends and designs. Equality does not mean that a woman shall be equal to a man, or a child the same as a man; but that all women, all children, all citizens, shall enjoy the same relative rights, privileges, and immunities.

CHAPTER XV.

Civil Government.

Government of a school.

Civil government is that system of laws, wheth er written or printed, or transmitted by custom, which is established to secure and promote justice, and order. Without government, society would be in a state of anarchy. In a family, government is necessary; it is also necessary even in a school-room. Without civil government, the rights of man would not be respected; life and property ld not be safe. In such a state of things, roblunder, and murder would be the common nces of life. No attempt to obtain peace der without government, has ever succeeded. are not virtuous, as a mass, and therefore the or of government and the force of law are