FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER. Theaves sold for more than two guineas a-head ;[jambee was the sire of Old Phoenix and of Lord on Friday night se'night, and the carpet and va but the North Devon Cattle found ready purcha-Bolingbroke. Lord Bolingbroke was the sire rious articles of furniture taken away. Very for sers at good prices; a proof of the estimation in and Old Phoenix the dam of Favourite; Favour-tunately one article, which its original owner had which they are held. Two-year old in-calf Heif-ite was the sire of Comet, and Comet's dam was highly valued, was left behind, on account of ers sold at from £20 to £46 each, and Steers, of by favourite, out of Old Phoenix. Hence Com-its cumbrous dimensions and weight. This was a the same age, as high as £37 a pair. Mr. Childe's et was full of Hubback's blood, and was of course large arm chair, made by the direction of David draft of Devon Cattle only, amounted to upwards of a mixed breed. This fact furnishes an expe- Garrick, out of a celebrated “mulberry tree,” of £1,080. His Grace the Duke of Norfolk, rimental proof of the expediency of judicious planted by Shakspeare. Lord Ongley, Lord James Fitzroy, Sir John crossing much stronger than any theoretical ar The blood horse which won the match on ChatWrottesley, Bart., Sir John Boughey, Bart., M.gument. It is unnecessary to mention that Com-ham Lines on Monday week, by performing ten P., Sir Anthony Lechmere, Bart., Sir Edward et was sold by public auction for 1000 guineas. miles in 27 minutes, was backed to go a mile in Blount, Bart., and Mr. Edward Blount, W. W. Having thus given your correspondent H. one two minutes on the same piece of ground on Whitmore, Esq., M. P., W. Roberts, Esq., M. practical illustration of the effects of crossing, Thursday se'night, which he lost by three seP., W. Lloyd, Esq., W. Owen, Esq., Col. Gata-will add another equally strong and remarkable. conds. It is generally thought that the horse cre, Morgan, Esq., Ed. Lloyd, Esq. G. Tol-The late Mr. Bakewell, it is well known, was would have gone the distance within the time, let, Esq., Thomas Hill, Esq., the Rev. W. Ot- the founder of the breed of sheep called the had it not been for the unfavourable state of the ter, Thomas Botfield, Esq., J. Compton, Esq., Dishley or New Leicesters. From the secrecy weather.-Kentish Gazette. and Messrs. Walker, Crump, Crane, Cartwright, of his proceedings, their origin was for a long Potter, &c. were present at the sale. We are time unknown to the public, and I do not rememhappy to hear in this communication, that burnt ber ever yet reading in any publication, any acclay has been used on some poor tenacious lands acount of their origin. It is now, however," GOVERNOR WORTHINGTON'S FLORIbelonging to Mr. Childe, with the most beneficial known to the most eminent breeders of the DishDIAN ORANGERY." effects: land of this sort, which never let so high ley sheep, that they were a cross between the St. Augustine, (East Florida) as 4s. per acre, by draining and dressing with Lincolnshire and the Peak of Derbyshire breeds June, 10th, 1822. clay ashes, is said to have produced 46 bushels of sheep. Mr. Robert Colling, who was one of One of the most profitable ways of investing an acre of Wheat this season; and in every in-the earliest disciples, and a most intimate friend money near this city, and in most parts of this stance of its being so used, the advantage has of the late Mr. Bakewell, told me that Mr. province, for a person who is both able and Bakewell once communicated to him their ori- willing to wait for the interest of his money, and gin. One of the most eminent and most respect-principally for a father of a family, is by esON THE IMPROVED BREED OF SHORT-able of the present Leicestershire breeders has tablishing an orange-grove, because time and alconfirmed to me the above account of their ori-most time alone will suffice to make it extremeMarton Lodge, near Stockton on gin. Mr. Bakewell, I believe, has let a ram of ly valuable. Such an establishment requires onSIR, Tees, June, 28th, 1821. this breed for 1000 guineas the season. ly the investment of a small capital, and the In answer to your correspondent whose letter Thus then I have given your correspondent H. attendance of only two negroes, working under appeared in The Farmers' Journal of the 25th two striking and memorable instances of cross- the direction of an intelligent white man, inst. under the signature H, I beg to assure ing, and I need uot, therefore, add another word or man of colour. It will yield, in time, (conhim that I shall be happy to impart all the in- on that subject. sidering the smallness of the sum invested, and formation in my power on the subject to which I will not quarrel with your worthy corres- the few hands which are wanted) a greater rehe refers, for I agree entirely with your other pondent Mr. Rooke, for the preference which ward than any agricultural produce raised or sensible and respectable correspondent, Mr. he gives individually to Mr. Mason's stock. Iknown here, cotton, and even the sugar-cane Rooke, whose letter to you appeared in the will only remind him, that the humble writer not excepted. same Journal, that open and liberal discussion of this letter had the honour to purchase Pe-1. elicits truth and promotes public utility. trarch and Countess, and Lily and Peerless, at been similar. HORNS. I am in possession of evidence which esta- the Ketton sale, in 1810; and I beg to assure him blishes the fact that the dam of Hubback owed that I shall have a great pleasure in showing their her propensity to fatten to an admixture of Ky-produce to him, and in giving him a sincere and 2. loe blood, and perhaps this letter will, for the hearty welcome if he will honour me with his first time, communicate publickly, that the sire company. of Hubback had an admixture of Alderney or Norman blood; Hubback, therefore, who was the main root of the improved Short-Horns, united three crosses, viz: the Dutch or old short-horned, the Kyloe, and the Norman or Alderney. I am, Sir, Your humble serv't, ALLITERATION. 3. The sire of Hubback was descended from the The admirers of alliteration will be pleased stock of Sir James Pennyman, who obtained the with the following character of a young lady, breed from Sir Wm. St. Quintin. I was inti- from an old Newcastle Journal :-" Died, in the mately acquainted with Sir James Pennyman's flower of her age, Miss Mary Harrison, daughsteward, who has repeatedly assured me, that ter of the late Mr. Harrison, of Wheldon-bridgeSir James told him that this breed was a cross house. If boundless benevolence be the basis of between the old Short-Horns and the Alderney.beatitude, and harmless humility the harbinger Some time ago I happened accidentally to read of a hallowed heart, these Christain concomithe New Farmers Calendar, fourth edition, tants composed her characteristic, and conciliated 8vo. published in the year 1802, in which at the esteem of her cotemporary acquaintances, page 393, is the following passage:-"York-who mean to model their manners by the mould shire is famous for the Holderness or short-horn- of their meritorious monitor." There are but ed cows. This large breed came originally from two instances in our recollection which approach Holstein and the low countries, and were until near to the above: the one is, "Henry Hallam, of late years too coarse and Dutch built; they hatter, hosier, and haberdasher, at Holbornhave been much improved in symmetry, and bridge, Hatton-garden;" the other "Benjamin 4. fineness of bone and flesh, by a judicious cross Bell, brown bread and buiscuit baker, near Batwith the Norman cattle; for this improvement tersea-bridge."-There is another on Cardinal I understand the country is indebted to the ex-Wolsey, better than either :'ertions of the late Sir William St. Quintin. They "Begot by butchers, but by bishops bred, are now very excellent and beautiful stock, and "How high his Honour holds his haughty head." many of them are made fat at three years The Hon. F. G. Howard has this year grown, in old." his garden, at his seat of Elford Hall, in StafSuch then being the pedigree of Hubback, it fordshire, a bunch of white grapes which were follows that the improved Short-Horns are a of the extraordinary weight of fifteen pounds. mixed breed, the result of judicious crossing. A summer-house, in the grounds of Mrs. GarHubback was the sire of Fuljambee's dam. Ful- rick, at Hampton, was broken open and robbed 5. The seed of the China or sweet orange tree, When 9, it will yield 100 and upwards, and When 15, it will yield from 5 to 600 oranges, and When 20, which is its prime, though not its full growth, 1000 oranges. When 30 years old, it will, if having always been thriving, yield from 1600 to 2000, and so go on increasing with age till it will yield as many as 6000 oranges, every fruitful year, as many trees do in this province. That tree lives generally here 100 years, or a little more, and then decays gradually. Oranges sell here generally at 10 dollars a thousand, in September and October, and at $12 50 cts. in November and December. Were the owner to have his oranges boxed up properly, (only 200 in a box, in which state they would keep 3 months) and exported to Philadelphia, New York, or Boston, he could always count upon an average sale of from 15 to 20 dollars a thousand, all expences paid, and all deductions made for the oranges which 6. might be rotten. He could also gain always trom 5 to 10 per cent, on the employment of his funds being sent back here. A square of 6 acres (261,360 feet, or 510 feet square) will contain 400 orangetrees, planted in 4 clusters, A, of 100 each, at 20 feet distance from each other, and will afford in the centre a suitable place 10. for a two story dwelling-house, B, 54 feet long, North and South, and 18 wide inside for three rooms above and two galleries in the length way of the house; space also for four walks, C, 80 feet wide, from the four gates F, to the house, and a walk D, of 34 feet wide in four directions along the four fences, (leaving one foot for the fence) and consequently surrounding the four clusters above mentioned of 100 orange-trees each. On each side of these walks, grape vines, young orange-trees from seed and for sale, and all kinds of vegetables may be planted, and yet leave a convenient road in the centre for the carts to move in. Vegetables may also be planted in beds, 6 feet wide, taken out of the centre of each North and South walk which is between the trees, and there are thirty six such walks. Each of the four clusters, of 100 trees each, ought to have a well, E, in its centre, the The lower part of the house, (after re- 7. Such a grove as this, would, when the 400 trees years, but would cost more money. The The form which I would recommend, as the What I have stated, is derived from men of owner To place his 400 orange-trees at 26 feet dis- Figure of the Grove of 6 Acres, or 510 feet ON DEBARKING FRUIT TREES. DEAR SIR, F the 400 orange-trees, much larger; the same in the four walks along the fen ces; To have more room for stables, pens, storerooms, and lodging rooms along the fen ces. To cultivate more grapes, more vegetables, and to have more-orange-trees raised from seeds, and for sale every two or three years, and finally to procure to his 400 standard orange-trees, and whatever else he would raise, more air, heat, and light, which, with moisture, are well known to be the great promoters of a strong vegetation. One of 10 Acres, or 660 feet square, is far preferable. ly stripped it from the limbs to the ground, laying bare the whole extent of the body. The utmost care however, was taken to prevent the knife from wounding the delicate fibres of the wood.Not a leaf withered, nor did the appearance of the fruit, or any other circumstance indicate the least deterioration... 8. An intelligent and industrious man, something of a gardener, with two or three negroes, In your 13th Number, I notice some observawill suffice to attend such a grove, and also tions on the subject of barking fruit trees. If the It was very soon apparent that a smooth and the garden, except in the time of the crop following experiment can be of interest or amuseof the oranges, when a greater number of ment, you may dispose of it as you like. Al- delicate skin was supplying the place of that hands will be wanted during two or three though not conducted by myself, I have frequent- which had been removed, and which retains its days, from time to time to gather the fruit.ly seen the subject of it, and from the well smoothness at this time. Acquiring confidence 9. A better plan than that of raising such a known character of the gentleman, I will pledge from his late experience, he ventured the subsegrove from the seed, would be (as small myself for its correctness and accuracy. In the quent June to repeat the operation on the resweet-orange trees cannot be procured summer of 1816, there were several apple trees maining trees on that side of the yard with simihere) to plant 400 straight and healthy growing in his yard, which had been transplanted lar results. The trees are very flourishing, and sour-orange trees of four or five years of about three years. Having heard from some the fruit very good, as I had an opportunity of age, (which are abundant here) and in-source that a tree barked under particular cir-witnessing to day. graft on them the buds of such China cumstances, would not only not die, but would be Though this experiment fairly proves that the orange-trees as are known to yield very improved by it, he was induced to test it on one trees will not be in the least injured by this mansweet oranges. of his, the fruit of which was not much admired.agement; yet it by no means establishes the fact This would advance the crop four or five Accordingly on the 20th of June he very careful- that they will be improved by it. In this case 1 the trees stand in a yard well set with grass and Considering myself as a kind of trustee; and fed, and valuable work,-Scheuchzer's Physica weeds, which probably checked their luxuriance, always desirous of spreading through our coun-sacra,-there are plates, admirably executed, whereas, if they had been in ground occasional- try the benefits of such acquisitions; I refused of victims for the Jewish altars. Among them, ly cultivated, with some others interspersed, on offers of emolument; though no terms forbid-trailing Broadtails similar to those I saw at which the experiment had not been made, the ding personal profit, were made. I gratuitous- Richmond. So that there are many varieties of effect would probably have been more apparent. ly dispersed the breed, not only in Pennsylvania, the Laticanda; and the success of breeders May not the Botanist make curious deductions but into the neighbouring states; at no small entirely depends on the selection of the valuable relative to the circulation of the sap from these trouble and expense to myself. Several victu- kinds. facts? Your's &c. W. J. DUPUY. allers, finding the superiority of the mutton over The name, (as you seem to require it,) I gave that of all other sheep, both in quality and price, to the Ram, was Caramelli, that of the Ewe, made up a purse and offered any sum I chose to Selima. They will, perhaps, become memorafix for the Ram. I refused the proffer; and af-ble, as the first emigrants to our country, from ter his covering, during several seasons great this branch of the extensive family of the Latinumbers of ewes sent to my farm; and there candæ. Not Knowing, exactly, the object of your queWe have great pleasure in recording the follow-pastured and served without charge; he was ing authentic history of an importation of Tuni-conveyed to my late friend, Gen. Hand's farm, ries; I may have enlarged unnecessarily. But sian Sheep, and we particularly desire that our near Lancaster; where he was killed by dogs; you may gather what you deem satisfactory; TUNISIAN SHEEP. RICHARD PETERS. ERRATA. correspondents would furnish us with accounts, after propagating the breed extensively. The for any purpose you contemplate. Yours truly, as detailed, respecting every importation of ewe met the like fate, on my farm; having Live Stock, which has come within their know-yeaned a healthy lamb, at sixteen years of age. JOHN S. SKINNER, Esq. ledge; and especially, when the facts so con- Chancellor Livingston's sale of two Merino clusively demonstrate the tendency of agricultu-sheep for $3000, gave impetus to the ardour ral pursuits and subjects to inspire all who em- which had begun to operate in favour of that Our readers will please make the following bark therein, with a liberality of feeling and breed. Had he given them away, the effect corrections in the Address of Col. Thomas Emodesign which, so far from admitting the idea of would have been far otherwise, on the minds of ry, page 153, first column, third ¶ read, and "bevenal rivalry or sordid monopoly, bid every one both farmers and speculators. Voila les hommes !ing unambitious,"-same column bottom read, generously welcome to the fair enjoyment of new Fancy paints profits in proportion to price paid. acknowledged "impediments,"-page 155, 2d sources of profit. Small gains are counted on gifts, or cheap pur-column third read, "inadequate to" the "effect,"-page 156, third column, fourth read, Belmont, August 14, 1822. Discovering the impolicy of continuing (howe-creating" and applying manure." DEAR SIR, ver beneficial my distributions may, at first, In your paper of the 2d instant, I see queries have been,) gratuitously to bestow lambs; and respecting the TUNIS BROADTAILED SHEEP. of my other modes of dispersing the breed "How many were received? and were any sent without charge; I encouraged my neighbour, mence as usual on the last Monday of October Thomas Bones, in raising fine Broadtailed Sheep, into other states ?". Edit. Am. Far. chases. University of Maryland. THE MEDICAL LECTURES will com Surgery, by John B. Davidge, M. D. Chemistry and Mineralogy, Elisha De Butts, I have given a full account of these sheep in from my stock, for sale on his own account. He next, and be delivered— the whole subject, to which I do not mean to Country people do not value an article given Anatomy, Granville Sharp Pattison, M. D. Materia Medica, Samuel Baker, M. D. Midwifery, and diseases of women and children, R. W. Hall, M. D. Institutes of Physic, Maxwell M'Dowell, By order of the faculty, THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, AUGUST 23, 1822. PRICES CURRENT.-CORRECTED WEEKLY. Flour from the wagons, $6 25 cts. to 6 50 I understood, from Gen. Eaton, and so did pable propensity. Several butchers posted breed-Wharf do., $6 25 cts. cash-Wheat, white, $1 20 Col. Pickering, that eight or ten sheep were ers from my stock, in Jersey and Delaware. The to $1 30-Red do., $1 15 to 1 22-White corn, 62 shipped; but only a pair arrived. Being far pre-progeny were slaughtered for the market. This to 64 cts.-Yellow do,. 62 to 64 cts.-Rye, 50 cts. ferable to the coast sheep, they were procured also diminished the multiplication of the breed.-Oats, 30 to 35 cts.-Shad, trimmed, No. 1.$8 to 9 by Gen. Eaton, (as he informed me,) off the Yet I was surprised by the information I fre--Untrimmed, No. 1 do., $7 to 8-No. 2, do. $6, Dey's farm in the interior of the country, by the quently received, at the numbers produced dull-Herrings, No. 1, $3 50-No. 2, $3-Beef, Dey's permission, as a compliment to the United from an original pair, even under circumstances Northern mess per bbl. $10 to 10 25-Baltimore, States. It was therefore proper that they not always encouraging. prime do. $9 to $9 75-Hams, 10 to 12 cts.should pass under the direction of the Secretary I know of no other importation of Barbary middlings, 6 to 8 cts.-Cotton, West India, per of State. They arrived in the Delaware, in a sheep, contemporaneous with the subjects of lb. according to quality, 15 to 25 cts.-New Orpublic ship; and of course, were placed by Col. this account. Long after the arrival of the pair leans prime, 16 to 18 cts.-Georgia, upland, do. Pickering in the neighbourhood of the port of mentioned; I was informed that Capt. Baron 14 to 16 cts.-Cheese, N. England, 12 to 15 cts. arrival. It would have been out of character had brought some broadtailed coast sheep into scarce-Coal, Virginia, per bushel, 25 to 30 with him, (only one pair having arrived) to have Virginia. But from the accounts of them I had cts.-English do., 40 cts.-Flax per lb. 10 to 104 sent them into any other state; nor would he heard, they were inferior to the Mountain sheep cents-Hops, fresh, per lb. 10 to 12 cents-Hogs have so done, in whatsoever way he might have of Tunis: and so are all other African sheep lard, per lb. 9 to 10 cents-Hides, E. Shore, per received them. I was informed that the rest of which have fallen under my notice. The sheep lb. 8 to 10 cents-Leather, soal, per lb. 24 to 25 the shipment perished at sea. Capt. Geddes, to of the Eastern countries, Asia and Africa, are cts.-Upper do., whole hide, $3 to $4 25whose care they were committed, had a cha- generally (with some exceptions,) broadtailed. Salt, St. Ubes, per bushel, 50 cts.-Cadiz, do. racter too respectable to permit any supposition Many years ago I saw, in England, in the 42 cts.-Liverpool, blown, 40 cts.-Ground do. that he was either negligent or selfish; yet Gen. King's flock at Richmond, several of the Lati- 50-Turks' Island, 60-Wool, Merino, full blood, Eaton expressed much dissatisfaction and cha-canda. Some of them with cumbrous trailing per lb. 35 to 40 cts.-Do. mixed, 28 to 30 cts.grin. tails, borne on little wheel carriages, dragged Common country do., 20 to 20 cts. The burthensome, though not regretted, de-after them. None of them, in appearance, equal MARYLAND TOBACCO-common kinds very sit, was put into my hands by Col. Pickering. to the Tunis Mountain sheep. In my old, learn- 'dull-bright yellow, none in market. No. 23.-VOL. 4. PUBLIC LANDS, AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, 80th AUGUST, 1822. "the school lots reserved in the New States an 177 dy of the people not only virtually hold, but ac-have been the case formerly, their title is now Appropriations of, for the purposes of EDUCA-tually exercise a great portion of that power, universally acknowledged; subject, however, to which puts in motion all the springs of go-the paramount right of the Aborigines, where TION, in all of the UNITED STATES. We some time since received a copy of the vernment. It is essential therefore, that the their title has not already been surrendered. A proceedings of the Massachusetts Legislature, lightened and instructed, as to enable them to sufficient for the purposes of the present inquiry. great body of the people should be so far en-brief allusion to these circumstances, will be in reference to the Maryland Resolutions on make a judicious selection of representatives, to The early grants made by the English Govern the interesting subject of providing adequate inform and interest themselves in the course ment to the first colonists in North America, funds, in all of the United States, for the pur- and tendency, the justice and policy of public were unquestionably made under a profound poses of Education, by appropriations of a small portion of the public lands; and we would measures, and to form some just estimate of the ignorance of the geographical character and character, conduct, and motives, of those, to condition of the country. Most of them were have published it before now, if we had not lost whom they have confided their political power extended in terms to the Pacific, or Great our copy. When we first missed this, a friend and their civil rights. Rulers also, should at Western Ocean. It was, no doubt, the policy of and neighbour promised us the use of his copy, all times be able to feel, that they may rely that government, to make these grants large and and some reflections which he had made on with safety and confidence upon the strength of extensive in terms, with the view of anticipating the subject, whilst he was reading and compar- enlightened public opinion, to sustain them in the progress of other European powers, and ing the two reports. We freely accepted his the adoption of all such measures, as justice, thereby giving greater strength, and a wider exoffer, and now give place to the Massachusetts proceedings and our neighbour's notes; these honesty, and the best ultimate good of the peo-tent to their own claim of sovereignty, over this ple, may require. In a state of society and sys- part of the new world. The consequence of must clearly elucidate the Maryland proposition, tem of government, supported neither by accumu- this utter ignorance of the state of the country, uniand they oppose to the Massachusetts objections, lated wealth, hereditary distinctions, or military ted to a disposition to make liberal grants, soon apmost powerful reasons for its adoption. At the first blush of this project it appear-alone can be relied on, to furnish that moral boundaries. These, however, except in the imforce, a correct and enlightened public opinion peared, in many conflicting claims and contested ed to us so fair, and its object so commendable, and intellectual power, which is necessary to mediate vicinity of actual settlements, were of that we gave to it our ready approbation, nor entertained a doubt as to the justice of the give activity and efficacy to public measures, and little importance, because the lands in dispute Claim, until its opponents alleged, that "for thereby to secure the objects of all government, were of little or no value. But during the war, the protection, liberty, and happiness of the which terminated in the conquest of Canada, in " equivalent consideration had been given to the people. But where so large a portion of power which the colonists bore an active part, and "Nation by the purchasers of public lands:" is necessarily entrusted to the great body of the still more during the revolutionary war, in concommunity, should the rising generation be suf-sequence of the numerouse military expeditions but the examination of this point, so far as we fered to grow to years of maturity, without edu- which were sent to the northern and western have yet been enabled to carry it, leaves upon cation, and the majority of the people thus frontier, the fertility of soil, and other local adour mind the most distinct conviction, that an become ignorant, stupid, and depraved, it is vantages of the Western and North Western equivalent price not only has not been receivquite apparent that, through the arts of design- Territory, came to be better understood, and ed or stipulated, but also, that it never was supposed, by the purchasers of public lands, ing and unprincipled men, they would soon be- more duly appreciated. So triumphant were come the victims of intrigue, and the instru- the arms of America, towards the close of that that they were either paying or promising one.ments of violence. It is quite manifest there- memorable struggle, and so lofty their pretenWe thus frankly submit the matter to the fore, that a representative republic cannot be sions, in consequence of the great interest which consideration of our readers; who will feel a lively interest in the progress of a discussion prosperous and powerful, except among an edu- their cause had excited in Europe, and the concated and enlightened people. sequent aid derived from numerous powerful, that connects itself so immediately with the all These considerations are fully sufficient to and zealous allies, that at the adoption of the important subject of general education. awaken a lively interest, and to ensure the treaty of peace, the American negociators were Edit. Am. Far. strictest attention to every proposition, which left almost at liberty to dictate their own terms, contemplates the promotion of the means of ge-in regard to boundaries. The consequence was, COMMON WEALTH OF MASSACHUneral education. Your Committee, at the same by prescribing very extensive limits, that in time, are conscious of the propriety and duty many points, large tracts of territory were inIn the Year of our Lord 1822. of subjecting the principles of every measure, cluded within these limits, which were never The Committee of both Houses of the Legisla- which is proposed for the adoption of the Le-claimed, and scarcely on any pretence, however ture, to whom at a former session, was refer- gislature, to a strict investigation, with a view extravagant, could be claimed by any of the sered a Message of His Excellency the Go-of ascertaining whether it rests on the safe parate states. These tracts, thus ceded by the vernor, communicating sundry Resolutions of grounds of justice and expediency. They are treaty of peace, in full sovereignty and property, the Legislature of the State of Maryland, re-sensible that this Legislature representing the necessarily belonged to all the States jointly, in lative to the appropriation of a portion of people of the Commonwealth, and the Congress their aggregate capacity. After various delays the Public Lands of the United States, in cer- of the United States, whose interposition it is and negociations, between Congress and the setain cases, to the encouragement and support of proposed to invoke upon the present occasion, veral States, all those States having claims unCommon Schools, and other Seminaries of for the purpose of obtaining the object in ques-der their antient charters, to tracts of land Learning; and to whom also, was referred tion, do themselves exercise but a limited and beyond the bounds of their actual settlement, that part of the several communications of delegated power, entrusted to them in certain with a spirit of conciliation and liberality, highHis Excellency to both Houses, at the present measures, and for specified purposes; that it is ly honourable to them, ceded these lands to the session, relating to the same subject, and therefore necessary to be assured, not only that United States, in nearly every instance, without transmitting sundry Resolutions of the States such object is desirable, but that it is just, pecuniary consideration. To some of these cesof Vermont, New Jersey, and Kentucky, re- practicable, expedient, and within the authori-sions, conditions were annexed; but none which jit is necessary to mention, in connexion with lative to the same, having according to order, ty of those who are called upon to adopt it. By the Report and Resolutions of the Legis- this subject. The object of all these cessions, had the same under consideration, thereupon ask leave, respectfully, to submit the fol- lature of Maryland, a claim is made upon Con- seems to have been the same, and was well exlowing gress, in behalf of the old thirteen States, to- pressed by Virginia, in her formal act of cessgether with Maine, Vermont, and Kentucky, ion. This provides, that these lands "shall be formed out of territory which has never been considered as a common fund, for the use and The encouragement and general establishment the property of the United States, to the ex-benefit of such of the United States as have beof Common Schools and the universal diffusion clusion of the new States, for a very large come or shall become members of the confederaof the means of education among all the people grant of Public Lands, for the purposes of edu- tion, or federal alliance of the said States, Virginia of this Union, is unquestionably one of the most cation. This claim is asserted and urged, as inclusive, according to their usual respective prointeresting and important objects, which can one, not of favour, but of justice, and one portions in the general charge and expenditure, and now attract the attention of an American states-therefore, which, if well founded, Congress is shall be faithfully and bona fide disposed of for that man. The principle upon which the structure bound to grant, without regard to any conside- purpose, and for no other use or purpose whatof government in these States, is founded, both rations of convenience or expediency. soever." The inducement to these liberal ces SETTS. REPORT. in their separate and in their collective capa- There seems to be nothing in the circumstan-sions of territory, was to raise the credit, and city, is that of representative democracy. Go-ces, under which the United States acquired strengthen the resources of the Union, and thus vernment is established by the general will, and their title to these lands, which can have much enable the General Government to provide the designed for the general good. The great bo-influence upon the question. Whatever may means of paying or securing the debts incurred by the war, more especially that portion of them, come to the conclusion, that 9,370,760 acres of year, to furnish coarse pasturage to immens which was due for military services. land will be "necessary to do justice to the herds of wild animals, but would be of little Subsequently, that vast tract of territory in- States which have not yet had any." Such is value were it even nearer to places where some cluded under the name of Louisianna, and more the claim set forth by the State of Maryland, settlements have been made. If these landcan be taken into the amount, for the purpose recently the peninsula of Florida, were acquir-in behalf of herself and the old States. The Legislature of Maryland proceed to in ed by the United States, by purchase; and the Your Commitee, in the first place, cannot of swelling the quantity upon which our proporconsideration being paid out of the common avoid remarking upon the extraordinary nature tion is to be calculated, all being taken as it is treasury, these lands unquestionably became the and amount of these estimates and deductions. to be of equal value, we cannot perceive why it common property of the Union. Your Commit-The boundless and trackless regions of Louisi- would not be equitable to satisfy our claim out tee, therefore, do cordially concur with the Le-ana, for instance, which are yet not only unex-of the same lands. But the grant cf a few hungislature of Maryland, in the proposition," that plored, but over the greater part of which, even dred, or even a few millions of acres, upon the in whatever point of view the Public Lands the eye of an American citizen has never wan-upper brances of the Yellow Stone River, along are considered, whether as acquired by purchase, dered, is taken to be a present valuable and the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, or conquest, or cession, they are, emphatically, available fund, (2) out of which, in their whole even upon the vallies of the Columbia River, the common property of the Union. They extent, reservations may be made; and there-would hardly be regarded as a favour, by Maought to enure, therefore to the common use and fore, that the old States have a right to claim ryland or Massachusetts, especially if they were benefit of all the States, in just proportions, and a quantity of land proportionate to these reser- under obligation to survey them for a century to cannot be appropriated to the use and benefit of any vations, to be set off to them, within the set-come. It is also to be considered, that a great part particular State or states, to the exclusion of tled States and Territories. Judging of the ge-of the lands stated to belong to the United the others, without an infringement of the prin-neral character of that unknown and unexplored States, more especially those beyond the Misciples upon which the cessions from States were country, from the few portions of it which sissippi, are still held by the Indian tribes, in expressly made, and a violation of the spirit of have been seen, it may be taken to consist full property, from whom the Government must our national compact, as well as the principles mainly of vast plains, without wood, scantily purchase, before they acquire any right to sell of justice and sound policy." watered, and serving only for a part of each them. It seems scarcely necessary to remark upon quire how far Congress has acted in conformity (2.) The Committee, we apprehend, are under the extraordinary fallacy of fixing the price of with the dictates of impartial justice, in the ap-an erroneous impression, when they state that the two dollars an acre, upon those vast tracts of waste and unsettled territory. (3) It is true that propriations of the Public Lands; and conclu-" boundless and trackess regions of Louisiana are this is, or rather heretofore has been the price ding that Congress has not so acted, thereupon taken by the Maryland Legislature to be a pre-affixed by Congress to the Public Lands; but it found a very large claim to these lands, in favour sent valuable and available fund." We cannot, is to be considered, that the expenses of sucof the sixteen old States, to the exclusion of after a diligent examination of Mr. Maxcr's veying, and those attending the costly machinethe new States and Territories, which are de- Report, discover any thing of the kind. ry of the land office system, are wholly borne nominated the favoured States. This claim may We must confess aiso our surprise at the reason- by government; that although two dollars is the be thus stated. By the laws and regulations ing of the Committee in several subsequent pararelating to the survey and sale of the Public graphs. It is founded on the erroneous supposi-gross price, yet with the credits and discounts for prompt payment, it amounts to about three Lands, hitherto acted on, and now in force, one tion, that Maryland claims for herself and other thirty sixth part, being one section out of each states, an appropriation of public lands for the quarters only of that sum, and more especially, and this circumstance wholly distinguishes the township of six miles square, and divided into hurposes of education, bearing some sort of pro-two cases, that the lands thus sold for two dolthirty six sections, is reserved to be appropria- portion (what proportion is not stated) to the ted to the use of Schools, within such township. amount of public lands possessed by the U. States. and are in immediate and present demand, for lars, lie within settled States and Territories, Certain other appropriations, though of compar-Now nothing can appear clearer to us than that the purposes of actual settlement. And it is atively small amount, and not very distinctly the object of the Maryland Proposition, is to obtain this exaggerated estimate, which has led the stated, are alleged to have been made for Se-of Congress for the States, which have received Legislature of Maryland to the startling conminaries of Learaing of a higher grade, assumed none, grants of school lands, proportionate to those clusion, that the grants or reservations in favour by the Legislature of Maryland, to be in the which have been made to others. The words of of the new States and territories, may be esproportion of one fifth of the aggregate amount the Resolutions containing that proposition, are, timated to amount in value, to the enormous "Resolved by the General Assembly of Mary- sum of nearly thirty millions of dollars. This further assumed, that the same system for the land, That each of the United States has an equal sum, we believe, is more than all the monies survey and sale of these lands, will be observed, right to participate in the benefit of the Public ever received from the sales of the Public in all future time, until every acre of them is Lands, the common property of the Uuion. Lands, from the commencement of the grants, of the reservations for common Schools. It is 66 gold; an event, of the certain and speedy ac- Resolved, That the states, in whose favor Con-to the present time, a period of thirty five years complishment of which, the Legislature of Ma-gress have not made appropriations of land for of unexampled activity and enterprize; during ryland seem to entertain no doubt. (1) Taking a the purposes of education, are entitled to such which, settlements have been formed, and a computation and estimate upon this assumption, appropriations as will correspond, in a just pro- population has grown upon these territories, in reference to all the lands of the United States, hortion, with those heretofore made in favour of with a degree of rapidity entirely without parnot only those which have been surveyed but the other states." allel in the history of the progress of society. including all the unexplored surface of the Now is not the principle of these Resolutions, It is, however, truly observed by the LegisNorth Western Territory, and the more exten-herfectly equitable? If so, the claim, founded lature of Maryland, "that the magnitude of the sive and unknown regions of Louisiana, stated upon it, would be equally valid and the same in appropriations which equal justice requires, canto amount to between four and five hundred amount, if appropriations of land for the purposes not be considered as a reasonable objection millions of acres, the inference is drawn, that of education, had heretofore been made in favor of to them." But your Committee are of opinion, the total of literary appropriations, in the new one state only, instead of all the states and terri-that the magnitude of a claim, urged as a deStates and Territories, will be 14,567,569 2-3 tories, formed out of the public lands, and has no mand of right, furnishes a good reason for acres. At $2 an acre, the amount in money, connection with, or dependence upon the entire will be $29,153,139 1-3. Then, considering it quantity of those lands. It says to Congress, certain whether it is in truth founded upon bringing it to the test of strict inquiry, to asas proved, that these appropriations to the new" you have made grants of land for the promotion those principles of equal justice upon which States and Territories, does furnish a valid of education to some of the states; make similar it is asserted. claim, in justice to the excluded States, to an grants, and in a just proportion to some of the oth equal quantity of land, in proportion to their ex-ers." This demand could have heen made with (3.) Have not the Massachusetts' Committe tent of territory, the Legislature of Maryland equal propriety, if Louisiana had never been again misapprehended the Maryland Legislature? purchased of France. It appears to us, that the calculation, which they (1.) The Massachusetts' Committee appear to If indeed, it can be shewn, that the states, which consider exaggerated is not intended as an estimate have fallen into an error in supposing, that the have received grants, have paid a consideration for of the present, but the future value of the school Legislature of Maryland "entertain no doubt" them, then the matter is somewhat modified-but reservations, as is clearly indicated by the use of the of the "speedy sale" of "every acre" of the pub-surely the other states have a right to ask of future tense. And is it extravagant to suppose, that lic lands. We have carefully examined the Ma-Congress, similar appropriations on condition of the school lands, when surrounded by a population ryland Report, and can find nothing either in the paying a consideration of equal value. All that half as dense as that of the Atlantic states for inlanguage or train of argument, which can author-Maryland asks, is for appropriations "in just stance, will be worth two dollars per acre? We ize the imputation of an expectation so extrava-proportion," and leaves it entirely with Congress presume that many of those in Ohio are at this to decide what that just proportion is. moment worth more than twenty dollars per acre rant and absurd. |