128. Other Educational Advantages. The law of Ohio contains numerous provisions designed to afford every opportunity to provide education for every youth of the state. Provisions have been made for conducting evening schools and separate schools for those afflicted with tuberculosis and for the education of the deaf.

A marked feature of the rural-school development is the centralization tendency. In sections of the state where the attendance of the district school is small, and where the roads are good, a modern school building is erected near the center of the township and provided with the necessary equipment for a graded school. By a system of transportation the children are all conveyed to this one school.

QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT

1. Show why we believe that our early Ohio lawmakers placed a high estimate on the value of education. Do our recently enacted laws voice the same spirit?

2. When were high schools established in Ohio? Name and define the three grades of high school.

3. How many high schools are there now in Ohio?

How many

in your county? How many of each grade in your county?

4. What officer is at the head of the Ohio public-school system?

In what manner does he receive his appointment ?

5. What are the duties of the state superintendent of public instruction?

6. What do you understand by high-school inspectors and district supervisors of agricultural education?

7. Define the duties of the above officers. Who is your highschool inspector? Who is the supervisor of agriculture?

8. State the four classes of school districts as defined by the 1914 school code.

9. What constitutes a city school district? a village school district? a rural school district? a county school district?

10. State the classification of the rural schools, giving requirements for each.

11. Of what value is a high-school diploma to a student wishing to enter any state-supported college or university in Ohio?

12. Describe the method by which we select members of the board of education. Name the members of your board.

13. What do you understand by county board of education? Define the duties of this body.

14. What are the duties of the county superintendent? Name the superintendent in your county and state his salary.

15. What are the duties of district superintendents? How are they elected and what provision has been made regarding the payment of their salary?

16. Explain how money is raised for the support of the public schools. Can you give the annual expense of your own school system?

17. Name and locate the four state universities and the four normal schools. Name twelve or more other prominent educational institutions in Ohio.

18. Give the provisions for the maintenance of public libraries under control of boards of education.

19. State the kinds of certificates which may be granted by the county board.

20. Describe the certificates not granted by the state boards of school examiners. What are known as Hawkins certificates?

21. What are the legal requirements regarding compulsory attendance of pupils under certain ages?

22. Give the law with reference to the employment of school youth.

23. What are the duties and powers of a truant officer?

24. What do you understand by night schools, centralized schools, consolidated schools, and county high schools?

25. Tell what you can of Teachers' Institutes and the Ohio Teachers' Reading Circle.

CHAPTER VIII

THE STATE MILITIA AND PUBLIC WORKS

129. Militia Duty. Similar to the state's control of taxation is its maintenance of the militia. To distinguish the organized militia, or Ohio National Guard, from the general army, it is sometimes called the citizen soldiery. All citizens between the ages of eighteen and forty-five are subject to call for service in the state militia, with the following exceptions: persons in the regular army, navy, or volunteer forces of the United States; persons physically unfit for military duty; unpardoned felons; idiots and lunatics; and members of religious denominations whose articles of faith prohibit performance of military duty. The following persons are also exempt, except in time of war: soldiers who served one year in the Union army; persons who have undergone five years' service in the state militia; and, under certain conditions, members of a volunteer fire department. The governor of the state may organize the Ohio National Guard into divisions, brigades, regiments, and battalions. The guards are subject to call by the governor or mayor whenever there is reasonable apprehension of a riot or insurrection (Boynton, School Civics, pp. 134-136).

130. Naval Brigade. In addition to the Ohio National Guard the state supports eight companies of naval militia, known as the Naval Brigade of the National Guard of Ohio. The naval militia must perform the same amount

course.

of service as the Ohio National Guard, but on the water, of Armories are provided for both the guards and the naval militia, those for the latter being located near navigable waters (Boynton, School Civics, p. 136).

131. Discipline and Government. The Ohio National Guard is governed by the military laws of the state, through the commander in chief, and by the code of regulations, which, in general, conform to the system of discipline employed in the United States army. The uniforms are to be similar to those of the United States soldiers, with such modifications as the governor may wish to make. To secure effective discipline the commander in chief appoints military boards and courts of inquiry, and may order courts-martial, with power of summary proceeding, to try all offenses committed during service. The adjutant general is the chief of the governor's staff and, as such, has charge of the state arsenal, camp grounds, and military property, and attends to such transactions as involve the expenditure of money for the department (Boynton, School Civics, p. 137). 132. Drills and Encampment. Each company is required to drill at least once a week. Commissioned officers are instructed in military tactics at least once a quarter, and a general inspection by the commanding officer of each battalion is made twice a year. In addition, the adjutant general makes two public inspections each year, one in the armory and one in the encampment.

133. Pay. When on actual duty the commissioned officers are paid the same amount as is allowed such officers in the regular army. Each private is allowed $2 per day, together with necessary transportation and commissary and quartermaster's stores. The pay of officers, when in

encampment, ranges from $7 per day for the major general to $1.75 for the unmounted second lieutenant. The privates receive $1 per day while in camp. The state maintains an armory for each organization, for purposes of drill and the safekeeping of arms, equipment, uniforms, and all military stores. At stated times rigid inspection of the armories is made.

134. Calling out Volunteers. In case of war or riot, when the militia is unable to cope with the disorder, the governor may call for volunteers, who can be compelled to serve for thirty days only. When the governor is convinced that the militia and volunteers are not sufficient to suppress the disturbance, he may issue a draft. Whenever the civil authorities are insufficient to suppress a riot, the sheriff, the mayor, or the judge, resident in the locality, may issue a call to the commanding officers of any regiment, battalion, etc., to report for duty. The officers are compelled to obey this call under heavy penalty.

135. Soldiers' Claims. The office of soldiers' claims was created, with a commissioner in charge, to furnish instruction to the soldiers and marines of Ohio respecting their claims against the United States for pensions, bounty, back pay, and the like, and to collect the same. The commissioner is appointed by the governor, with the advice of the senate, for the term of two years. He has the power to administer an oath and to affix the seal of his office. His prosecutions are conducted in the common-pleas court. In addition to the state's activity in behalf of the soldiers, local authorities are permitted to assist in various ways, such as providing for burial grounds and for the burial of indigent soldiers; receiving gifts for soldiers' monuments