pretty solid straten or wet clay between them: not very frequently occur: this plant is improv-fare held in the highest estimation by Mr. Charies apple trees thrive best on a rich marshy soil, ed by transplanting and as a seed bed can Colling, who was the founder of the improved having a deep subsoil of brown, moist and mellow without much difficulty be preserved, either by short-horns. sand, with a complete natural drainage. Third, sowing early, before the fly appears, or by sha- I will not conclude this letter without distinctly Where the subsoil is unsuited to fruit trees in ding it from the sun (a method I have found very assuring you, that my researches and inquiries general, it should be trenched over two feet effectual, for the fly seldom either comes out or into the origin of the improved short-horns, have deep, a year before planting. Without doubt, in remains on the plants in the absence of sun-led me to the belief that they are a mixed breed a state of health, trees throw off some exuvia shine,) a sufficient stock can always be kept for altogether, and partake not only of the old Dutch from the bark, some sorts much more visibly removal into the field in this method at least short-horned breed, but also of the Kyloe and than others (as the birch, and some species of this is my opinion; and I am anxious to have it Norman breeds. I have never thought them willow ;) but if this be followed as a law of Na-either confirmed, or absolutely and undeniably worse for the mixture, but improved by it. The ture, the cutting should be very superficial.- shewn to be groundless, by the experiments of only specimen of Stranger that I have left, is Our experiments were undoubtedly imperfect, others. I am not quack enough to consider it in- the heifer (out of Ruby,) the own sister of Sir but in the same orchard where most of the trees fallible. I hope your correspondents will favour Leoline, which I intend to keep as a specimen of were good for nothing with canker and moss, we me with the result of their experience on this the breed. have planted others on the ground previously subject. trenched, and they are doing well.-Editor Farmer's Journal. ON THE SAME SUBJECT, AND ON THE Bromyard, May 29, 1821. I remain, Sir, Your obedient servant, W. S. C. ON THE PEDIGREE OF SIR LEOLINE. SIR, I have to thank you for your early notice and insertion of my letter on the subject of "Barking Fruit Trees." Your opinion on the eventual injury to the trees by that operation, greatly coincides with my own observations. But as that As a further reply to your correspondent, who has, from motives of prudence, been hitherto hides himself under the signature of A Breeder, confined to a very narrow compass, as far as re- I send you the following letter, which I beg you gards an operation apparently so hazardous, I look forward anxiously to some notice from Mr. Lyon, through the medium of your Journal, upOn the success and ultimate effect observed by him to have followed the process; and I hope he will not disappoint this wish. I am always, Dear Sir, most truly your's. BART. RUDB. WARDROP, ON THE DISEASES OF THE EYE OF THE HORSE. The anatomical structure of the eye we may pass over, since the timely application of remedies for occasional hurts, is nowise affected by it. In treating of the diseases, which common attention and little skill may relieve, and which require prompt relief to prevent worse consequences, Mr. Wardrop begins by considering Simple Inflammation. will insert in your next Journal; it is from a gen- is the most important disease, in the Eye of the I am, Sir, Your humble servant, JOHN HUTCHINSON. TO MR. HUTCHINSON. "Simple inflammation of the eye is marked by striking symptoms. Though the inflammation be not violent, the animal keeps the eye-lids closed; the eye-lashes adhere together, from the secretion of mucus, which has become inspissated; the eye-lids are more or less swollen, their veins are distended with blood; and there is an unnatural flow of tears, which is more or Your attention is now very laudably turned to the important subject of Turnip husbandry, and the means of preventing the ravages of the fly. The experience of an humble individual may not perhaps be unacceptable; and should the hints. here thrown out lead only to further experiment they will not be wholly useless. Observation, in many parts of the kingdom, has satisfied me, that if any thing yet known will afford protection and security to the young plant, it is the opera- I thank you for sending me a copy of the anony-less copious. When the eye-lids are opened, tion of the ashes arising from burnt weeds, turf, mous letter in The Farmer's Journal of Monday their internal surface appears redder than natustubble, wood, &c. I say the operation; for it is last, signed by "A Breeder." It is evidently ral; the haws are inflamed and swollen; the yet unknown by what means these ashes remove written by some person with a view to injure the white of the eye is covered with red vessels, and or keep off the fly, whether by the effluvia ari-stock descended from Lady, and particularly the corner, or horny coat, loses its clearness and sing from them, or by any other quality disa- your bull Sir Leoline. I have an aversion to con-lustre; a general muddiness, either affecting greeable to the insect. That they have this ef-troversy; but, in the present case, as this anony-the whole of that tunic, or confined to one part, fect, I am strongly inclined to believe. I have in mous writer has insinuated a falsehood, I think forming the commencement of a speck or film. several instances seen turnips, sown upon land you ought to answer the letter. Lady, the dam "It is usually accompanied by more or less which had been pared and burned, strong and of Major, instead of being out of a Galloway general fever, marked by heat in the mouth, and vigorous, while those sown within a yard, upon heifer, as this anonymous writer supposes, was thirst, loss of appetite, frequency of the pulse, land not so prepared, were wholly destroyed.-out of Old Phenix, the dam of Favourite, the unhealthy appearance of the coat, coldness of the This has happened to myself. In two trials (the sire of Comet. Old Phoenix was also the dam cars and legs, with alternate heats and chills. only ones I have yet made, on a small scale, I of Venus, and of Young Phoenix, the dam of "Inflammation of the eye frequently succeeds had plots of ground sown with Swedish turnips, Comet, and may be called the most celebrated injuries. It arises from colds also, and fevers, which were absolutely swarming with the fly, short-horned cow that has yet existed. Lady sudden chills after violent exercise; and like whose attacks threatened in a day or two to anni- herself was sold at the Ketton sale in October inflammation of all other organs, it most comhilate the plants: over these I caused the ashes 1810, when fourteen years old, for two hundred monly attacks young horses, and those in high of burnt weeds and rubbish, wood, &c. to be guineas; and by a reference to the printed cata condition. sown or scattered. To my own observation it logue of that sale, it may be seen in what esti- Treatment. Much depends on the first means peared clear, that the insect forsook the plants, mation the produce of Lady was held by the pub- which are adopted in the treatment of Inflamwhich grew rapidly, and to a great size. A simi-lic. Two cows, the produce of Lady were sold mation; for if the discase does not receive a sudlar trial this year has, I think, saved a seed bed for 610 guineas, and Major, the son of Lady, was den check, the same decided measures cannot ut Swedish turnips, which were strongly at- sold for 200 guineas. be adopted in all the future stages of the disease, tacked. A friend of mine, long conversant with It is true, that the grandson of Lord Boling- the cure then becomes protracted, and the effects of Turnip husbandry, assures me, that he would broke had some Galloway blood in him; and as the disease remain, which blemish, if they do armest insure a crop of turnips by depositing in Lady was got by this grandson of Lord Boling-not destroy the organ. the drills, vegetable or wood ashes, and dropping broke, she thence derives some portion of Gallo- "The chief means to be employed to relieve the seeds immediately upon them. I am far way blood, although remotely; and I have yet inflammation in the horse's eye, are bleeding, from asserting that this mode, or that which I to learn that this blood has been of any injury to purging, blistering, and attention to food and air. have adopted, are infallible: all that I am anx- Lady, or her descendants; for I can truly de- "A copious evacuation of blood is the first ious for is, to invite your correspondents to the clare, that after having had some experience, du-thing to be done, and I would advise that the trial of so easy an experiment as either of them; ring ten years, of different branches of the Ket-blood be taken from the neck, in preference to and I think they will not be disappointed. With ton stock, I give the preference to the stock de-any vein in the immediate vicinity of the infiamed regard to Swedish turnips, I think failure need scended from Lady; and I know also that they organ. The common opinion is, that the nearer OF THE PURIFORM INFLAMMATION Rev. the inflamed part from which the blood is taken, | We have extracted nearly the whole of this their kind corrections, particularly the so much more effectual is the remedy. It will, article because it contains all the essential direc-George Holiwell, of Irby, and the Rev. Samuel however, be found, that although the inflammations for hurts, cold, &c. which cause the eye to Turner, of Caistor. From the former of these tion appear immediately to subside by local bleed-close and swell; these being the certain indica- gentlemen, and from Mr. Raynes, of Overton, ing, yet whenever the system is at all disturbed, tions of blood-letting, gentle purging and cool diet. Notts, and Mr. Cremer, Land Surveyor, of blood taken from a large vein, or general bloodHorncastle, I have obtained certificates as to the letting, is much more powerful in relieving the date and origin of the invention. constitutional derangement, whilst it has an The importance of this practice is now extenequal power in allaying the local inflammation. sively known, and I should, therefore, only take It will also be found, that if blood be taken from "This inflammation of the Eye of the Horse, subject. Indeed I should scarcely have thought up your valuable paper by dwelling upon the vessels in the immediate vicinity of the inflamed part, the irritation caused by the operation is differs from that which has been described, in of offering my claim to it, unless I had been generally considerable, and though the redness the part of the eye which is affected, as well as urged by the entreaties of my friends to do so. is relieved at the time, it very soon returns by the in some of the symptoms of the disease. In the In discharge of my obligations to them and to puriform inflammation, the disease is confined to supply from the collateral vessels, which does not my family, I do in this manner claim to be the take place after general blood-letting. The ori- the membrane which lines the eye-lids and cov-inventor of a practice, which, under the imporfice made in the vein should be large, and as ers the eye-ball, called the conjunctiva, or mutant patronage of Mr. Coke, is likely to be so much depends on the immediate effects of the cous membrane; and its chief character is the highly advantageous to British agriculture. first bleeding in all cases of inflammation, from profuse discharge of a puriform fluid. Besides the discharge of mucus, which is more or less will oblige your's, By giving a place to this in your columns, you three to five quarts may be taken, according to the violence of the symptoms. A second bleed-mixed with tears, the eye-lids are very much Most obediently, ing may be had recourse to, in from twelve to swollen, and their edges glued together; their inGEO. WHITWORTH twenty-four hours, should the symptoms increase, ternal membrane is also swelled, formed into folds with matter deposited among them. The "At the same time the horse should be given cornea appears depressed, from the swelling of a purgative ball, or what is perhaps the safer the conjunctiva membrane on the white of the and more efficacious practice, a common purga- the ignorant have considered as new growths, and eye, sometimes forming large bladders, which tive ball may be divided into three doses, and one portion given every four or six hours. This merely acts gently on the intestines, whilst by making the animal sick, it diminishes the force of the circulation; and it is not attended by the debilitating effects which often follow strong purging. Horses, indeed, whilst they can bear bleeding to a great extent, sink rapidly by purging. 'Nothing is to be done to irritate the inflamed "The treatment of this species of inflamma-cylinder spring, and give way most, with less or remain undiminished. ་་ ON WHEELS, IN REPLY TO J. C. SIR, I was in expectation the experiment I made conceived proper to remove. The puriform in- would have sufficiently spoken for itself, and flammation of the eye is generally the effect of evidently shewed the superiority of strength in cold, resembling the common catarrh, and it of- the conic over the cylindric form. Your corresten spreads among all the horses of a stable; pondent J. C. is of a contrary opinion, and asfor like the same disease in the human body, if serts, that it "can have nothing to do with the the matter touches a sound eye, it produces the merits of either." I beg leave to ask, through disease. the medium of your paper, if the spokes of the tion, is to be conducted on the same general plan than one tenth of the weight upon them when the eye; but it is to be frequently fomented with a decoction of poppy-heads, or camomile flowers. as in that already detailed. The depletive sys-wheel is placed horizontally, they are not certain A second, or even a third bleeding may be ne- tem of bleeding and purging is to be had recourse to spring and give way most, when equally loadcessary, to remove the inflammation; but these to, and pursued according to the violence and ob-ed, and varying from an erect position? As they will be in a less quantity than the first, and are stinacy of the attack. The eye or eyes, for it will not sustain one tenth of the weight when not to be had recourse to till a reasonable time usually attacks both, should be fomented with down, how should they be able to resist the same has elapsed after the exhibition of the other reme- the anodyne and emollient decoctions, the ani-blows by the hurters, against the boxes, when dies, so that their effects may be observed. Af-mal kept in a well-aired stable, and fed moder- at work? The strength of a wheel depends ter the acute symptoms have subsided, the eye ately. When the more severe inflammatory chiefly upon the binding; if this fails, it is imgenerally continues more or less weak, and irri-symptoms are subdued, the extract of lead, un-mediately unfit for use. table, and the white of the eye remains red, diluted, may be applied once or twice a-day to seems to be in part aware of this (although unthough the vessels are of a duller hue. In this the eye with a camel's-hair pencil, in the same willing to acknowledge it,) by his construction of state, blistering the cheek and temple may be manner as directed with regard to the vinous a kind of hermaphrodite wheel, which would of service, but the blister should be cautiously tincture of opium; or a small portion of the red have been a great acquisition before conic ones and carefully used, to prevent any blemish. The precipitate ointment, may be put between the were invented. One other question shall suffice. vinous tincture of opium is also an excellent appli- eye-lids with a camel's-hair pencil, or probe, Is a bended scantling, cut nearly with the grain, cation, and may be applied by taking a camel's-every second day." SIR, TURF. Your correspondent or a bended bar of iron, stronger to carry a weight with the back upwards, than the same substance if quite straight? and if any, how much is it are bound, or confined from springing endways? Acre House, near Caistor, Lin-This is a question well worth considering, theocolnshire, May 31, 1821. retically and experimentally, and should be well understood by every one that advocates the cause either of straight weels or straight axletrees. I am Sir, hair pencil dipped in it, and then touching the ball of the eye once or twice a day. Saturnine and vitriolic lotions are recommended, and they ON THE ORIGIN OF TRASPLANTING stronger; that is, especially if the extremities may sometimes be advantageously employed, singly, or combined with opium. In some cases too, of old inflammation, where such remedies have failed, a seton put in the cheek has been useful; and in cases of this kind, a course of al- Through the medium of your Journal, I beg terative medicines may also be given. to state my claim as the original inventor and "It is of great consequence, in the treatment practiser of the system of transplanting turf, Your obedient humble servit, of all diseases of the Eye of the Horse, to pay which owing to my silence hitherto, has been A Common Leicestershire Farmer. attention to the air of the stable; for as this is attributed to another person. It is true that this often impure, it is proper to keep him in a well-person has made some considerable altera- Our correspondent must be aware that reaired place, and his head placed so that he shall tions in the mode of execution, as my invention commendations of the kind alluded to in his postnot be annoyed with light, or obliged to stoop for for taking up the sods was a circular punch, script, are advertisements.-Edit. about three inches diameter, with a common stilt "With respect to food, the horse should have handle, which I called a graminator. It may no corn until the inflammatory symptoms subside, be recollected by some persons, that this imbut live on green meat or mashes. plement was exhibited and recommended by me Holkham, June 6, 1821. "The practice of scarifying the eyes, is one at Holkham, in 1811, and I humbly conceive, the which is seldom or ever necessary to resort to, plan which has been established by Mr. Blom-tions of your correspondents being so very geYour Editorial remarks upon the communicaand when not performed with great dexterity, field, at Warham, was struck out by what I then nerally well received, and so justly appreciated the irritation created by the operation does more suggested. I had used the implement, and had by your numerous readers, it will appear preharm, than the blood taken away does good. The transplanted turf some years before; and in 1808 sumptuous in me to hazard a comment upon one cruel practice of cutting out the haws, from con-I wrote a small treatise on the subject, and the of your notes inserted in this week's Journal. I sidering it as a diseased growth, is much to be various modes of improving meadow and pasture am, nevertheless, induced to make the attempt, condemned, as not only useless but hurtful.” land. To this some clerical friends contributed and I am quite sure you will accept my apology, food. SIR, ON UNDER-DRAINING. when I plead a sense of public duty as my mo-drain; there dig the earth away from the side of as the labourers must be maintained, it is not ontive; for I verily believe if your note, attached the drain; and if the water oozes out from be-ly more creditable, but more economical, to emto the Suffolk Farmer's letter on Under-draining, tween the stones, before you get to the bottom ploy them in this manner, than to turn them upon is allowed to pass current, it would be the means of the drain (which it certainly will do,) it is a the roads, where they not only feel degraded, of misleading many inexperienced men, not only to proof the water does not find a free passage at but frequently do more harm than good to the their individual injury, but to that of the commu- the bottom; and that the stagnated water in the roads. nity at large. In the note I allude to, you say. drain, is the cause of the damp observed on the It will be said, in objection to this method of "Unquestionably large stones should be surface of the land adjoining. draining, that the clay being rammed so broken to small angular pieces, as for roads, be- In an exposition of this kind, I was once told tight on the top of the drain, will become imfore they can be advantageously used for drain- by the occupier, (who was a little prejudiced in pervious to wet, and prevent the surface water age." favour of his system) that he made no doubt the from filtering through it. But it should be reNow, sir, I beg leave to differ from you in opi-water always did run at the bottom of the drain, membered, that I describe the soil a clay internion on that point; for I say, that all large stones until the vermin got into it, and damaged it. It mixed with sand veins; these become conductintended for drainage should not be broken into is quite in vain to attempt to argue against the ors for the water; and even upon clay without small angular pieces (as for roads;) and having positions of such men; but as I address this let- sand veins, the surface water will soak through made this assertion, it becomes a duty in me to ter to a gentleman possessed of a candid and libe- the cultivated soil, and find its way into the apersupport the same by practical definitions, so as ral mind, I am not without hopes that my rea- ture of the drain from the sides thereof, so that, to prove your system wrong, and mine right; and soning (weak as it is) will not only have convin- allowing the top to be impervious to wet (which this I will now endeavour to do. ced him of his error in recommending the small in fact it should be, to render the drains durable,) Your humble servant, It is a very material, indeed an indispensible stone system of draining, but I even flatter my- the drain will still be efficacious. requisite, in setting Under-drains to leave a ca-self he will become a convert to the practice I Volumes might be written upon this very imvity for the water to pass freely along the bottom have recommended. portant branch of rural economy, and on the proof the drains; that desirable object cannot be ob- A very common excuse for omitting to under- fitable employment of the superabundant farm latained when stones are broken into small pieces, drain wet lands is, "that materials proper for bourers; but I fear I have already intruded too and thrown in promiscuously; and a drain so forming hollow drains cannot be found upon the much upon your time and patience; and as I filled, is any thing but what it is locally termed, spot where wanted, or at a reasonable distance hope to have the pleasure of seeing you at Mr. a hollow drain. I allow that water will percolate from it." I have reason to believe that this ex- Coke's Sheep-shearing, now near at hand, I will through a body of small stones, and that it may cuse frequently originates from the inattention of reserve what I have further to say on the subject be seen to run on at the lower end of a drain so the parties; for, in the course of a pretty ex- to a future opportunity; and I therefore, for filled; and hence cursory observer are led to tensive practice, and extended experience, I the present, subscribe myself, believe, that it runs from the bottom of the drain; can safely say, that I have seldom seen any land but that is an erroneous opinion, for the water in want of draining, but where materials of some does not run along the bottom of such drains; it sort fitting for forming hollow drains, may be rises and falls in its course according as it finds found without much inconvenience: the fact is, We are very happy that our hasty remark vacancies between the stones, or is obstructed by materials of that description are not unfrequently has drawn forth so useful an explanation.-EDIT. them. It generally stagnates a considerable overlooked; and I will therefore here enumerate depth in the drain, and not unfrequently rises in some sorts of materials used for under-draining. level, until it passes over the stones, and finds Drain tiles are only preferable to stones six IMPORTATION OF FOREIGN STOCK, vent amongst the straw or brush-wood which inches broad, in so far as they require less care It is very much to be desired, that a particucovers them. A drain, surcharged as here des- in placing at the bottom of a drain; for as that lar account should be preserved, of every imcribed, does more harm than good, for the wa-description of work is generally done by job, the portation of valuable stock from abroad; and ter stagnated in it saturates the adjoining land, contractors are not always so circumspect in pla- that those in whose hands they fall, should keep and engenders disease in the plants which grow cing the stones as the nature of the job requires. a register or history of them, to show their peupon it. Black thorn, broom, and ling, are durable mate- digree-noting such as die, and their diseases Small stones are efficacious in draining land, rials in drains; several other sorts of brush wood their increase their age-the disposition made when properly applied: they should be put on may also be used to advantage for that pur- of the progeny from time to time, and the perthe top of drain tiles, or upon large stones, so pose. Though old turfs, whether used as wedge, sons to whom sold. The time is approaching placed at the bottom of the drain, as to leave a or as shoulder, will last many years in strong clay. when the pedigree of improved neat cattle will free course for the water at the lowest level. Twisted straw bands, put into narrow drains on be traced with as much care and accuracy as Ground springs are collected, and carried off by clay land, have been found efficacious; but it have hitherto been those of Blood Horses. that means; and surface water washes between is quite practicable to form effective hollow This is already the case in England; and we the small stones on the top, and drops into the drains, upon strong clay soil intermixed (as it hope the importers and owners of good stock in cavity, or general conductor, formed by the sometimes is) with sand veins, locally termed America will attend to it :-To do this it is indislarger stones at the bottom of the drain. gauts or golts, without the aid of any other ma-pensible that every animal should have a name, Stones of whatever size should never be terial than the subsoil dug out of the drains. As else how can the progeny be traced up to the thrown promiscuously into drains. The larger si- this method of forming hollow drains is new to progenitor? Premiums, especially, should nezed should be regularly placed by hand at the some districts, I will shortly explain it. The ver be awarded to Cattle, without attaching to bottom of the drain, in the first instance; these drain is cut narrow, in the usual way; a round the object some specific name-because the tashould be backed or supported by others; also pole, about three or four inches in diameter, or king of the prize gives character to the beast, placed by hand. The smaller ones may then be a piece of board of the same breadth, and about and stamps a value on its progeny; to secure thrown in indiscriminately, and the drain will be six feet long, is provided; a piece of strong which, and to prevent obscurity and confusion effective. rope, or a drag chain, is attached to one end of hereafter every one should bear a distinctive I have frequently been shown (by advocates of it; the pole, or board, is then laid along the drain, name. In England, the bulls Hubback, Comet, the small stone system) drains discharging water and trod down horizontally; the clay subsoil is Denton, Aid-de-camp, &c. and their families freely, which had been filled with small stones then put upon the board a little at a time, trod, are as well known, and may be as definitely thrown in promiscuously a great many years be- and beat close by the use of a carpenter's ram- traced, as those of Flying Childers, Eclipse, fore; but those instances proved nothing in fa- mer (such as is used for fixing gate posts:) this Canon Ball, &c. vour of the system: they, it is true, proved that operation is duly continued until the drain is suf- We should be much gratified, and believe the water run out at the ends of the drains; but ficiently filled, when the pole, or board, is drag-that we should be rendering an essential service they did not prove that there was no stagnant, ged forward about five feet, leaving one end to to the agricultural community, if all persons imor, as it is called, dead water in the drains; preserve the end of the part completed; and porting stock, or having a knowledge of such neither did they prove, that the land through the process continued as before described. This importations, would give us as minute an account which the drains had been cut was effectually system is a great improvement upon the mole thereof for record in the Farmer, as the cases cleared from its superfluous water: quite the re-plough; for it is not only more permanent, and will admit of. verse; for I have seen the land wet and poachy more effective, but it substitutes manual labour CATTLE.-As to these, we have published in spots within a foot of the course of these drains; for that of machinery and horse power, and that in this Journal all the particulars we have been and that arising from the obstruction, and conse- is no mean consideration at the present moment, able to obtain of recent importations. Those in quent stagnation of the water in the drains. more especially as the drainage of strong lands Kentucky (except Mr. Clay's which we hope The only way to convince a sceptic in these mat- may be effected in this manner at a very trifling soon to get.) The Alderney brought here by Mr. ters, is to fix upon a wet spot contiguous to a expense: no carriage of materials required; and Creighton, of which the statement is exact The Coke cattle, or North Devon, improved by by like means we can best facilitate its progress 66 FROM THE EASTON GAZETTE. .. him, and presented to Messrs. Patterson and among ourselves. The satisfaction of contribu- The Committee of Arrangement of the MaryCaton: and the improved Short Horns, impor- ting to so useful and laudable an object, will ren-land Agricultural Society, who have lately reted by the Editor, now the property of Col. der unnecessary any arguments, on the part of ceived their appointment from the proper authorLloyd, and we ask it as a favour of our friends in the General Committee, to stimulate you to ac-ity, held their first meeting on Tuesday last, in New York, Massachusetts, and other states, to tion. this Town. We understand they organized, and furnish us with a statement of such improved The General Committee request, that in any made very considerable progress in deciding on stock, as have been imported within their know-communications which you may make in pursu-the objects most worthy to be proposed for preledge-every intelligent reader will perceive the ance of this request, you will endeavour to be miums, and that they will very shortly lay them use and value of such memoranda, being record-concise and perspicuous, and that on subjects re-before the farmers, breeders, and manufacturers, ed in a tangible form, within the reach and re-lating to tillage, the condition and nature of the eager and emulous to enter the lists. ference of Farmers in every state and territory soil, price of labor and manure, method of cultiin the Union-as are now the volumes of the vation and product, and valuable breeds of aniMILAmerican Farmer. mals, may be particularly noted. Communica- Extract of a letter to the Editor, dated LEDGEVILLE, (Geo.) 16th July, 1822. BROADTAIL SHEEP-From the mountains tions may be made any time previous to the first Crops of corn and cotton are very fine in this of Tunis-with respect to the introduction of this day of November next, though it is desirable to section of the Country; our crops of wheat have; race of sheep, the following account is given in receive them as much earlier as possible. failed." page 8 of the preface to the 1st vol. of the me- A resolution has been adopted by the General memoirs of the Philadelphia Agricultural Soci-Committee, to present a copy of the volume to ety.-EDIT. AM. FARMER. every gentleman who furnishes useful contribu"We owe the introduction of the Barbary moun- tions; and the Recording Secretary will be intain sheep, with broad tails, to our gallant coun-structed to fulfil their wishes on this head. By tryman, William Eaton, who, when consul at order, Tunis, sent them in an armed vessel in the service of the United States, commanded by Henry Geddes, to Timothy Pickering then secretary of state, who presented a fine ram and ewe* to the president of our society, from whose disinterested zeal, this valuable breed is now spreading STEPHEN VAN RENSSELAER, J. BUEL, Rec. Sec'ry. President. LONG WOOLLED AND BROAD TAILED THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, AUGUST 2, 1822. The index is finished and will be made up asi soon as the papers are sent. The bulk was too great to send by the same mail. MISTAKE CORRECTED.-The fine prize Jack, Don Carlos, advertised for sale in a former through the state of Pennsylvania, and other The Hon. DUDLEY L. PICKMAN, of Salem, has paper is not a Maltese, but a Spanish Jack, bred states in its immediate vicinity. The wool of those sheep, owing to their health and vigour,ciety a Ram of this breed, just imported. presented to the Massachusetts Agricultural So-in Majorca, and was five years old last spring, for price enquire of W. F. Redding, office of the does not fall off, like the fleeces of those meagre and degenerate runts, which are too frequentced into this country, were presented by Gen. A Ram and Ewe, the first of the race introdu- American Farmer, over the Post Office. here; it is moreover, in general, of a good sta-EATON to the Hon. TIMOTHY PICKERING, then ple, and next the skin, peculiarly soft and furry resident in Pennsylvania, by the name of the The weight of the sheep is above mediocrity, but Barbary Mountain Sheep. The President of the their chief excellence arises from their hardi TURNIP SEED. A few pounds of imported Aberdeen turnip hood, and disposition to fatten speedily; a quali-terwards, gave the following high character of Philadelphia Agricultural Society some years af-seed have just been received, and for sale by WILLIAM F. REDDING-and farmers will do ty they possess in a remarkable degree, which the breed, in the memoirs of that Society :— well to try it; for this turnip, known to some as causes them to be highly valued, both by the the yellow bullock, or Scotch yellow, is a very grazier and butcher. Hatters who are acquaint- few equal to it. Its fleece is of the first quality than white ones, and quite as well as the Ruta "I know not any breed of sheep superior and sweet flavoured, yellow fleshed root-keeps better ed with it, prefer it, for their manufacture, to and the valuable parts singularly good. No other any other wool. It spins free, and to any fine-African Sheep is to be compared to this species, Baga. ness. Glossy, fine and well dressed cloth, has either for fleece, fattening, or hardihood. It been made of it. Those who have worn fleecy bears our severest winters without shelter. PRICES CURRENT.-CORRECTED WEEKLY. stockings, and gloves, of this wool, speak of it Some of the best lamb and mutton sold in our White wheat 120 a 125 cts.-Red, do 115 a 120 with great approbation. Perhaps a cross with market are of this breed; which is now spread cts.-White corn, 65 a 67 cts.-Yellow, 62 a 65— the Merino, would benefit both." through many parts of this State and Jersey."-Rye, 50 a 55 cts.-Oats, 22 a 25 cts.-Wharf (Memoirs vol. I. page 163.) flour $6 25 a $6 37, cash-other articles same as General notice is hereby given to the Farmers last report. of Massachusetts, that the Ram now at E. HER- The Editor of the American Farmer is informSEY DERBY'S, and at the disposal of the Trustees ed that "five hhds. of tobacco were sold by of the Society, will be delivered to any gentle-Thomas Hammond of Frederick county, on 26th man who is desirous to obtain a cross from this July in the Baltimore market as follows: 2 hhds. breed, free of cost, and upon the sole condition of at $25 50-2 at $23-and 1 at $6 75-weighing good treatment of the animal, and to be kept together 3685lb. grown on three and a half acres within the state. Application to be made imme-of ground; average price per cwt. $22 61 and yield diately to either of the subscribers. * How many were received, and were any sent into other States?-EDIT. AM. FAR. ALBANY, July 17. CIRCULAR. E. HERSEY DERBY, Salem, THRESHING MACHINE. per acre $238,"-We understand one hogshead made in Frederick sold last Saturday for $36 per hundred. Fine spangled tobacco, $18 to 25-Fine red, do. $10 to 15-Good do. $6 to 8-Common, do $2 50 to $5-Seconds, $1 to $6. Wants a situation. Sir, The General Committee of the Board of Agriculture are preparing to publish a second volume of Memoirs. The materials furnished by the County Agricultural Societies are very scanty; and as the General Committee are desirous of promulgating, through this volume, the experimental knowledge of our best farmers, they respectfully and earnestly solicit you to aid them by communicating to the Recording Secretary, any experiments, observations or facts, which A Mr. Pope, of Hallowell, (Maine) advertihave come within your practice, or fallen under ses a threshing machine, price $20, by which your notice, and which you may deem calculated a man and a boy can thresh 50 bushels a day. to extend the sphere of agricultural knowledge. His advertisement has been answered by a A middle aged man with a small family. The A compliance with this request, by gentlemen to Mr. Seth Ballou, of Livermore, who produces Editor of the American Farmer, from personal whom this Circular is addressed, will enable the a certificate to prove that he has invented a ma-knowledge can recommend him as being an honboard of Agriculture to fulfil a primary object of chine for " threshing, sifting, and winnowing est, sober, industrious and intelligent man, qualiits institution, in laying before the farmers of the wheat, rye, oats, and all kinds of small grain; fied to take charge of a farm and to keep a clear state, a mass of practical information, adapted to also, grass, flax, and all other articles from account of all its transactions. He is a good our climate, our productions and our habits. It which the seed may be obtained by threshing, gardener and well acquainted with grafting and is by promulgating the experiments and observa-at one operation," by which three men to turn managing fruit trees. His wife is one of the most tions of comparatively, a few good farmers, and the crank, and two other persons, one to feed cleanly and judicious managers of a dairy to be met thus rendering a knowledge of their practice ac- the machine at the hopper, and the other to with, and both of them very domestic and of excessible and familiar to the many, that agricul- take away the straw, have threshed and win-cellent moral character. For further particulars tural improvement has advanced so rapidly in nowed more than five times the quantity ascribed enquire of W. F. Redding, office of the AmeriEurope, particularly in Great Britain; and it is to Mr. Pope's machine. can Farmer, over the Post Office, or of the Editor No. 20.-VOL. 4. AGRICULTURE. ADDRESS AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, 9th AUGUST, 1822. Delivered by COL. THOMAS EMORY, to the cultural Society of Queen Ann County, land; and now published by their desire. 158 their power to enlarge their farms at pleasure or the best sized farm. In the hands of a few from caprice, and when we advert to the fact, superior managers, such as these gentlemen that every man may by selling or leaving out of themselves were; men who have capacity to plan, tillage, or planting in trees, reduce the size of his and industry and energy to execute on the large Agri-farm to as narrow limits as he pleases, this great scale, this may be true; but in the hands of the Mary-objection vanishes in an instant. generality of men, such domains would, from The system pursued here, when a large farm their great size, be found perfectly unmanageais in any manner acquired, is well known. It pre-ble. Gentlemen of the Society, scribes, and an almost universal consent enjoins, On this Shore of Maryland, the evils resulting While hesitating in the performance of your that the occupant must till one third in corn, and from large farms, and large and expensive builddemand, I could not forget the great injunction, one third in wheat annually, at all hazards-force ings, need scarcely any illustration. In England, "never shrink from duty," which should govern for no force-capital or without capital-manure the recent rage for throwing several small farms every man, in whatever situation he may be pla-or no manure; and then in the event of failure, into one, or into an extensive sheep-walk, has ced, either by the allotment of Providence, or which happens almost of course, we hear "large inflicted a degree of ruin on their small Tenanthe suffrage of friends; but when I reflect on how farms," "poor land," and "rigorous seasons" try, the bone and sinew of that and of all other little can be said upon the usual topick, that is new, denounced in full chorus. Here gentlemen, I con countries, which it will take their Board of Aginteresting or instructive, after what has already ceive lies the great source of all our bad manage-riculture ages to repair. In that country, the been advanced in the numerous addresses which ment, and, as we have the means completely within creation of large farms however, and their cor have poured in from all quarters-from not only the our power, let us lay the axe to the root, and responding princely mansions, does not only minis. first farmers, but the first statesmen and literary with a manly decision extirpate it at once. Welter to the comfort and luxury of him who raises characters of the nation, I become sensible should mark out, and confine the plough share them, but in succession, to one branch of his posof the difficulty you have laid me under.- strictly within those limits, which we are able to terity also; for the opinions of the people, genera Eminent men, with President Madison at work thoroughly and well; and with the same ted by their form of government, approve their head, have led up the genius of our art, and force raise, collect and apply the manure which and their laws of primogenture and entail pro placed her upon that lofty eminence, on which the resources of the farm, and good management tect them. Hence, they have reasons for augshe ought long ago to have been seated. In their will afford. Let us proportion our fields exactly to menting estates and creating mansions which do course thither, they have strewed the path with our labour, capital and sources of manure; and not, and which cannot exist in this country— some of the finest flowers of eloquence; the dis-the longer they lie, after such tillage, under grass Here, we have long since consigned the very tinguished virtue, happiness, and independence of and judicious grazing, the better. It must be kept relics of those unjust and unnatural laws, to the the Farmer's vocation, and the utility which constantly in view that here, it is not our object to" tomb of all the Capulets." Yet our habits flows from our societies, have received at their enquire as it is in Europe, how a limited quantity have not sufficiently changed, nor kept pace with hands, a coloring so just, that I shall not presume of land can be most advantageously cultivated by the wisdom of our legislation. Costly and splento retouch these subjects. an unlimited command of labour; but how an did establishments are still sometimes projected Be it then my painful task to range through the unlimited quantity of exhausted land, is to be by us, although we have not those auxiliary and briery field of our agricultural errors, for it is too best employed, with limited labour, and limited re- legal props for their support, and often see them cut true that every district has its faults and that we sources, by a thin population. And it will be up and scattered to the winds at the demise of are exceedingly deficient in good agriculture, recollected, that in a country where there is so their projectors! or, falling into that rapid dilapida and its necessary essentials, industry and econo-much choice, nothing contributes more to filling tion, which is only outrun by the more rapid rumy. I wish it were otherwise-but in this point of up the population in a particular district, than its in of an orphan family. view, an immense volume of materials opens be-being rendered desirable by the progress of im- The injury to the State caused by this waste of fore me yet, whithersoever I turn, nothing but provements. citizens, who might have been useful members of difficulty presents itself; for on the one hand, I If the farm is really too large for one establish- society but for the habits of expense, generated must avoid repeating what has been before suffi-ment; or the quality of the soil such, that it is not in such establishments and entailed upon them ciently enforced; and on the other, things ought worth the expense of improving; a part of it when the means of support could not be devised, to be said, which it seems impossible to com- may be more profitably turned out of tillage, and is a matter which the farming interest may press within tolerable limits. planted in standards of yellow pine, at the dis-well deplore. For, every cause which tends to It is always easier to swim smoothly with the tance of 100 yards each way. These must be de- paralize productive industry in the individual, or current, than to resist it; not being unambitious fended from our live stock for three or four to produce unequal division or involuntary alienof singularity, opposition takes from the pleasure years; and in fifteen or twenty years the whole ation of farms, is destructive of system, and coff of a contrary course, although I am persuaded area will be set, in defiance of every thing but sequently operates as a serious impediment to that it may be the true one. the axe and grubbing hoe, in this inexhaustible general improvement. I therefore conclude that In the course of my remarks, I must on some species of tree. If the outside fence be preserv-the projector of a farm, whether he be rich or occasions, venture to oppose theories, which are ed for the same period, the still more valuable otherwise, does wrong if he allows it to exceed in this day popular; but I do not flatter myself locust and chesnut may be intermixed with the about 300 acres of cleared land, unless it be unwith the expectation that my temerity, in doing so, pine. der very peculiar circumstances. There is, as I have understood, a plan for the will escape the criticism of those whose notions I beg leave here, in the outset, to protest in de have been derived from others, or from books.cided terms against that opinion, which graduates transmission of landed estate, "the borough EnNor do I hope that my opinions will be swallow-the goodness of a farmer, by the amount of crop glish," which obtains in some parts of New Enged by any as dogmas. Nor do I mean to urge, which he raises to the hand, or to the team. It land, that is well adapted to small estates, and may with a view of giving them extraneous weight, is an opinion fraught with the most pernicious er-be considered a happy improvement upon the that they are the result of twenty years of ex-ror, that saps the very foundation of improvement: reasons which probably suggested the feudal meperience and observation: I only ask, that he, alone, who makes the most crop from his acre, thod; for while it promises undivided perpetuity they be received for so much as reason and expe- and improves that acre, is on the road to agricul-of the estate in one branch of the family, it minrience may prove them to be worth, and no more. tural improvement,-the man first mentioned isters effectually to the benefit of the whole for I shall, First, endeavor to point out some of the might be widely diverging from that end. a long period. It is this," to devise the only farmerrors in our habits and practice, which prevent 2. It may be regarded as a singular error, that or the best farm, to the youngest son, during better farming: while large farms are almost universally objected whose minority, the rents and profits accrue to Secondly, presume to recommend that system, to on account of their size, when permitted to the whole family of children, equally." The wiswhich appears best calculated for our present cir-fall into decay, or are to be devised, and always dom of this plan seems obvious and in no point is cumstances and situation, and when offered for sale; that there should be yet a it more so, than as a preventive to the expectancy Lastly, offer some remarks on the particular considerable proneness in large land holders to of a fee simple right in a few hundred acres of unsection of country which we occupy. consolidate several small farms into one. From improved land, which very often creates a de1. It is obvious, that one of the most prominent whatever motive or feeling this disposition may pendance that unnerves a young man's enterand universally acknowledge impediments to im-arise, it is on the present occasion unnecessary to prize, and paralizes his exertions, more frequently provement here, is the large and unwieldy size of inquire, very critically; as we may safely assert than it produces for him any substantial benefit. our farms. This, together with the consequent that it in part proceeds from a belief that large 3. Another error may be found in the unpropoverty of the soil, are topicks upon which the farms ought to be the most productive, If Ifitable objects towards which our emulation changes are perpetually ringing. But happy in-mistake not, the two celebrated farmers, Col. Tay-lis directed. The Deity has wisely implanted his deed should we be, if all our impediments were lor and Arthur Young, have both some where ex-feeling in the bosom of man, in order, that when as easily removed as that! Few men have it in pressed the opinion, that about 1200 acres form directed to useful and liberal objects, it may sub |