bleaching yarn, and are recommended as capa-shell, which give it the appearance of a monkey's fore-mentioned hole in the top, and soon appears ble of extensive use in whitening, not only flax head. above ground in two narrow leaves: through these and hemp, but also silk and wool. The kernel, or substance, which adheres to holes likewise is the water copiously distilled inA patent was granted, in the year 1796, to the interior of the shell of the cocoa-nut, is very to the nut from the roots: thus has nature wonLord William Murray, for his discovery of a nourishing, and is used instead of almonds in derfully made an egress for the future tree. method of extracting starch from horse-chesnuts, milks, emulsions, &c. These emulsions, when M. Le Goux de Flaix, an officer of engineers, and a paste or size has been made from them, added to coffee instead of cream, give it an ex- and a member of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, which is preferred by bookbinders, shoemakers, quisite taste; excellent cakes and fritters are al-in his accounts of the cocoa-nut-tree, says it is a and paper-hangers, to that made from wheaten so made from the kernel, when rasped. well-known fact, that the fibrous covering of the flour. It is thought that the meal of this fruit The tender shoots of this tree, when boiled, cocoa-nut is converted into good ropes, which can be converted into many useful articles, such afford an excellent substitute for cabbage. are useful in navigation and for various purposes as soap, &c.; and as it loses its bitter astringent A large cocoa-nut will produce upwards of a on shore. Cables for anchors made of this subtaste after it has been rasped into water, it is con- pint of milk; and when young, it is esteemed stance are much better than those made of hemp. cluded that it would be a wholesome food mixed one of the greatest dainties of America. As the They are exceedingly elastic, stretch without with flour or potatoes. The prickly husks are fruit gets older, the milk becomes more sharp straining the vessel, and scarcely ever break, advaluable for tanning of leather. and cooling, consequently more agreeable to those vantages which are not possessed by those of Zannichelli affirms, that he has made a great of feverish habits. It is also esteemed highly hemp. They are also lighter, and never rot in many trials, and has found the bark of the horse-antiscorbutic. Custards, blanc-mange, rice pud- consequence of their being soaked with sea-wachesnut-tree to have the same effect as the Peru-dings, &c. are made with this milk. ter; nor do they exhale damp or miasmata, which vian bark. An agreeable sweet oil, fit for the table, is pro-are exceedingly hurtful to the crews of ships who cured, if the milk of the cocoa-nut be concentra-sleep on the same deck where ropes are kept ted by ebullition over a moderate fire. The oil when ships are under sail. These ropes are also obtained from this nut by pressure is an excel- easier managed, and run better in the pulleys dulent lamp oil, burning with a clear bright flame, ring nautical manœuvres. without exhaling any odour or smoke. The sub- Some time since a cocoa-tree was cut down on stance from which this oil has been squeezed, is Mr. Hanson's land, in Jamaica, which had been given to cattle, mixed with their forage, and planted about a century, when, in grubbing up greatly promotes the quantity of milk when giv-the root, the shell from which the tree had been raised was found quite sound and perfect. The cocoa-nut appears to have been known to A juice is obtained by tapping the trunk of this The cocoa-tree growing in Chili produces a the ancient Greeks, as I find the Macedonian tree, or by cutting off the shoots which produce fruit not larger than a walnut, but this is more soldiers, who accompanied Alexander the Great the nuts, and which is caught in jars attached to esteemed than the large kind which is brought to in his expedition into India, met with various In-the trees. This liquor, after it has fermented, England. dian fruits, although they were not able to give is distilled into a spirit called arrack, which is the names of them. This nut was evidently one very superior to that drawn from rice: it also imof the fruits they discovered; and their account proves the flavour of rum when used in the distilof it has been faithfully transmitted to us in the lation of that spirit. This juice, when exposed In Botany of the Class Pentandia Monogynia; twelfth book of Pliny's Natural History, chap. 6. to the sun, produces vinegar. "The fruit," he says, "is put forth at the bark, having within it a wonderful pleasant juice, and in such abundance, that one of them is sufficient t afford a competent refection for four men."The Macedonians described the leaves as being of great size, resembling birds' wings. This tree is of quick growth, and the timber has been thought of but little value, although it is in appearance so like the wainscot oak, that none but those who are accustomed to work on these woods, can discern the difference. COCOA-NUT.-COCOS. Natural Order, Palme; in Botany, a Genus of the Monacia Hexandria Class. en to cows. The cocoa-nut-oil, composed with the emulsion, is a gentle purgative, without being nauseous or producing colic; it is also recommended in coughs, and complaints of the lungs. COFFEE.-COFFEA. Natural Order, Stellate. It is named after Caffa, in Africa, where it grows abundantly. This berry, which affords such a wholesome and agreeable beverage, is said to have been drunk from time immemorial in Ethiopia, but of The filings of the hard shell, applied to old this we have no authority; and as the use of wounds, will cleanse and heal them rapidly. most plants has been accidentally discovered, it From this period, which was about 325 years In Maldivia, this nut is thought a powerful an-is probable that the properties of coffee might have before Christ, little or nothing more was known tidote against the venom of serpents and other been first perceived by a goatherd (as related by of the cocoa-nut by the Europeans, for the space poisons. Chambers,) who observed that his cuttle, after of 1823 years, when the discoveries of Columbus The milk is of the greatest importance in dye- browsing on this tree, would wake and caper all opening a wide field of speculation for the natu- ing silks, cotton, or woollen stuffs, as it prevents night, and that a prior of a monastery, being inralists as well as the trader, this fruit became black and other caustic colours from burning formed of it, first tried it on his monks, to preonce more known to the Old World; but it is on- them, and gives a brilliancy to the colour. The vent their sleeping at matins. ly of late years that the cocoa-nut has been emulsion of the kernel is used in the art of paint- About the fifteenth century the use of coffee brought to England as an article of commerce.-ing chintzes, and in scouring the cloth after the appears to have been introduced from Persia by It is now used by the West-India captains instead colours have been applied. The Hindoos procure Gemaleddin, Mufti of Aden, a city near the of wedges of timber, to fill up the vacua be- their fine violet and rose colours by the assistance mouth of the Red Sea. He, finding it dissipate tween the casks and other packages in their of this fruit. the fumes which oppress the head, give cheerful orange. ships. The freightage of these large nuts is The tough fibres or substance which encloses ness, and prevent sleep, without injury, recomconsequently considered as of no charge: they the shell, being steeped in water and beaten like mended it to his dervises, with whom he used to are therefore now become as common in the flax, is then manufactured into linen. spend the night in prayer. It was soon after this shops and in the streets of London, as the The palms of this tree are made into mats for drunk at Aden, by all studious persons and those sleeping on; the leaves, which are of great who travelled by night. It was progressively The cocoa-nut is the produce of a tree of the length, are made into baskets, hammocks, mats, used at Mecca, Medina, &c. and Grand Cairo: first importance to the Indians, as it furnishes brooms, racks, &c. and are used for the thatch-hence it continued it's progress to Damascus and them with meat, drink, physic, clothing, lodging, ing of houses; the trunk of the tree is employed Aleppo. From the two latter places, it was infurniture, and fuel. for gutters, and split into laths for covering build- troduced into Constantinople by persons of the Chambers states, that many travellers aver, ings, &c. name of Shems and Hekin, in the year 1554, from the size aad useful product of this tree, that The shell of the fruit, when polished, is form- each of whom opened a public coffee-house in from a single cocoa-nut tree and its fruit, a shiped into basins, drinking cups, and a variety of that city. These coffee-houses becoming a renmight be built, equipped, and laden with mer-useful articles. dezvous for newsmongers, who made too free chandise and provision. with state affairs, were suppressed by Cuproli, the Grand Vizier. Rauwolfus, who was in the Levant in 1573, was the first European author who made any mention The Emperors of Mogul highly esteemed the It is supposed to be a native of the Maldive, cocoa-nut for making goblets, which they have and some desert islands in the East Indies, and set with precious stones and edged with gold, befrom thence to have been transported to all war-lieving that poison would lose its baneful qualimer parts of America. The largest cocoa-nut-ties in these vases. of coffee. trees grow on the river Oronooko, which reach The cocoa-nuts have three holes closely stop- The Venetians seem to be the next who used to the height of sixty feet, and, bearing all their ped; one of these being both wider, and more coffee. Pietro Della Valle, a Venetian, writes foliage at the top, produce a beautiful, waving, easily penetrated than the rest: from this, when from Constantinople in 1615, informing his friend, featherlike appearance. the nut is planted, rises the germen, or young that upon his return he should bring him some The Spaniards call it Palma de las Indias, and tree, first having ramified, and filled the whole coffee, which he believed was a thing unknown the Portuguese coco, from the three holes in the cavity of the nut; and then shoots out at the be-l in this country. show. purpose. Lord Chancellor Bacon makes mention of it in sented Louis the Fourteenth with a coffee-tree, land is recommended to those of constitutional 1624: he says, "the Turks have a drink they which was sent to the royal garden at Marli. In weak stomachs, as it accelerates the process of call coffee, made with boiling water from a ber-1718, the Dutch colony, at Surinam, began first digestion, takes away languor and listlessness, ry reduced into powder, which makes the water to plant coffee; and in 1722, M. de la Motte Ai- and affords a pleasing sensation. black as soot, and is of a pungent and aromatic gron, governor of Cayenne, contrived by an ar- Coffee is often found useful in quieting the ticksmell, and is drunk warm." tifice to bring away a plant from Surinam, which, ling vexatious cough. Sir John Floyer, who had M. La Roque, who published his journey into by the year 1725, had produced many thousands. been afflicted with the asthma for sixty years, Arabia Felix, in 1715, contends that his father The French authors affirm that it was planted in was relieved by strong coffee. having been with M. de la Haye, the French am- the Isle of Bourbon, in the year 1718, having The great use of coffee in France is supposed bassador at Constantinople, did, when he return been obtained from Mocha: this seems doubtful; to have abated the prevalency of the gravel; for ed to Marseilles, in 1644, drink coffee every but it is ascertained that M. Clieux carried the where coffee is used there as a constant beverage, day; but the same author acknowledges that first coffee-plant to Martinico, in 1720. M. Fu-the gravel and the gout are scarcely known. it was M. Thevenot, who taught the French sée Aublet states that one tree only survived in Voltaire lived almost on coffee, and said nothing to drink coffee on his return from the East, the Isle of Bourbon, which bore fruit in 1720.-exhilarated his spirits so much as the smell of it; in 1657. It was made fashionable and more From Martinico it spread to the neighbouring for which reason, he had what he was about to known in Paris, in 1669, by Soliman Aga, islands. Sir Nicholas Laws first introduced it use in the day roasted in his chamber, every ambassador from Sultan Mahomet the Fourth, into Jamaica, in the year 1728, and planted it at morning, when he lived at Fernai. who gave coffee at all his parties with great Townwell Estate, now called Temple Hall, in A friend writes me from Constantinople, that magnificence; and it could not fail being pro- Liguanea: the first berries produced from this many of the Turks will subsist almost entirely nounced an agreeable beverage by the Pari-tree sold at a bit each, which is equal to 6d. In on coffee, except during the rigid fast of the sian ladies, after they had received it from his the year 1752 the export of coffee from Jamaica Ramadan, or Turkish Lent, which lasts forty slaves with bended knee. If it were a matter of was rated at 60,000 lbs. ; and it has continued days; during which time they neither eat, drink, policy with the Turks to get coffee introduced regularly to increase since that time, except or smoke, while the sun is over the horizon; and into France, the ambassador's splendid porce-when additional duties have been laid on, which the use of coffee is then so strictly forbidden, that lain, equipage, and gold fringed napkins, were have as regularly lessened the exports and the those who have even the smell of coffee on them, the best recommendation that could have been revenue also; an important proof, among others, are deemed to have violated the injunctions of given to a people who are so naturally fond of how frequently heavy taxation defeats its own their prophet.. Among the various qualities of coffee, that of Two years after, it was sold in public at the In 1808, the exports from Jamaica were it's being an antidote to the abuse of opium must Foire St. Germaine, by Pascal, an Armenian, 29,528,273 lbs. ; the next year they were lessen- make it an invaluable article with the Turks. who afterwards set up a coffee-house on the Quai ed about four millions of pounds; in 1812, the Those who use opiates at night would find the de l'Ecole; but not being encouraged in Paris export was 18,481,986 lbs. advantage of taking strong coffee in the mornhe left that city and came to London: however, Every gentleman who has stoves should raise ing. soon after this, some spacious rooms were open- this tree for the beauty of its appearance. It is An interesting analysis of coffee was made by ed in Paris, for the sale of coffee, and they soon an evergreen whose leaves continue three years; M. Cadet, apothecary in ordinary to the houseincreased to upwards of three hundred. and being of a fine dark green, make a beautiful hold of Napoleon, when emperor; from which It is said to have been first brought to England contrast with the clusters of pure white blossoms, it appears, that the berries contain mucilage in by Mr. Nathaniel Conopius, a Cretan, who made which perfume the air with an odour like jas- abundance, much gallic acid, a resin, a concrete it his common beverage, at Baliol College, at mine. Nothing can be conceived more delight- essential oil, some albumen, and a volatile aroOxford, in the year 1641, and that the first cof-ful and grateful than the appearance and perfume matic principle, with a portion of lime, potash, fee-house in England was kept by one Jacob, a of a field of coffee-trees when in full bloom: it charcoal, iron, &c. Roasting develops the soluJew, at the sign of the Angel in Oxford, in 1650. has the resemblance of a shower of snow, which ble principles. Mocha coffee is, of all kinds, Coffee was first publicly known in London, in nearly obscures the dark green branches. The the most aromatic and resinous. M. Cadet advi1652, when Mr. Daniel Edwards, a Turkey mer-tree, like the walnut, produces smaller fruit, ses that coffee be neither roasted nor infused till chant, brought home with him a Ragusan Greek and better flavoured, as it becomes older. the day it be drunk, and that the roasting be servant, whose name was Pasqua Rosée, who un- The Turkey coffee is the smallest berry, and moderate. derstood the roasting and making of coffee, and is more esteemed for its flavour than that which Dr. Moseley, in his learned and ingenious kept a house for the purpose, in George Yard, grows in the West Indies. I conclude that one Treatise, states, that "the chemical analysis of Lombard Street, or rather, according to Mr. great cause of the American coffee being inferi- coffee evinces that it possesses a great portion of Houghton, in a shed in the Churchyard of St. or in point of flavour, is owing to the practice, mildly bitter, and lightly astringent gummous Michael's, Cornhill. The famous Dr. Harvey in that part of the world, of gathering the ber- and resinous extract, a considerable quantity of used it frequently. Mr. Ray affirms that, in 1688, ries before they are quite ripe, whereas the Ara-oil, a fixed salt, and a volatile salt. These are London might rival Grand Cairo in the number bians shake their trees, and by this means obtain it's medicinal constituent principles. The inof it's coffee-houses, so rapidly had it come into the berries in full perfection. Mr. Lunan ob- tention of torrefaction is not only to make it deuse; and it is thought that they were augmented serves, that the West-Indian berries being con- liver those principles, and make them soluble in and established more firmly by the ill-judged siderably larger than those of the Turkey coffee, water, but to give it a property it does not posproclamation of Charles the Second, in 1675, to require much longer keeping; but Mr. Miller, ses in the natural state of the berry. By the acshut up coffee-houses as seminaries of sedition: the celebrated gardener, is of opinion, that the tion of fire, it's leguminous taste, and the aquethis act was suspended in a few days. coffee does not require long keeping and that it ous part of it's mucilage, are destroyed; it's sa The first mention of coffee in our statute books, loses a part of its flavour. He states that two line properties are created, and disengaged, and is, in 1660, (x11. Char. II. cap. 24.) by which, a gentlemen, who resided some years in Arabia, it's oil is rendered empyreumatical. From duty of fourpence was laid upon every gallon of assured him that the berries, when first ripe, thence arises the pungent smell, and exhilarating coffee bought or sold. were very superior to those which had been flavour not found in it's natural state. The Arabs seem to have been very jealous of kept: he also states, that from plants brought "The roasting of the berry to a proper degree, letting this tree be known, and in order to con- from the West Indies, and raised in English hot-requires great nicety. If it be underdone, it's virfine the commodity to themselves, they destroy-houses, coffee-berries have been produced, which tues will not be imparted, and in use it will load ed the vegetable quality of the seeds; but Nicho- at a proper age, were found to surpass the very and oppress the stomach: if it be overdone, it las Witsen, burgomaster of Amsterdam and best Mocha that could be produced in Great will yield a flat, burnt, and bitter taste; it's virgovernor of the East-India Company, desired Britain. Jamaica coffee is often sold as Turkey tues will be destroyed, and in use it will heat the Van Hoorn, governor of Batavia, to procure coffee in London, and there have been many body, and act as an astringent. The closer it is from Mocha, in Arabia Felix, some berries of samples sent from thence, that have proved quite confined, at the time of the roasting, and till the coffe-tree, which were obtained and sown at equal to any Arabian berries. As coffee readily used, the better will it's volatile pungency, flaBatavia; and about the year 1690, several plants imbibes the smell or flavour of any article it vour, and virtues, be preserved. having been raised from seeds, Van Hoorn sent comes in contact with, it is often injured in the "The influence which coffee, judiciously preone over to Governor Witsen, who presented it voyage home, by being stowed near sugar, rum, pared, imparts to the stomach, from it's invigoto the garden at Amsterdam. It there bore fruit, pimento, &c. &c.; and the flavour which it thus rating qualities, is strongly exemplified by the which in a short time produced many young contracts, cannot be separated again, even by immediate effect produced on taking it when the plants from these the East Indies and most of the roasting. stomach is overloaded with food, or nauseated gardens in Europe have been furnished. In 1696 The most eminent physicians of every country with surfeit, or debilitated by intemperance, or it was cultivated at Fulham, by Bishop Compton, have recommended the use of coffee for various languid from inanition.. and in 1714, the magistrates of Amsterdam pre- complaints. It greatly relieves the head-ache, "In Vertigo, lethargy, catarrh, and all disor ders of the head, from obstructions in the capil- sessed of it, though the price were very conside-ja race of most excellent short-horned cattle, unlaries, long experience has proved it to be a pow- rable. Thus, for his cow Favourite, and her calf mixed with the Kyloe;" which implies the erful medicine; and in certain cases of apoplexy, Strawberry, he paid Mr. Maynard thirty gui-improved short-horns have a mixture of Kyloe it has been found serviceable even when given in neas, at a time fully equal to sixty guineas at in them. This is precisely the view I enterclysters, where it has not been convenient to present. He was, however, but little guided tain;-that the dam of Hubback owed her asconvey it's effects to the stomach. Mons. Male- by long pedigrees and distinguished ancestors, tonishing propensity to fatten to an admixture branche restored a person from apoplexy by re- though they may be well worth attending to of Kyloe blood; that the acute and observing peated clysters of coffee. at present, in a breed selected with success. habits of Mr. Colling noticed the valuable qua"Du Four relates an extraordinary instance of It is agreed on all hands, and what the price lities of her son, and assimilated them with the the effect of coffee in the gout: he says, Mons. paid for Mr. Maynard's cow corroborates, that best short-horns he could procure. Deverau was attacked with the gout at twenty-the Tees-water short-horns were a valuable All the most valuable short-horns have been five years of age, and had it severely until he breed of cattle prior to their improvement by produced in this way. The Chilton, Suckburn, was upwards of fifty, with chalk stones in the Mr. Colling. Indeed, some will have it, though and many other stocks, had acquired considerajoints of his hands and feet: he was recommended ill-supported by subsequent facts, he made them ble eminence before their admixture with Ketthe use of coffee, which he adopted, and had no no better than he found them. But how did he ton bulls. What has placed the Chilton stock return of the gout. find them? Will any one undertake to prove on a level with the Ketton and Barmpton short"A small cup or two of coffee, immediately they were any thing more than large useful ani- horns, but this circumstance? Mr. Mason comafter dinner, promotes digestion. mals, that possessed about as much "point" menced upon a pure breed of Tees-water cattle, "With a draught of water previously drunk, (excellence in all points) as the polled breed of which were crossed with Lord Bolingbroke, Faaccording to the eastern custom, coffee is ser- Galloway have at present; which, when exam-vourite, Comet, and other bulls of great emiviceable to those who are of a costive habit." ined in particulars, nearly dwindles into no nence. Perhaps, no one had the use of these faThe generality of English families make their "point" at all, though the breed may be justly mous bulls to the same extent, except the Messrs. coffee too weak, and use too much sugar, which esteemed for its general properties? Colling themselves; and since the Ketton often causes it to turn acid on the stomach. Al- If the short-horns possessed little or no "point," and Barmpton stocks have been sold off, it is most every housekeeper has a peculiar method of how did Mr. Colling obtain it? We may rea- by many considered the best stock in the hands making coffee; but it never can be excellent, un-dily suppose by using his bull Hubback. Much of any single individual. less it be made strong of the berry, any more excellence, when examined in particulars, has It may be worth while to enquire what have than our English wines can be good, so long as been attributed to this bull. If this were not we continue to form the principal of them on su-so, how does it happen all the valuable short-been the peculiar advantages derived from the horns are descended from him? Then, what was horns. The latter acquire a great size at an intermixture of the Kyloe and Tees-Water shortgar and water. Count Rumford says, "Coffee may be too bit-Hubback? The breed of his sire has been satisfac-, ter; but it is impossible that it should ever be torily ascertained: but of his dam little more is early age, and are tolerably well shaped; but naturally too thin of flesh, too strong boned, and too fragrant. The very smell of it is reviving, known than that she had that remarkable propensi- deficient in those general requisites which deand has often been found to be useful to sick per- ty to fatten for which the improved short-horns sons, and to those who are afflicted with the are distinguished. It is worthy of remark, that note a truly valuable breed. When crossed with Hubback, supposed to have been a mixhead-ache. In short, every thing proves that the descendants of this bull, partaking of the ture of Kyloe and short-horn, the essentials the volatile, aromatic matter, whatever it may excellent qualities of his dam, should have chawanted were acquired, though somewhat redube, that gives flavour to coffee, is what is most racters quite distinct from the general breed ced in size: but as they had more flesh, less bone, valuable in it, and should be preserved with the to which he belonged; namely, a capacious and much neatness, they lost none of their greatest care, and that, in estimating the strength chest and prominent bosom; a thick mossy coat or richness of that beverage, its fragrance should and mellow skin; a great deal of fine flesh spread luable by the stone, and consumed less food; for weight when fatted, were considerably more vabe much more attended to, than either its bitter- equally over the whole carcase, particularly ness or its astringency. This aromatic substance along the back and on the ribs; deep flanks, breed of short-horns is at the present day, conlarge raw-boned animals, such as the common which is supposed to be an oil, is extremely vo- drawn in a line with the sides; a broad level latile, and escapes into the air with great facility, back; fine shoulders; a clean, broad, straight than such as are light of offal, and have much sume more food in proportion to their value, as is observed by it's filling a room with it's fra- thigh; fine boned short legs; and a great apti-rich roasting beef. Thus, when Mr. Hutchingrance, if suffered to remain uncovered, and at tude to fatten. Will any one tell us where the same time losing much of it's flavour." (To be continued.) Selections from late numbers of the London mers' Journal, received at the Office American Farmer. ED CATTLE. short-horns are to be found at the present time, son crossed his Sockburn cow with Petrarch, one of the highest bred bulls of the day, he tells us he obtained what Major Rudd "never had--a Herod." Certainly, then he was indebtFar-that blood, which have them in so pre-eminent ed to the new principles of breeding, resorted to in rearing the Ketton Stock, for Herod. But of the a degree as his real relatives? And is not what what breeder would go to Herod for a pedigree is called high blood uniformly estimated by their near kindred to his immediate descendants? in preference to Petrarch, his sire? Thus, in producing a pedigree, it is thought| So far I have endeavoured to follow the histoON IMPROVING THE BREED OF HORN-quite sufficient to shew how nearly they are re-ry of the improved short-horns. Being but a lated to Foljambe, Lord Bolingbroke, Favourite, novice in these matters, my object is to promote SIR, Akehead, June 2, 1821. and Comet, bulls bred by Mr. Colling, and de-open and liberal discussion, to elicit such truths The means by which Mr. Charles Colling scended in a direct line from Hubback. What as may prove useful and, extend the bounds of improved the Ketton Short Horns, and the ad- places Mr. Colling in a high point of view, is knowledge in the profitable rearing of horned mixture of the blood of that stock with others, the fact that he was the breeder of the whole cattle. In laying any information I am acquaintafford a body of facts, illustrated by experience, line of these eminent bulls from Hubback, ed with on this head before your readers, if in which, perhaps, throw considerable light upon without being indebted to any other person for a error, 1 shall be happy to stand corrected. At the art of breeding horned cattle in general. sire. some future time, perhaps, I may continue this The methods by which he proceeded demand Characters, which are not to be met with in subject. peculiar attention. Use, or profit, was his con- the common breed of short-horns, form the lead- Will your correspondent, A Breeder, have stant aim: but the procurement of it was di- ing peculiarities of the Kyloe: besides, there is the goodness to inform us what tribe brought as rected to obtaining the greatest value of car- a striking resemblance between the eye of the high prices at the Ketton sale in 1810, as Lady case alone in return for the food consumed. improved short-horns and that breed. We may and her progeny? Will he also tell us what Had milk and carcase combined formed the basis therefore reasonably conclude the dam of Hub-tribe of cows are more nearly related to the of his selections, it may not be too much to say, back had some of that blood in her veins, and blood of Hubback? And what tribe excel them he would never have obtained that early ma- which communicated to the improved short-in neatness, lightness of offal, in mellowness in turity, excellent quality of flesh, aptitude to horns those valuable properties for which the handling, and fulness of coat? Are not these fatten, and perfect symmetry, by which his bull Comet was so pre-eminently distinguished. Highlander is noted. the chief points which have brought the Ketton This opinion is not singular. Mr. Hutchin-stock into public notice, and rendered them truIn his selections, Mr. Colling wished to bring son (see The Farmers' Journal, No. 670) observes, ly valuable in reducing the rough bones and long such animals together as, in his judgment, were most likely to attain the great end of his the year 1760 and 1800 (and probably long after,) "there formerly was in this county, between legs of the common breed of short-horns? I am Sir, exertions. Whenever he found one suited to Your obedient serv't, his purpose, he endeavoured to become pos- * We are not sure that this is the word.-EDIT. JOHN ROOKE. P.S. As none of your correspondents who have with hot water first is advisable, and the liquid am happy to find, has now brought a shoe to grazing farms have thought proper to state their should be driven in before the fire. perfection, which stands the test of public exlosses within the three last years, are we to take it Leather or cordage dressed with this liquid ne-perience. It is now six years since I have used for granted that grazing farms have not been loos-ver rots, hardens, grows mouldy, or perishes with jointed shoes, and I therefore think I may be aling concerns, and that they can afford to pay blacking it is likewise a complete destroyer of lowed, from the success I have experienced, to the present rents? or are we to conclude the scabbiness in sheep and other animals. I gave name it for the benefit of the public, and graziers dare not look over their losses?-J. R. the form, about seven years back, to a person particularly for that part of the agricultural world who made a benefit of its sale in town, and af-who are engaged in breeding and breaking valuterwards, contrary to a pledge given me, sold able horses, many of whom are sent, at early the same to two people who now retail a very ages, to London, with contracted feet from shoeinferior composition. ing, not as the general mode of expression is, As to the expense, one application of this flu-" bad shoeing," but from shoeing which, as geid is superior to four or five of oil. nerally used, is altogether, in the BEST HANDS, Where the rendering leather water-proof is BAD! ON THE PRINCIPLES OF IMPROVING SIR, Worcestershire, June 14, 1821. The discussion of the question of Sir Leoline's pedigree having drawn from Mr. Rudd a statement that he believes the short-horns! are not a pure breed of cattle, I am induced to desirable, the ounce of naptha proposed to be I send you herewith (which I shall be glad, request his opinion, or that of any experienced added, should have a dram of Indian rubber dis- when your curiosity and that of your friends in person, on the long disputed point, whether dis-solved in it; for it should be remembered that those your immediate vicinity is gratified, to have retinct breeds of cattle may, under judicious man- things which give suppleness to leather, open its turned) two coffin bones; the one formerly beagement, be crossed with a reasonable expecta-pores; whereas, to make it water-proof, the closing longing to an animal that had been shod in the them up by astringent applications, or filling common mode, and the other to one that had tion of improvement? Of the produce of the cow Lady, respecting them up by waxy or gummy ones, is indispensa- never worn other than the jointed shoes, and whose pedigree A Yorkshire Breeder, in his zeal ble. It is perhaps right to add, naptha is high-leave to make your own comments. The natural for the public, expressed a desire to be inform-ly inflammable, and therefore should be kept age of the horse is from 25 to 30 years! How ed, it cannot be necessary to say much, the opi- from the fire and candle, and added" after the many never reach seven or nine, from bad feet, nion of that public having stamped a value upon mixture is taken from the fire." arising from the mode of shoeing in general pracI am, Sir, Your very obed't serv't, tice! them, which neither the insinuations of rivalry W. M. DINSDALE. nor the imputations of less creditable feelings will be able to depreciate; and I am of opinion, that upon this instance of successful crossing, ON THE ILL EFFECTS OF IRON-BOUND the advocates for that system may securely make their stand. SIR, FEET. Little Marshall, Ide, near Exeter, The horse arrives at his full growth at seven, and full beauty and roundness of parts at nine, after which they are capable of their greatest exertion; yet, from the uncorrected evil in the horse without a mark of CHILDHOOD in his old mode of shoeing, few persons like to buy a mouth. I remain, Sir, Your's very obediently, JOHN HALL. But in addition to the conviction afforded in this individual case, others are not wanting, A letter in your Journal of Monday last, rewhose facts lead to the same conclusion, and I news in my mind a subject I have often been on shall mention one of them. It is generally be- the point of addressing you upon; and one, as lieved, and will not I think be denied, that the relates to horses of quick action, of as much most celebrated breeder of improved Hereford importance as Wardrop's Essay on the Diseases P. S. I last week had a young Guernsey bull cattle, grafted his stock upon animals in no way of the Eye: I mean the consideration of the (a stock I am particularly choice in) attacked in partaking of Hereford blood; and to his judici- Horse's Foot, and the injury induced by the the eye with a complete opacity of the aqueous ous selections on those occasions (veiled under application of an inelastic ring as a protection to humour, which yielded in about three days to a the closest secrecy,) has been attributed the a part, formed, in all its outward parts, by Na- copious bleeding from the jugular vein. production of the best animals passing under the ture for full and free exercise of elasticity. The difference in appearance, both in denomination of improved Hereford cattle. Twenty years ago, or rather more, in the indulSuch is the general opinion of the country; and gence of a regard to my riding horse, so natu- tion,) between the two coffin bones sent, is very shape and colour, and in density (or ossificathough some individuals will probably not admit rally the feeling of youth, I was led to observe the fact, I think they will find it difficult to shew in my own, and, indeed, more or less in the striking; that from the foot shod on the improv ed principle, is whiter, better formed, more horses of every one else, a degree of contracI have trespassed so far on your valuable pa- tion taking place in the foot: in some, the af-which latter is too perpendicular (or stunted at porous, and specifically lighter than the other; per, in order to bring the subject fairly before fection (for it was not at that period supposed a the toe,) somewhat twisted, narrow, and rough your readers, as I am particularly anxious it disease) was of slow progress, while in others it like a rasp, the difference in colour may be owing should be ably discussed, in which hope, if I was rapid and destructive. Various were the to the latter having been longer kept, or taken am successful, I think my moving the question methods tried to avoid the growing evil, but all from a more aged animal; but if the other pewill not have been without some degree of uti-proved abortive. At an early period, after my culiarities be owing to the shoeing, as above lity. mind had become alive to the subject, i became acquainted with Bracy Clark, an eminent Lon-stated, the subject is deserving the most serious consideration of every man who is interested in don Veterinary Surgeon, who was posecuting horses.-EDIT. to the contrary. I am, Sir, Your obedient Serv't. a similar inquiry, and through his professional H. FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER. A "PLOUGH-CLEANER;" AND A "HOLD-FAST." Downingtown, (Pa.) 7th Month 14th, 1822. ON THE PRESERVATION OF HARNESS. knowledge of what was requisite to the heathy SIR, June 1, 1821. protection of the foot of that truly noble animal, Allow me to recommend the following method the horse. This induced me, six years ago, of preserving leather harness and traces, engine to make use, with some trifling alteration, of a hose, boots and shoes, cording, sheep nets, cart shoe, known formerly, in the sporting world by covers, stack cloths, &c., in the most effectual the name of "the huntsman's shoe;" it being manner, to the attention of your agricultural customary for them to be carried by huntsmen readers, as an invaluable acquisition. Take of for the accommodation of gentlemen whose horses RESPECTED FRIEND, neats' foot oil one quart; bees wax, cut small, might accidentally throw a shoe; and, having a ri- I have received thy acceptable letter, and realone ounce; oil of tar half a pound by weight; and vet in the toe, was, from its capability of expansion ly wish that I could add to the merits of thy work, after simmering the neats' oil and wax a little in or contraction, easily accommodated to the foot by "frequent mental contributions," as thee dea pipkin, the oil of tar must be added, when,after a of any horse. After I had used this shoe twelve sires me to do. But I feel great delicacy in vengentle simmering again for a few minutes, stir-months, I wrote Bracy Clark an account of the turing any remarks among the able productions of ring it the whole time with a stick, the mixture result, which had proved beneficial beyond my thy correspondents. And I know so little of the will be finished; at the same time, if an ounce most sanguine expectations; still they were not theory of Agriculture, that my observations must of naptha be comeatable, and the purpose for altogether fit for general use, and therefore no necessarily be confined to a few practical matwhich it is to be used should render the ex-public exhibition took place of them. I howe-ters, such as might occur to any one who has pense no object, the composition will, by the ad-ver, continued their use, and with great success, been raised as a plain farmer. dition thereof, receive considerable improve-getting such alterations made as circumstances I will, however, now give thee a description ment. It is used precisely as oil would be ap. seemed to dictate the necessity of; always com- and drawing of an appendage to the plough; plied; and where it may be required to soften municating my experiments, as I proceeded, to which I have used, for several years, and found old and hardened leather, a washing or sponging my worthy and respected friend B. C., who, I very convenient; it is a "plough cleaner." I b very recently exhibited the contrivance, before in different sections of the country-periodical [dernesses, now abandoned to wild beasts, be the Philadelphia Agricultural Society, and it was Reports, in general terms, of the state and made to yield prodigious contributions to our approved by their Committee on Implements. prospects of weather and crops; somewhat in national wealth. The chief obstacle to be enthe way of the Monthly Agricultural Reports countered is the length and severity of winter; made from different counties in England to the but this might be shortened and mitigated, as it Board of Agriculture. You know that up to has been on the Atlantic, by the intervention of the time of my leaving Baltimore, the immedi- the axe and the plough, as is supposed. You ate neighbourhood had been favoured with sea-shall hear from me again, after this desultory sonable rains and hot suns, highly propitious to manner, should any thing present itself worthy the growth of Indian corn; and hence the general of notice and reflection. impression there that the crop of this grain would be very abundant, and the price low-whereas on my passing even to Reisterstown, I per- A correspondent residing in Sussex County, The staff B, rests towards one end on the coup-ceived a deplorable difference in the prospects Virginia, informs us under date of the 1st of August, ling round of the plough handles; at the other of the Farmer in this particular; from that 1822, that the Crops were very promising, and end it has a mortice, A; to receive the upright place quite to Chambersburg, the pastures that Fruit never was more abundant. E; they are connected by a pin, so as to work like a hinge. were literally burned up: the corn not worth gathering and all nature seemed thirsting for The upright E, is placed three inches before rain. In Gettysburgh, we were told that wells the coulter D, and joined to the beam, C, by a were now dry which were never before exhaustscrew bolt, which may be passed through either ed, and the water, like every thing else, in the of the three holes in the upright, so that its Stage Tavern of that City, and Chambersburgh, at houses of accommodation on the road (taverns range can be adapted to the depth of plough- was fit for any thing but to refresh and recruit there are none) how many peas I would have giing. the " way worn traveller." ven to my horses? If I answered, none at all, NORTH CAROLINA PEAS. Raleigh, N. C., 15th July. "In travelling to Newbern, I have been asked THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, AUGUST 16, 1822. The front edge of E, is made a little circular, One obvious effect to be expected from col-I have sometimes been told that they fed with to prevent its acting as shears; G, represents a lecting and distributing agricultural intelli-nothing else! They are reputed very nutritious, circular thin steel spring, screwed on the beam gence in the form of reports from different but have been known to kill horses not accusand tied with a string to the staff, B. The whole parts of the country, as proposed above, would be tomed to their use." contrivance is placed on the land side of the this-it would tend to prevent ruinous fluctuations plough. in the prices of agricultural commodities. The The ploughman, when he wishes to use it, buyer and seller would meet each other on fairgrasps the staff with his left hand, and drawing it er, on safer ground; advised of the probable backwards causes the lower part of E, to advance average crop, and the extent of the demand, and rid the coulter of whatever had collected their dealings would be adjusted by a scale about it. The spring G, will then restore the approaching to the actual state of things- PRICES CURRENT.—CORRECTED WEEKLY. upright and staff to their former positions, ready whereas, for want of this intelligence, both parto be used again. ties commonly act under false impressions; Wharf do., $6 25 cts. cash-Wheat, white, $1 23 Flour from the wagons, $6 25 cts. to 6 50thus the merchant is sometimes ruined by a short sighted speculation, and the farmer or to $1 27-Red do., $1 20 to 1 26-White corn, 60 planter more frequently injured by having from to 62 cts.-Yellow do,. 60 to 63 cts.-Rye, 50 to 55 of intelligence, a less extended view of the dull-Herrings, No. 1, $3 50-No. 2, 83-Beef, his retired situation, and more limited means -Oats, 23 to 25 cts.-Shad, trimmed, No. 1. $8 to 9 -Untrimmed, No. 1 do., $7 to 8-No. 2, do. $6, general products of different crops. Because his immediate vicinity has been blessed with copi- prime do. $9 to $9 75-Hams, 10 to 12 cts.Northern mess per bbl. $10 to 10 25-Baltimore, ous rains and invigorating suns, he presumes that providence has shed its blessings alike on middlings, 6 to 8 cts.-Cotton, West India, per every quarter, and sells his produce for half its b. according to quality, 15 to 25 cts.-New Orvalue before the average product, and the actual leans prime, 16 to 18 cts.-Georgia, upland, do. scarcity have been developed. If then, I say, scarce-Coal, Virginia, per bushel, 25 to 30 14 to 16 cts.-Cheese, N. England, 12 to 15 cts. I will now likewise give thee a description of a very simple means, called a "hold-fast," by the use of which, sheep, calves and hogs, may be carried in wagons or carts, with perfect safety and, which may be very useful at sheep-shearings. b The stick A, should be about three feet long you could gather from gentlemen of known vewith a mortice near to each end, BB, to receive racity, a brief and general statement, from time cts.-English do., 40 cts. Flax per lb. 10 to 10 doubled straps, CC, the loops of which will fas-to time, of the existing prospects and final yield cents-Hops, fresh, per lb. 10 to 12 cents-Hogs ten one fore and one hind leg against the stick, of the several staple commodities, cultivated lard, per lb. 9 to 10 cents-Hides, E. Shore, per whilst the others are tied on the opposite side by within the wide range of your paper's circulation, lb. 8 to 10 cents-Leather, soal, per lb. 24 to 25 the ends of the straps. farmers, or at least all of your subscribers, cts.-Upper do., whole hide, $3 to $4 25estimate of the value of what they have for 42 cts.-Liverpool, blown, 40 cts.-Ground do. would be prepared to make their own, and a just Salt, St. Ubes, per bushel, 50 cts.-Cadiz, do. tifications as those which were experienced, this per lb. 35 to 40 cts.-Do. mixed, 28 to 30 cts.sale; and they would be secured from such mor50-Turks' Island, 60—Wool, Merino, full blood, very year, by persons who sold their corn for Common country do., 20 to 20 cts. An advance 22 and 25 cents, and in less than six months ed and cleaned-Pitch, per bbl. $2 25 to $2 50 in these prices from 12 to 18 cts., when assortsaw the buyers sell the same corn for more than 80 cents per bushel!!! -Tar, per bbl., $1 60 to $1 70-Rosin do, $1 50 THE FARMERS' FRIEND. rits Turpentine, per gal. 80 cts.-Beef, fresh, to $2-Turpentine, Soft, $2 25 to $2 50-SpiP. S. It will give you an idea of the difference per lb. 6 to 10 cts.-Pork per lb. 5 to 8 cts.of climate, and the progress of vegetation be-Veal per lb. 6 to 10 cts.-Mutton, per lb. 6 to 8 tween this place and Baltimore county-to state, cts.-Lard do., 12 cts.-Butter do., 20 to 25 cts. that the oat crop here is not yet gathered in ;-Eggs, per doz., 12§ cts.-Potatoes, per bushel, and barley is still quite green, in a field near the 75 to 87 cts. When such animals have their legs all drawn together, as we usually tie them, the stomach and bowels are so compressed and injured by their confined struggles, as often to occasion injury and loss; but the " hold-fast," allows their limbs to be extended, and keeps their fore legs distant from the hind-thus, they may be carted with perfect safety. I am with much respect thy friend, JOSEPH KERSEY. Editorial Correspondence. On the usefulness to Farmers of AGRICULTURAL Springs. I have heard much said of the flavour MONTHLY REPORTS of the state of the weaof the mountain mutton, but no superiority over TOBACCO, MARYLAND-4 hhds. Elk Ridge, ther, and the prospects and produce of the differ-of that which I have seen. ours has been perceptible in the quality good red, first $7 25-Seconds $4-other Maryent Crops. The high and land Tobacco, no sales. Bedford Springs, August 4th, 1822. the country, here in the mountains, would apprecipitous acclivities, and rough face of Virginia, dull-no sales. A view of the pastures and growing crops on pear to be the congenial abode for this animal of the road to this place from Baltimore, sugges-climbing propensities; and were these extensive ted to me that you would do well to procure orests converted into pasture land, this district from particular correspondents to be relied on would sustain immense flocks of Merinos: and wil PUBLISHED BY J. S. SKINNER. PRINTED BY JOSEPH ROBINSON. |