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The Committee regret that no premium is at animal of that description having been offered, very estimable points of aptitude to fatten, and their disposal for the very fine Maltese Jack, which in their opinion had any pretentions to of deep milking; and last, though not the least, Don Carlos, imported by S. Hambleton, Esq. uncommon size or points. that remarkable quiet habit, and good temper

of the U. S. Navy; but they recommend him For the best milch cow, they award the pre-so much valued by the best breeders, which earnestly for a discretionary premium, and are mium of a piece of plate, of the value of $20, not only makes it convenient and safe to feed, of opinion that Mr. Hambleton with many other to Mr. Henry Thompson for his Dun Colour-and milk, but which contributes much to the officers in that service, are entitled to the thanks ed Cow, six years old, descended from English disposition to fatten, and to which no doubt, of the agricultural community for many public and Dutch stock, remarkable for her size, form, may be attributed in a great measure the fine spirited and patriotic acts of this kind, where- and quantity of milk. condition in which they now appear, although only

by the interests of agriculture must be essen- For the second best milch cow they award little more than a week since they landed from tially and permanently promoted, the premium of a piece of plate of the value of on shipboard.* ROBERT PATTERSON,

CHARLES S. RIDGLEY, Committee.
JOHN HUNTER,

$10, to Gen. Ridgley, for his Black cow six years As in the opinion of the committee, the society old, distinguished for her size, shewing good are alike indebted to Mr. Skinner, for opening a points as a milker, of the Dutch breed, from correspondence on this interesting subject with Mr. Tayloe's Jack, the Duke of Wellington among four fine cows, and several good hei- Mr. Champion, a justly celebrated breeder in was foaled in Charles county, Md. in June, 1819, fers exhibited by that gentleman. England; and to the latter gentleman for the enand is descended from Gen. Washington's famous For oxen, the Committee determined not to tire justice he has done to the expectations of the Royal Gift: besides his size and figure, he has adjudge a premium, there having been none importer, in the selection of the animals sent proved himself by his offspring, the owner hav-presented to their particular notice.

year old.

him

ing several fine young Jacks by him nearly a There were offered a number of very fine hei- They beg leave to recommend this successful effers which did much credit to their respective fort to improve the stock of our country, to the Mr. Howard's mules belonged to a team of breeders. Governor Wright exhibited a very special notice of the society, in such a mode as six, which were driven to the ground in the wa-large one of two years of age; and Mr. Job they may deem best calculated to encourage simigon, with a full load of plaster of paris. They were Smith shewed a well grown heifer of many very lar introductions, and to reward the present enexhibited as they arrived, in their working good points-the Committee, however, could but terprize. gear; and it is doubtful if a team of five in num-in their opinion award, There were shown also by Mr. Skinner, a pair ber has been exhibited in this country equal- For the best heifer, a piece of plate of the of animals of singular character, and heretofore ling them in size, symmetry, fine condition, value of $15 to Mr. James Howard, for his unknown in this country, a bull and cow of the and efficiency. brindled-pied heifer two years old, of fine size, Tuscan breed, said to be fitted in an eminent exhibiting strong points; and apparently of the degree for the yoke. They were selected in TusBakewell stock. cany, and brought to this conntry last year_by For the second best heifer they award to Commodore Bainbridge, and S. Hambleton, Esq. Mr. G. W. Thomas of Chestertown, a piece of of the U.S. Navy. Actuated by the laudable deplate of the value of $10 for his white heifer sire of contributing to the introduction of useful fourteen months old, and of great weight. animals, they ceded them to Mr. Skinner at the Mr.George Calvert exhibited a singular instance original cost, who in the same spirit has dispoof early bearing in a every handsome heifer in sed of them to Mr. John Middleton of South CaroThat, according to their best judgment, they good condition, no more than fourteen months lina. The committee will not undertake to deold, with a calf by her side of the age of seven termine how far it may prove advantageous in For the best bull under two years of age, they weeks, so that she produced her calf as nearly this country to give up in neat cattle the properaward to Gen. Ridgely, of Hampton, the pre-as may be at the age of twelve months.§ ties usually most sought for, to obtain a breed prinmium of a piece of plate of the value of $15 Mr. J. S. Skinner, shewed a very heavy and cipally fitted for working oxen, but for this qualifor his bull of seventeen months old, said to be finely formed Alderney cow-calf of seven fication, these animals promise much, particulara full blooded Alderney. They considered him months old, of great promise for another year. ly as to the Southern States. It is fortunate that a very well grown and fine animal, but from Mr. Patterson's well known Devon stock they have become the property of a gentleman in his form and points, they cannot but presume presented by Mr Coke of Norfolk, England, that quarter in whose hands the society may be that there must have been some accidental cross in were on the ground, and much admired by the confident, the experiment will be fairly made. Committee, and all who saw them-as they

REPORT ON NEAT CATTLE. The Committee appointed to examine the neat eattle exhibited at the second annual meeting of the Maryland Agricultural Society, and to award the premiums for that stock, RESPECTFULLY REPORT,

have decided as follows:

his breeding.*

For the second best bull under two years old, cannot cease to be for their beautiful shapes and they award to Mr. James Carroll, Jr. the pre-good qualities. mium of a piece of plate of the value of $10, The young short horned bull, belonging to for his bull of 12 months old-a cross of the Mr. Lloyd N. Rogers, forcibly struck the attention of the Committe. His size, his general Alderney on the Bakewell and Dutch breeds.

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J. MASON,

JOHN HARE POWEL,
I. CHAUNCEY.

JOHN BARNEY,
SAMUEL JACQUES, Jr.

Committee

After the reading of this report and the deliveUnderstanding it to be within the discretion. de-form, and many of his points are good; and he ry of the premiums awarded by it, the following ligated to them, the Committee have awarded will no doubt become a valuable animal for pro-resolution was offered by George Calvert, Esq. and unanimously adopted by the society. Resolvno premium for bulls over two years old; no pagating the milking race. The Committee in concluding their report, ed that a committee of three members of this socannot omit to congratulate the society on the ciety be appointed by the President thereof, with * The Alderney cattle exhibited at this opportunity afforded by the exertions of Mr. J. authority to procure and present to J. S. Skinner, show were descended from the importa-S. Skinner, of viewing the remarkably fine spe- Esq. three picces of plate, of the value, one tion made by Mr. Creighton. That importation, cimens of this kind of stock recently imported of fifty dollars, and two of twenty-five dollars it is true, was made up of the best of the kind to by him, and now exhibited-a young bull and each, in token of the belief entertained by the be procured; and it may reasonably be supposed two heifers of the English improved short horn- society, of the great improvement in the stock of that it would furnish the fairest specimens, which ed breed. These animals (not yet two years neat cattle which must result from the importaare therefore not so liable to the animadversions old) in the opinion of the Committee can hard-tion by him of the bull Champion, and heifers made in the English books on the size and form of ly be spoken of in terms too high, and are a White Rose and Shepherdess, bred by Charles the Alderney in general." I was assisted," says real acquisition to the country. They were Champion, Esq. of Blythe near Bawtry in NotAir. Creighton"in the selection of them by Col. bred by Mr. Charles Champion of Blyth, near tinghamshire, England; and Genl. Ridgely of M'Rea, of the Royal Invalids (in Guernsey) and Bawtry in Nottinghamshire, England, and come Hampton, Henry Thompson, Esq. and Doctor by the governor, Col. Le Messurier (in Alderney) direct from his hands to Mr. Skinner. They Allen Thomas were requested to perform this They are of the pure Alderney breed."-Vide are of great size, fine forms, and combine the service in behalf of the society. Amer. Farmer, Vol. 2nd No. 13.

After all, the merit of these Cattle will be set- $At the Cattle show at Brighton, Massachu

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REPORT ON SWINE.

tled by time and experience. At the present exhi-setts, there was a heifer of the Galloway breed The committee appointed to examine the swine bition, the Alderney held a good place, though exhibited, which brought her first calf at 17 months exhibited for premium, report that Mr. Jacob their chief value consists in the richness of their and eleven days old and her second calf at two Councilman, Colonel William Potter, and Mr. milk. The premium bull calf, President, men-years and four months old-see page 245 of the Lloyd N. Rogers, exhibited for premium three tioned above, weighed 1204 lbs. the day before Am. Farmer, Vol. 3d.

the Show, ana was sold to a gentleman of ¶ Sold to Commodore Chauncey, who now has
lagerstown, Maryland.
full blood of both sexes.-Edit. Am. Far.

boars.

*Sold to Col. Lloyd.-Edit. Am. Far.

Mr. Lloyd N. Rogers offered a fine sow, ten months old, and sister to the boar he offered. To her we award as justly entitled to it, a piece of plate valued at ten dollars.

Dear Sir,

Analostan Island,

The

i hat the boar of Mr. Councilman was eleven we have subjoined it below. It is gratifying to find rage for Merinos was at one time carried to months old, raised on clover. The committee that the pure Merino blood has been preserved at excess, so the re-action was too violent. The award to him the first premium of a piece of Analostan; and still more satisfactory to have recent sales of wool imported from Europe, would plate, valued at ten dollars. so convincing a proof that the Merino does not indicate that it is time for us to resume that The attention to our flocks which the progress of To Colonel, William Potter for his boar, fif-necessarily degenerate in our climate. teen months old, grass fed, and sired by his boar youngest ram of the two, offered by Gen. Mason, manufactures in the country demands. that took the premium last year; the committee was particularly of fine size and figure. As the cotton manufacture is light and cleanly-that of wool, heavy and greasy. The former has estaaward the second premium of a piece of plate valued at Five Dollars. blished itself fully, and is popular; the latter May 26th, 1822. is demanded by the increasing worthlessness of the coarse woolens sent from England. We may here notice a piece of superfine blue It is my intention if the weather continues to be cool, to send a couple of Merino Rams to cloth, which was exhibited by Mr. James Sykes. the approaching Cattle Show of the Maryland| It was manufactured by that gentleman at the We think that a cross by the boars of Mr. Franklin Mills, in Baltimore county, was of the Councilman or Colonel Potter, would be an im-Agricultural Society, and in compliance with one provement of both breeds, as it would combine of its rules, I now give you an account of their finest wool, very well dressed, and of a beautitheir excellencies for size and early growth, and pedigree, and of the manner in which they have tul blue colour. It had been dyed in the woad vat, and of course as he stated, the dye was been fed and reared. They were both bred at this place, and are yet unqualified admir on of the society. permanent. It attracted the attention, and owned by me. On the whole, the shew of sheep was very In the year 1811, I imported myself some Merinos, and purchased from the importations of rino for fleece, and the Bakewell or Dishley for good, and embraced the best sorts. The Meothers, a few selected from each, as they were landed, and thus formed a small flock, made carcass, had the preference as usual; of the forCob-dillo, and Montarco sheep, known to be among up of the Paular, Infantado, Guadeloupe, Via-mer there were several fine specimens, besides those of General Mason. the best fine wooled flocks in Spain. This stock I have ever since kept here under REPORT ON AGRICULTURAL IMPLEmy own eye, and so preserved a little colony of MENTS, MACHINES, &c. &c. The committees to whom has been referred the

the character of the sows for being easily kept

fat.

ROBERT WRIGHT,
ROBERT SINCLAIR,
GIDEON DAVIS,

Dr. HENRY HOWARD,

N. B. Mr. Lloyd N. Rogers' hogs were of bett's breed, "give the Devil his due."

REPORT ON SHEEP.

Committee.

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The Committee, appointed by the Maryland hure Spanish blood (as my insular situation conAgricultural Society, to inspect the sheep exhi-veniently enabled me to do) uncontaminated by examination of ploughs, straw cutters, drill mabited at their May meeting, have performed any other mixture:-sending out from it to my chines, and "machines or models of machines," the duty assigned them, and have awarded pre- other farms, the stock rams, and drafting from for preparing flax from the unwretted state for it every year for crossing at these, any excesses the wheel, respectfully report, that, they found it

miums as follows:

For the best full-blooded Merino Ram, to Gen. of the number limited by the means of this small necessary to establish certain principles to govern John Mason, of Analoston Island, D. C., a pre- furm-retaining always for the breeding stock them in their decision as to the merits of the arthe individuals, found to have the finest and clo-ticles submitted to their examination. mium of a piece of plate, valued at $10 sest wool. As long as the imported sheep lived, The first object of inquiry in all cases was effiFor the best Ram of any other breed, to Sam- I was in the habit of so marking their interme- ciency; and the next, simplicity of construction, nel Brown, Jr., Esq. of Elk Ridge, Anne Arun-diate descendants as that the intermixtures of cost and durability. del county, a premium of $10.

the Spanish flocks I have mentioned, could be The objects first requiring their attention was For the second best Ram of a different breed at once ascertained in each case-thus the older the machines for cutting straw, and to enable from the Merino, to Gen. Charles Ridgely, of ram now to be sent, is known to be from a Gua them to arrive at some certain conclusion as to Hampton, a premium of $5. deloupe ewe, by a Paular ram: the younger is the first inquiry, they required the candidates

The committee viewed with great pleasure

The Committee beg leave to remark, that in a deeper compound, not now to be traced. for premiums to submit their experiments to the awarding the above premiums, their decision has As to the manner of rearing and feeding, my test of a stop watch, and are of opinion that the been governed, in relation to the Merino sheep, practice of late years has been to feed less plenti- one, the invention of which, is claimed by Mr. by the quality of the wool:-and in relation to fully than heretofore, not only because it is more Jonathan Eastman, cuts the greatest quantity, of the other breeds of sheep, chiefly by the size and economical, but because I am satisfied from any exhibited, in the shortest space of time, and shape of the carcass. |attentive observation, that although high feeding seems well adapted to the cutting of all kinds of gives heavier coats, it produces coarser wool. food for stock. On farms of great extent and I prefer now, for Merinos, short pastures in with careful hands this machine promises great fourteen ewes and two rams of the Bakewell breed, summer, and give them but little grain in winter ; advantage. and also an ewe and lamb, of the same breed, believing that to keep them uniformly in good The machine of Mr. Sinclair ranks next in efexhibited by Mr. Barney of Port Penn, Delaware; heart throughout the year, and at no time very ficiency, as the quantity cut by it was not far short but which could not be offered for a premium, fat, is the way to obtain fleeces of the softest des- of that cut by the other; and the latter, besides not being raised in the state. All these finel cription, as well as of the finest fibre. doing the work with great neatness, was more sheep merit unqualified praise. For the lambs, however, intended for stock rams, simple in its construction, being such as may be The Committee also inspected with much I make somewhat a better provision during the made in general by common mechanics. satisfaction, two broad tailed Tunisian sheep, first fall and winter. I have them put imme- The next in order was a very simple machine presented by Commodore Jones, and Lieut. diately after weaning, in comrany with a tamed made by Mr. Grafflin, from a model furnished Booth, to J. S. Skinner, Esq. but to which, not bell-weather, on good grass lots, where they get to the Editor of the American Farmer by Mr. being raised in the state, no premium could be abundance at all times, except when the ground Minor of Virginia, who states it to be an Italian is covered with snow, and during the hard wea-invention introduced into this country by Mr. Jef

awarded.

The Committee cannot close this report with-ther, give them daily one or two feeds of grain. ferson. This instrument seems to combine all out expressing their warm approbation of the The two rams now to be sent one four, and the the advantages of cheapness, efficiency and simpublic spirit of those gentlemen, who have, on other one year old have been thus treated-plicity, doing a greater quantity of work in prothe present occasion enabled the society to see, but the older, which is one of my stock portion to the original cost, than either of the

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and the country to reap, some benefit from sheep rams on a neighbouring farm, in a flock of others without the same liability of being put out of several foreign breeds, for which, according to 150 sheep, has had more than the com-of order, with this additional advantage, that it their rules, no premiums could be assigned.

V. MAXCY,

BENJAMIN F. MACKALL,

GEORGE CALVERT,

J. BANISTER,

J. YELLOTT, Jr.

Committee.

The letter in which General Mason announees his intention of sending his sheep to the exhibition, contains so much valuable information to the purchaser and the breeder of sheep, that

mon fare just described; and, that neither has may be constructed and kept in a state for ser-
been particularly prepared for the occasion, is cer-vice, by the most ordinary workman, and is well
tain; as I can asure you, with great truth, that it adapted to the cutting of all kinds of long food for
was only during the last week, that they were se-stock. The machine of Mr. Easiman, costs $60,
lected for sending.
that of Mr. Sinclair, $15, and that of the intro-
duction of Mr. Jefferson, from 10 to $12.

Very respectfully,

I am Sir,
Your ob't serv't

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The committee, however, are of opinion that although all and each of the machines possess great merit, neither of them have full claims to original invention, and therefore are not fairly

entitled to a regular premium. But that of Mr.ches wide, running a furrow one foot wide and six Eastman possesses most of novelty in its construc-inches deep; carrying a resistance of 500 pounds. tion, and is entitled to the notice and encourage-Price of this plough $15-Mr. Hink's plough in ment of the society, as well for its ingenuity as 32 minutes went over a space of 330 feet long, 17f. 3 for its utility, while the others deserve no less inches wide, carrying a furrow of the same width for their simplicity and cheapness. The commit- and depth, and having a resistance of 528 pounds; tee taking into consideration the great efforts of price of plough $14.

cutter.

To Robert Patterson, Esq. for his imported thorough-bred Cleaveland bay horse Exile, a piece of plate of the value of $20.

To Samuel Hambleton, Esq. U. S. Navy, for his imported Maltese Jack Sancho, a piece of plate of the value of $15.

To Mr. Brown for his substratum plough a piece of plate of the value of $5.

To Mr. Grafflin, for his Root Cutter a piece of plate of the value of $5.

Mr. Eastman to bring his machine to perfection, Mr. Davis' went over a space of 330 feet long, and his successful attempts thus far, beg leave to 19 feet 6 inches wide, carrying a furrow of the award him the premium allowed to the best straw same depth and breadth, in the same time, and having a resistance of 500; price of this plough, The committee beg leave to remark that in The next object of enquiry was drill machines; $14. awarding the foregoing premiums they have conbut there being none on the ground coming pro- Those were the only ploughs fairly in competi-sidered their power as restrained to those objects perly under this denomination, the committee tion, and which came fully under the observation of recommended by the several committees for diswere induced to examine two machines of a simi- the committee-other ploughs were turned in cretionary premiums. lar character offered by Mr. Sinclair, for the pur- however, more for the satisfaction of the owners, pose of sowing plaster, clover, and other seed: than for inspection, and the performance in genethe merits of one of them was rendered manifest ral was remarkably fine, and the work in all cases by actual experiment, and by letters from gen- done with great neatness and expedition. It is due tlemen of high respectability who have used it. to Mr. Davis, to say, that his plough is plain and Of this machine, Mr. Sinclair, claims the inven- simple, and of course cheap, and from appearantion and the committee confidently recommend ces, not liable to get out of order easily.

R. WRIGHT,
D. PORTER,
ROBT. LYON,

CHAS. STERETT RIDGELY,
V. MAXCY,

JOHN HARE POWEL.

Committee.

Several bottles of wine made of the native it for a premium under the impression that it may The committee had an opportunity of witness-grape by Major Adlum were tasted, and met with be advantageously employed for the sowing of all ing the performance of an implement of husband. the unqualified approbation of the society; a kinds of grain. Attention was next drawn to a ry entirely new to most of them, and worthy of more particular account of this gentleman's praiseneat" machine or model of a machine for pre- the attention and encouragement of the Society worthy attempt to introduce the cultivation of the paring unwretted flax for the wheel," offered by and of agriculturists in general. It is known by the grape, and the manufacture of wine may be givMr. Graffin-This "machine or model," pro- name of the Substratum plough, and is used for en hereafter.

mises many advantages in domestic economy, by loosening the subsoil after the common plough, Several samples procured through Mr. Inspecan easy and expeditious mode of preparing the and holds out every inducement to believe that tor Mackall, were exhibited of fine bright tobac raw material, but as the proprietor had no flax immense advantages may be expected from it, by co, raised in Frederick and Montgomery counon the ground, they could not satisfy themselves affording greater depth of tilth to hold moisture ties, which was sold readily in the Baltimore marby actual experiment. They think it, however, and nourishment for the roots of plants. This im- ket at 30 to 35 dollars per hundred pounds. worthy the encouragement of the society and plement was offered by Mr. WILLIAM BROWN, fairly entitled to the premium, there being none for a premium, and in the opinion of the commit other opposed to it. The committee were shown tee, it is fully entitled to one. some hemp and flax, said to have been prepared by the machine, which had the most beautiful appearance.

The attention of the committee in the course of their examination was invited towards a ma

D. PORTER.
W. POTTER.
JOHN MARSH
TENCH TILGHMAN.
ROGER BROOKE.

Committee.

The reports of the committees having been read and the premiums bestowed as therein awarded ; the members sat down with good appetite to an acceptable dinner; and were afterwards, agreeably entertained by an address from their President, chiefly on the advantages of steaming food, for which they presented him with a vote of thanks, with the request of a copy for publication.

The officers of the society were then all re

chine for slicing all kinds of roots for cattle, which Mr. Watson of Hagerstown exhibited two unites in itself great strength, utility, cheapness, Wheat Fans of a construction very much approv-elected to serve the ensuing year; a vote of simplicity and rapidity of work; according to ac-ed, in that part of the country, and which he thanks was passed in compliment to the committual experiment at the rate of 60 bushels of po- sold readily on the ground. tee of arrangement, and on motion, it was resolvtatoes an hour, with the labor of one man, may There were several ploughs of Messrs. Sin-ed, that the Society do now adjourn to hold a be prepared, cut in thin slices as food, and this clair, Chenoweth and Ford present, which are meeting next fall at Easton, agreeably to the contoo without any extraordinary labour or exertion, well known to agriculturists. They obligingly stitution, and that a committee of arrangement as the machine may be worked expeditiously by turned in their ploughs, and added to the interesting for that occasion be accordingly appointed by the a small boy. It has the appearance of original in-scene-but were not competitors for a premi-President and Vice President of the society. vention, and the committee beg leave to recom-jum, owing to an alteration of the ground which JNO. E. HOWARD, Jr. Sec'y.

mend that one of the discretionary premiums be was first designated by the committee of arrangegiven Mr. Graflin, who deserves great credit for ment and for which those gentlemen had prepar- The most recreating and agreeable concomitant his collection of a variety of root cutters, from ed themselves with three horse ploughs. Mr. Sin- of these exhibitions have been the sumptuous and which the farmer may supply himself to suit his clair has established a manufactory of imple-appropriate entertainments of distinguished agricul wants and circumstances. ments of husbandry, near the water on the most turists which ensued on the next day at Hampton.

Of the agricultural implements, in general ex-frequented wharf in Baltimore, which does him It is always, as it should be, the wish of the Society hibited, the committee feel it due to speak in the great credit, and will be of general use to offer every civility and attention to respectable most favourable terms-most of them bespeak the invitation held out to improvement by such strangers, who manifest their desire for the success great ingenuity in the inventors, and all by their exhibitions of agricultural tools, sold at fair prices, of our exhibitions, by coming at a busy season, neatness do great credit to the workmen in gener-is very considerable. The ploughs of Chenow-to visit them. But as must necessarily hapal. The variety brought to the ground, ap-eth, years ago, might be occasionally met with pen: the most active members of the society are plicable to all farming purposes, served to show in all the counties lying on the Chesapeake-The much occupied with its particular concerns on the great interests which have been excited by plough prepares the way for other nice and more the ground; and consolation was found in the asagricultural societies, in general, and was highly improved implements, and we hope the advances surance that distant and respectable visitors, creditable to the one of which we have the honor that are now making will be progressive until they would at Hampton, be made to forget and forto be members. Those of Messrs. Davis, Ford, reach the Drill husbandry-The soil of many of give any previous want of attention; for there Sinclair, Chenowe h, and Grafflin, were particu- the counties on the Chesapeake is light and easi- they may expect to enjoy all the pleasures larly worthy of notice. Wood's plough also took ly pulverised-in others where it is more tena-that flow from the liberal accommodations of a its place in the exhibition; it had gained such cious, it is level-and in almost all, it is free noble mansion, fine air, an extensive and splengreat celebrity, however, that it was not thought from rocks and stones. Norfolk county, in Eng- did prospect of fertile country, and above all, necessary by the proprietor to test, any further, land, with naturally a light and sandy soil, has been a genuine and bounteous hospitality so happily its merits. changed by the drill into one of the best grain dispensed, that all are inspired with one feeling After a careful examination of the ploughs in countries: and 35 or 40 bushels of wheat to the towards their host, and agree that such men operation, tested by the dynanometer, the Com-acre is by no means unusual from that cultivation. deserve, since they know how to enjoy, their mittee have come to the determination that the wealth. premium should be awarded to Mr. WILLIAM DISCRETIONARY PREMIUMS. On Saturday a very numerous company began

BROWN of Brooksville, Montgomery county, Md. The committee to whom was referred the to assemble at Hampton about 3 o'clock, conIn 32 minutes of time, Mr Brown's plough went award of discretionary premiums respectfully re-sisting of Naval Heroes, whose names are idenover a space of ground 330 feet long, 21 feet 8 in-port, that they have awarded tical with their country's honour, of civil offi

sent

ety.

The memory of William Pinkney.

cers and statesmen, high in the publick service on poles in a close room called a smoke-house in from ten to eighteen months in tanning, and are and confidence, and eminent citizens whose ta- which is kept a smouldering fire of wet tan; this used for the soles of shoes. lents and usefulness command the respect of so- occasions a small degree of putrefaction, by which Skins is the general term for the skins of calves, ciety. At dinner, the conversation turned chiefly means the hair is easily got off, by spreading the seals, hogs, dogs, &c. These, after being washed on agricultural topics, interspersed with the pro-hide on a sort of wooden horse or beam, and scrap-in water, are put into lime pits, as before mentionposals of appropriate sentiments from different gen- ing it with a crooked knife. The hair being taken ed, where they are taken up and put down every tlemen, all of which were cordially received; off, the hide is thrown into a pit or pool of water third or fourth day, for a fortnight or three weeks, amongst other toasts that were drank with univer- to cleanse it from the dirt, &c. which being done, in order to dilate the pores and dissolve the gelatisal approbation, the following occur to us at pre- the hide is again spread on the wooden beam, and nous parts of the skin. The hair is then scrapthe grease, loose flesh, extraneous filth, &c. care-ed off, and the flesh and excresences being reBy Gen. Ridgley-The President of the U. S. fully scrubbed out or taken off; the hides are then moved, they are put into a pit of water impregSuccess to the Maryland Agricultural Soci- put into a pit of strong liquor called ooze or wooze, nated with pigeon dung (called a grainer or masprepared in pits called letches or taps kept for the tring), forming a strong alkaline ley, which in a purpose, by infusing ground bark in water; this week or ten days soaking out the lime, grease, and The health of Sir John Sinclair-The en-is termed colouring: after which they are remov-saponaceous matters (during which period they lightened friend and benefactor of agriculture, ed into another pit called a scowering, which con- are several times scraped over with a crooked &c. &c. sists of water strongly impregnated with vitriolic knife to work out the dirt and filth), softens the After dinner the company walked over the acid, or with a vegetable acid prepared from rye skins, and prepares them for the reception of the grounds attracted by various interesting objects, or barley. This operation (which is called raising), ooze. They are then put into a pit of weak ooze, and amongst others, the General's neat cattle of by distending the pores of the hides, occasions in the same manner as the hides, and being fredifferent breeds which are known to be very them more readily to imbibe the ooze, the effect quently handled, are by degrees removed into a fine. of which is to astringe and condense the fibres. stronger and still stronger liquor for a month or We should not have taken this brief and im- and give firmness to the leather. The hides are six weeks, when they are put into a very strong perfect notice of the Hampton party, without then taken out of the scowering, and spread smooth ooze, with fresh bark ground very fine, and at the the permission of the proprietor, did we not in a pit commonly filled with water, called a bind-end of two or three months, according to their view it more especially as an agricultural ex-er, with a quantity of ground bark strewed be-substance, are sufficiently tanned; when they are cursion constituting an exhilirating and rational tween each. After lying a month or six weeks, taken out, hung on poles, dried, and fit for sale. conclusion to the more formal proceedings of they are taken up; and the decayed bark and li- These skins are afterwards dressed and blacked the society on the two preceding days. It will quor being drawn out of the pit, it is filled again by the currier, and are used for the upper leathers serve moreover to show, that the friends of the with strong ooze, when they are put in as before, of shoes, boots, &c.

THE OAK.

plough, as well as the more congregated members with bark between each hide. They now lie two The lighter sort of hides, called dressing hides, of other pursuits, can now be brought together for or three months, at the expiration of which the as well as horse hides, are managed nearly in the the discussion and improvement of their own same operation is repeated; they then remain four same manner as skins, and are used for coachaffairs, that AGRICULTURE too, can have its or five months, when they again undergo the work, harness-work, &c. rational festivities-its science, its literature, same process; and after being three months in It has been said that every part of the oak tree its rights, and its pleasures. the last pit, are completely tanned, unless the hides contains a great portion of astringent gummy-reEdit. Am. Farmer. are so remarkably stout as to want an additional sinous matter, and will therefore tan leather as pit or layer. The whole process requires from effectually as the bark itself. This opinion, which eleven to eighteen months, and sometimes two was first published in 1674 by the Hon. Charles From Thornton's Family Herbal. years, according to the substance of the hide and Howard (Phil. Trans. vol. ix.), has since been discretion of the tanner. When taken out of the countenanced by the celebrated Buffon; who adds, USES.-Oak saw-dust is the principal indige- pit to be dried, they are hung on poles; and after that the bark of birch will answer the purpose of nous vegetable used in dyeing fustian. All the being compressed by a steel pin, and beat out tanning even sole leather, which, it is well known, varieties of drabs, and different shades of brown, smooth by wooden hammers called beetles, the requires the strongest and most penetrating mateare made with oak saw-dust, variously managed operation is complete; and when thoroughly dry, rials. and compounded. Oak apples are likewise used they are fit for sale. Butts are chiefly used for the A long memoir, written by M. Gleditsch, rein dyeing as a substitute for galls. An infusion of soles of stout shoes. commends the leaves, branches, fruit, and flowers; the bark, with a small quantity of copperas, is used by the common people to dye woollen of a purpThe leather which goes under the denomina- bark. Heath dried and pulverised, gall nuts, and of a vast number of plants as substitutes for oak fish blue, which is sufficiently durable. tion of hides is generally made from cow hides, the bark of birch, are said by M. Gesner to be usBut the chief use of the bark of this tree is for or the lighter ox hides, which are thus managed: ed in different provinces of Germany. Abbé Nolthe process of tanning. Before we detail the pro- After the horns are taken off, and the hides wash-let informs us, that the leaves of myrrh, are used cess, it may be proper to observe, that raw hides ed, they are put into a pit of water saturated with by the tanners in Naples. In Corsica they make use and skins being composed of minute fibres inter-lime, where they remain a few days, when they are of the leaves of wild laurel dried in the sun and secting each other in every direction, the general taken out, and the hair scraped off on a wooden beaten into powder, and in the island of St. Kilda operation of tanning consists chiefly in expanding beam, as before described: they are then washed they tan with the tormentil root. In some parts of the pores, and dissolving a sort of greasy substance in a pit or pool of water, and the loose flesh, &c. Italy leather is tanned with myrtle leaves. In contained in them; and then, by means of the as- being taken off, they are removed into a pit of Russia it is said that leather is tanned with the bark tringency and gummy resinous properties of oak weak ooze, where they are taken up and put down of willow; and it may here be observed, that a late bark, to fill and reunite them, so as to give firm-(which is technically termed handling) two or writer has recommended the extract of bark to be ness and durability to the whole texture. But this three times a day. for the first week; every se-made in America, in order to lessen the expense theory has been controverted by some chemists, cond or third day they are shifted into a pit of of freight, &c. in conveying the bark itself to Euwho suppose that the animal jelly contained in the fresh ooze, somewhat stronger than the former r; rope.

skin is not dissolved, but unites during the process till at the end of a month or six weeks they are In the year 1765, the Society of Arts, &c. grantwith the astringent principle of the bark, and put into a strong ooze, in which they are handled ed a premium of £100 for the discovery of a methforms a combination insoluble in water. once or twice a week with fresh bark for two orod of tanning with oak-saw-dust; which method

The process of tanning varies considerably, not three months. They are then removed into ano- has been adopted in Germany: and the Rev. Mr. only in different countries, but even in different ther pit called a layer, in which they are laid Swaine has lately revived the exploded substitute parts of the same country. The following is the smooth, with bark ground very fine strewed be- (mentioned by Gleditsch and others of oak leaves. method most approved and practised in London tween each hide. After remaining here two or Anthony Day, esq. of London, obtained a patent, and its vicinity, where the best leather is general-three months, they are generally taken up, when dated 17th July 1790, for a new method of tanning, ly allowed to be manufactured. the ooze is drawn out, and the hides put in again" with half the bark in half the usual time."

The leather tanned in England consists chiefly with fresh ooze and fresh bark; where, after ly- This plan chiefly consists in concentrating the of three sorts, known by the name of butts or backs, ing two or three months more, they are complete- bark into a strong extract, and in some mechanical hides, and skins. ly tanned, except a few very stout hides, which improvements in the construction of the tan-yard, Butts are generally made from the stoutest and may require an extra layer: they are then taken But neither the one nor the other has yet been heaviest ox hides, and are managed as follows: out, hung on poles, and being hammered and adopted. After the horns are taken off, the hides are laid smoothed by a steel pin, are, when dry, fit for smooth in heaps for one or two days in the summer, sale. and five or six in the winter: they are then hung

These hides are called crop hides: they are

An ingenious manufacturer in London has, by the application of warm air, conveyed by means of flues from stoves properly constructed, and by

other contrivances not generally known, conside-| rably abridged the usual process of tanning. Some experiments have likewise been made with the bark of ash and of horse chesnut.

Two sorts of galls are distinguished in the shops, as possible; in this way the inside of the fleece wil. one said to be brought from Aleppo, the other be turned out; and this is very important, for if from the southern parts of Europe. The former it is folded so that the inside of the fleece comes are generally of a blueish colour, or of a greyish, together, the wool will become so matted and A substitute for oak bark, the price of which or black, verging to blueness, unequal and watery stuck together that the wool assorters cannot has lately been enormous, is the grand desidera- on the surface, hard to break, and of a close com- open the fleeces without tearing them to pieces. tum in the manufacture of leather. Most of these pact texture; the others are of a light brownish In no case ought the fleeces to be tied with hemp above enumerated have hitherto been found inef- or whitish colour, smooth, round, easily broken, for twine of any kind. fectual; but a patent, bearing date 16th January, less compact, and of a much larger size. The two The above is the manner in which Benjamin 1794, has been granted to Mr. Ashton, of Sheffield, sorts differ only in strength, two of the blue galls Wells, and Co. who are large sheep growers and Yorkshire, for his discovery of a cheap and expe-being supposed equivalent in this respect to three wool purchasers, direct wool for their factory to ditious method of tanning leather. This method of the others. be put up.-Pitts. Mercury.

PONDENCE.

chiefly consists in applying a preparation of mine- Galls appear to be the most powerful of the veral substances instead of oak bark. Those which, getable astringents, striking a deep black when EXTRACTS FROM EDITOR'S CORRESon account of their cheapness, are most to be pre-mixed with a solution of ferrum vitriolatum, and ferred, are the dross of coalpits, called sulphur therefore preferred to every other substance for Extract of a letter to the Editor, dated St. Mistones or pyrites, and the yellow ferruginous earth the purpose of making ink. As a medicine, they CHAELS, Md. 19th inst. 1822. or red ochre ; and, in general, all astringent, sul-are to be considered as applicable to the "Harvest has commenced. The crop will be phureous or vitriolated substances. same indications as the querci cortex, and by pos- light; one of my neighbors is now cutting a field If this discovery, which is yet in its infancy, sessing a greater degree of astringent and styptic of sixty bushels seeding, which will probably should prove successful, it may cause a material power, seem to have an advantage over oak bark, yield fifteen for one. This is too rank to be craalteration in the process of this manufacture; and, and to be better suited for external use. Reduced dled. The same field, six years ago, produced by reducing the expense, may ultimately be of to fine powder, and made into an ointment, they about eighteen for one. great advantage to the public. Many other ex- have been found of great service in hæmorrhoidal The land on which this wheat grew, having periments are now making in England for the im- affections. Their efficacy in intermittent fevers been worn out by tenants, who worked it in two provement of tanning; and as there are many per- was tried by Mr. Poupart, by order of the Acade- shifts for more than fifty years, sold thirty years sons of ingenuity and knowledge engaged in the my of Sciences, and from his report it appears that ago for fifty shillings per acre. The present proleather manufacture, much may be expected from the galls succeeded in many cases; and also that prietor took possession of it in 1808, previous to their industry and skill. they failed in many other cases, which were af-which time no effort whatever was made to imterwards cured by the Peruvian bark. prove it. This wonderful change was effected, Nor are we to wonder at this difference, seeing not only on this field, but the whole farm, by apthat Vanquelin has discovered a remarkable chemi-plication of bank shells and sea-ware; effected cal difference between the bark and nut galls, the too, without capital and a very slender force. The astringent effects of the oak were sufficient-sion of cinchona, which are not acted upon by the and rapid improvement, than that above menlatter precipitating tartrite of antimony and infu- Another of my neighbors has made a more recent ly known to the ancients, by whom different parts former. of the tree were used; but it is the bark which is now directed for medicinal use by our pharmacopoias. To this tree we may also refer the gallæ, or galls, which are produced from its leaves by Let it remain for four hours, then strain; add to this a pint: means of a certain insect.

The revenue arising from the duty on leather tanned in Great Britain (exclusive of oiled leather) is upwards of £200,000 per annum.

MEDICAL VIRTUE.

PRESCRIPTIONS.

R. 1. Take of oak bark, in pieces ounce,
-boiling water

Alum in powder

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a drachm:

ounce,

tioned of a farm lately bought, by similar means, which he has in abundance, with capital to enable him to apply them.

by means of inspecting committees, who should Instances of this kind ought to be made known Their reports to the agricultural society might be ride round and ascertain the facts on the spot. productive of much good.

Oak bark manifests to the taste a strong astrin-To be used as a lotion cold to limbs after the gout, gency, accompanied with a moderate bitterness, qualities which are extracted both by water and and also to scrophulous glands. R. 2. Take of galls, in powder drachms 2, by rectified spirit. Its universal use and preferAbout thirty years ago a tenant, near this place, -hog's lard hauled a few loads of sea-ware on his land; but ence in the tanning of leather is a proof of its Make into an ointment, to be applied by means of his lan lord threatened to turn him off if he ever great astringency, and like other astringents it has lint to the external piles, or even pressed some- drew up another load, declaring that it would been recommended in agues, and for restraining what up the fundament every night. This has ruin the land." hæmorrhagies, alvine fluxes, and other immoderate evacuations. A decoction of it has likewise done wonders in the piles, taking at the same time the following: been advantageously employed as a gargle, and as a fomentation or lotion in procidentia recti et uteri. R. 3. Take of quassia, in raspings drachms 2, -boiling water pint Dr. Cullen tells us, that he has frequently employ-Let it remain three hours, strain: ed the decoction with success in slight tumefactions of the mucous membrane of the fauces, and in prolapsus uvulæ, and cynanche tonsillaris, to which some people are liable upon the least exposure to cold and in many cases this decoction, early applied, has appeared useful in preventing these disorders. It must be remarked, however,|

of alum to these decoctions.

1:

To the strained liquor
ounces 7,
Add, aromatic confection drachm 1,
Ginger, in powder
scruples 2,
twelve and seven every day.
Take of this mixtvre two table-spoonsfull at

HOW TO MAKE INK.

Extract of a letter to the Editor, dated HEAD of
CHESTER, Md. 23d May 1822.

"I have just finished breaking a crop of flax made last year-an it be offered for premium in October? I shall furnish you with an article on flax breaking shortly, and will describe a simple implement for the purpose, which any man who can cut a mortice and tenon, can make in one hour. I think it a matter of great importance to those who have flax to clean. It is almost in

that the doctor almost constantly added a portion A good and durable black ink may be made by credible, but it is a fact, that I have had 156lbs. the following directions :-To two pints of water flax broke in an hour and fifty seven minutes, by Some have supposed that this bark is not less add three ounces of the dark-coloured roughskin- a man of middle size, with a wooden implement efficacious than that of the cinchona, especially ned Aleppo galls in gross powder, and of rasped weighing 84lbs. As soon as I get those two hours in the form of extract; but this opinion now ob-logwood, green vitriol, and gum arabic, each an work switched, you shall hear from me." tains little credit, though there be no doubt that ounce. This mixture is to be put into a conveni- | oak bark may have the power of curing intermit-ent vessel, and well shaken four or five times a day, for ten or twelve days, at the end of which

tents.

Herald Office,

Norfolk 24th June, 1822.

Dear Sir:-At the request of Mr. Walker

Galls, which in the warm climate of the East time it will be fit for use; though it will improve J. S. SKINNER, Esq. are found upon the leaves of this tree, are occa-by remaining longer on the ingredients. Vinegar sioned by a small insect with four wings, called instead of water makes a deeper-coloured ink; Herron, I send you a little box containing a samCynips querci folii, which deposits an egg in the but its action on pens soon spoils them. substance of the leaf, by making a small perfora-| tion through the under surface.

WOOL.

ple of "mammoth" Gooseberries. I am not sufThe ball preficiently conversant in matters of this kind, and sently begins to grow, and the egg in the centre can only say that they are by far the largest I of it changes to a worm; this worn again chanhave ever seen. Mr. H. wishes to know from ges to a nymph, and the nymph to the flying in- The following is the best mode of putting up you if they can be propagated from the seed.sect abovementioned, which by eating its passage the fleece :-spread it open with the inside down, He desires me to inform you that he will bear in out, leaves a round hole: and those which have no fold in the skirts, begin at the tail and fold it up mind to send your strawberry vines at the proper holes are found to have the dead insect remaining close and firm, until you come to the neck which time. Mr. H. is one of our most respectable and twist into a rope and tie it round the fleece as tight opulent citizens, and certainly deserves well of

them.

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