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AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES, AND PROFESSOR
SHIPS INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS-DOMES
TIC MANUFACTURES, &c. &c.

The happy impulse given by the formation o

a communication with, and an assistance from, ought to be well manured at top with good wellbeneath as well as from above, in order to give rotted dung, or with soap-boiler's ashes, or some 26. The ground being trenched, in October, them vigour and fecundity. Plants will live and other good manure; and this might be ploughed, will grow to a certain extent in earthen pots, or dug, in shallowly. Before the frost is gone in Agricultural Societies throughout this Union or in boxes made of wood; but, there must be the spring, another good coat of manure should will be felt by persons in every pursuit and holes in the bottom of both, or the plants will be put on; well-rotted manure from the yard; condition of life. The spirit and feelings which die. See paragraphs 108 and 109. 22. It is, therefore, of the greatest impor-host. Then, when the frost is gone, the ground will be productive of lasting and universal benetance, that the ground be moved to a good depth, will be instantly fit for digging and planting; and, fit. The followers of the plough are now taught ashes; or, rather, if ready, from a good com- they are daily infusing into the mass of society, and, he who is about to make a garden should it will bear almost any thing that can be put to look upon their profession as holding the first remember, that he is about to do that, the effects into it. of which are to be felt for ages. There is, however, one objection to trenching in certain cases. The I close my directions with regard to the nature ence, than upon the precepts of tradition. The soil may not only not be good to the depth of two and preparation of the soil. But, it seems ne- Proprietors of the soil begin to educate their 27. Thus will the ground be prepared; and here place more reliance upon the discoveries of scirank among the arts, and they are incited to feet, but it may be bad long before you come to cessary to add a few words on the subject of ma-sons as Farmers, to fit them for their employthat depth; and, in this case, the trenching, in nures as adapted to a garden. It is generally ment, as youth are prepared to follow other purputting the good soil at bottom, might bring a thought, and, I believe, truly, that dung, of any suits-by judicious combination of practice with hungry sand, or even a gravel or clay to the top, sort, is not what ought to be used in the raising theory-whilst their daughters are encouraged which must not be done by any means; for, even of garden vegetables. It is very certain, that by the bestowment of suitable rewards upon housein the case of trees, they would perish, or become they are coarse and gross when produced with aid hold manufactures, to make a more productive stunted, because their roots would not find their of that sort of manure, compared to what they use of their time than heretofore. way from the bad soil to the good. In such cases are when raised with the aid of ashes, lime, rags, the top soil must, in the trenching, be kept at the and composts. And, besides, dung, in hot soils fits, which this nation may realise from the juditop; and, in order to effect this, your mode of and hot climates, adds to the heat; while ashes, cious direction of this animating spirit, that now proceeding, in the trenching, must be somewhat lime, rags and composts do not; but, on the pervades the whole extent of our country; and It is impossible to calculate the sum of benedifferent from that described in paragraph 20. contrary, they attract, and cause the earth to when we perceive many of our intelligent and hope connected with the subject. doubt the accomplishment of every reasonable worthy citizens in every state, associating to perpetuate and direct this feeling, we cannot

ber, at the Buck Tavern, on the Lancaster turn-less than ten members, including the President/chievous tendency, both in making the governpike road. or a Vice-President. ment independent of the people, and greatly inJonathan Roberts, of Montgomery county, was 9. At all meetings the President shall preside;creasing the public burthen of the nation. called to the chair, and Stephen Duncan, of Phi- in his absence a Vice-President; in the absence When the minister requires a supply of moladelphia county, appointed Secretary. of all the Vice-Presidents, the oldest Director ney, he gives notice in Parliament that a loan will The chairman having stated the objects of the shall perform the duties of the chair. be wanted to a certain amount, and after obtainmeeting, and the advantages to be derived from 10. The President, with a majority of the Vice-ing the vote of his minions for raising the money the contemplated association af practical far-Presidents, shall have power to call special meet-in that way, he gives notice in the Gazette that mers residing in the counties enumerated, Ni-ings of the Society; but such meetings shall be he will receive proposals for the loan upon a cercholas Biddle, John Hare Powel, Manuel Eyre, announced by the Recording Secretary in one tain day. On the day appointed, the proposals Jesse Kersey, and Richard B. Jones were ap-newspaper in each county, and two newspapers are opened, and the purchaser, or rather the pointed a committee, to draft a constitution for in the city of Philadelphia, at least ten days be- lender, is declared. fore the time at which it is to be held. the government of the Society. Though it is but seldom that one person, or The constitution having been reported, was 11. The President, Vice-Presidents, and Cor- one house, can take the whole loan on their own duly considered, and unanimously adopted. responding Secretary shall ex-officio, be mem-account, it is common for one person, or one firm, The Society being thus organized, proceeded bers of the Board of Directors, who shall have to bid for the whole and take in subscriptions to elect their officers for the following year. full power to hold the annual exhibitions, to from others to make up the sum required; and President-Jonathan Roberts. make and carry into effect all arrangements ne-in order to suit the subscribers, the stock will con

county.

Vice-Presidents-Isaac Wayne, Chester coun-cessary therefor, to award such premiums as shall sist of three per cent. consols, and of long or short ty; James Worth, Bucks county; Stephen Dun- have been offered by the Society, to complete all annuities. The loan is usually made so that the can, Philadelphia county; George Sheaff, Mont- business arising therefrom, and to determine all money may be paid in by instalments at different gomery county; William Anderson, Delaware matters connected therewith. The President periods, under the penalty of forfeiting the instalshall sign such orders on the Treasurer, as they, ments paid, on failure of paying subsequent ones Corresponding Secretary-Nicholas Biddle, or a majority of them, shall have drawn in the at the times appointed. By this means, time is Bucks county. performance of their duties. given for the purchasers to obtain subscriptions 12. With the Directors shall rest the care of to make up the whole sum, during the period all the Society's property, except their funds, from which the loan is agreed for to the time the books and papers. It shall be their duty to ex-last payment is made. Those who have subamine all accounts-to inspect all communica-scribed often sell to others their share or a part tions before they shall be read at any of the quar- of it-and it sells at a profit or a loss in proportion terly meetings; to collect and communicate in- as the terms made with the government have formation touching improvements in husbandry, been considered good or bad. Thus, if the terms or implements employed in its operation. have been considered good, it will bring a pre

DIRECTORS.

Montgomery County-Richard B. Jones, N. B. Boileau, Job Roberts, George Holstein.

Chester County-Joshua Hunt, William Evans, Moses Pennock, Joseph Kersey.

Philadelphia County-John Hare Powel, Manuel Eyre, Aaron Clement, Rueben Hains, George Blight.

Delaware County-Thomas Smith, Saml. West,
Thomas Serrill.

Bucks County-William Long, Thomas G.
Kennedy, Henry L. Waddell, John Newbold.
Recording Secretary-John Kersey, Chester
county.
JONATHAN ROBERTS, Chairman.
STEPHEN DUNCAN, Secretary.

CONSTITUTION.

1. The Association shall be styled THE SYLVANIA AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 2. Its efforts shall be confined to the advancement of agricultural and rural affairs.

13. The Treasurer shall collect all monies due mium per centum, and if bad, it will be subject to the Society-pay orders drawn in due form-to a discount. When this last purchaser buys keep the accounts regularly stated in the books from the original subscriber the whole of what of the Society, and when required, shall produce he is possessed of, or a proportional share of it, them at any stated or special meeting. including 3 per cents. annuities, &c. it is then 14. It shall be the duty of one of the Recording called omnium, which means all the different Secretaries to give such aid to the Treasurer in kinds of stock. And when we are told that keeping his accounts, collecting the subscriptions omnium bears a premium of 2, 3, or more per of the members, and paying the debts of the So-cent.: we are to understand that the whole of ciety, as he shall require. the stock purchased has been a good bargain for 15. It shall be the duty of the Corresponding the purchasers, and of course a bad one for the PENN-Secretary to revise all reports and communications government. If the last purchaser buys from before they shall be made public by authority of the original subscriber any particular kind of stock, say 3 per cent. consols, or annuities, (long the Society. 16. It shall be the duty of the Recording Se- or short,) that is called scrip, which may also cretary to preserve the books and papers of the bear a premium, or a discount according to the Society, and to attend, or cause one of his assistants advantage or disadvantage of the bargain. These to attend, all its meetings; and in like manner to secondary purchasers are, in all respects, placed 4. There shall be one President-five Vice Pre- keep the books and papers, and to attend the in the situation of the original, subscriber, as to the payment of instalments, forfeitures, &c. and sidents-twenty Directors-one Corresponding meetings of the Board of Directors. 17. Every member shall pay to the Treasurer at the winding up, or completion of the loan, Secretary-one Recording-and two Assistant they have their names entered on the books of Recording Secretaries, who shall be elected two dollars annually. by ballot on the third Thursday of October in 18. The quarterly meetings are hereby autho-the bank of England, where the accounts are every year, and continue in office for one year, shall be deemed necessary, and not inconsistent have thus purchased. rized to make such by-laws and regulations as kept, as being the proprietors of the stock they Gail a new election shall take place. The That kind of stock called 3 per cent. consols, podges of the election shall be named by the Pre-with these fundamental laws; but no fundamen

3. All citizens of the state shall be eligible as members; any person residing out of the state may be elected an honorary member.

t, and be sanctioned by a majority of the tal law shall be altered or repealed, nor shall consists in money advanced to the government, any new fundamental law be added, except at one for the payment of the interest of which the reembers present. have been given at the preceding quarterly meet-technical terms, the interest becomes chargeaof the quarterly meetings, and after notice shall venues of the country are pledged; or, to use ing of the proposed alteration, repeal or addi- ble upon the consolidated fund-hence the abbreviation consols.

5. All the officers shall be PRACTICAL FARMERS, xcept the Secretaries, who may be chosen without regard to their profession or occupation.

6. The Society shall hold quarterly meetings on the second Saturday (7th day) of January (1st month), April (4th month),October (10th month), and the fourth Saturday, (7th day of July (7th month), for the transaction of their general business; and one annual meeting for the purposes of an EXHIBITION and CATTLE SHOW.

tion.

FROM THE CINCINNATI (OHIO) INQUISITOR.

THE FUNDING SYSTEM.

That kind of stock called long or short annuities, consists in money advanced to the government, for which a certain annuity is paid for a certain number of years. For 30 years, it is

That it may not be considered mere decla-called a short annuity; for 60 years, it is called a mation, what we have hitherto said upon the fund-long annuity. And the money is sunk, the debt 7. The quarterly meetings shall be held at ing system, we proceed to give some account becoming extinguished at the end of the period Norristown, in the county of Montgomery. The how stock is created; in the progress of which mentioned.

annual meetings shall be held successively and we hope it will plainly appear to our readers that The difference, therefore, between consols in the following order, in Montgomery-Chester nothing can give the executive government so and annuities is, that for the interest of stock in -Bucks-Delaware and Philadelphia counties, great a degree of illegitimate power and undue the former, government is forever bound, till the at such places, not less than ten miles distant influence, as borrowing money and creating funds: principal shall have been paid off; the latter is from Philadelphia, as shall be determined by the and we are confident that it is only necessary to paid off and extinguished when the years expire lay open the plan and scheme of the system, to for which it had been granted. And as the prin

Directors.

8. A quorum of the Society shall consist of not convince the most superficial politician of its mis-cipal vested in the annuity is sunk, a larger

rate per cent. is given for it per annum, than might have raised a clamor against borrowing sums were lost by some, and gained by others* the interest in consols amount to. (at a time when they ought to be paying. When those jobbers refuse to make good their Three per cent. may be considered a very small Such has been the power and influence given losses, they are posted up as defaulters; or, as interest for money, and those unacquainted with to the British Minister by the destructive system the cant phrase is, they are lame ducks, and wadthe subject may be surprised that money would of funding-an influence which is as incompati-le out of the alley. They are not afterwards be vested in a fund for so small a consideration.ble with the liberties of the people, as ruinous to suffered to enter the stock exchange. But if But though at the commencement of the funding their true interests. By means of the funding they give up their property, under a compound, system in England money was actually had at system, the minister is rendered independent of it will be accepted of, and they have leave to that rate, yet, from various circumstances, that the people-It enables him to engage in wars proceed as before. Banishing defaulters from the species of stock fell so much below par that the which he could not otherwise attempt; for he stock exchange is all the remedy that can be obpurchasers have, on some occasions, had up-can raise as much money in one year by that tained, as the law does not recognize this species wards of 6 per cent. for the money vested in means, as the regular revenue of the country of stock-jobbing more than any other kind of them. Thus, when 100l. in 3 per cent. consols, would produce in seven, and thus the interests gambling, and will not enforce the payment of could be purchased for 481. the purchaser of the country are sacrificed to the ambition or any loss thereby. would have 64 per cent, on his money. From the avarice of the minister.

LETTER IV. ON THE POOR LAWS.

the legal interest of money being now 5 per cent. The stocks being transferable, any holder of 3 per cent. consols are supposed to be at par stock, though he cannot obtain payment of the when 100/. in that stock will bring 607. in the principal from government, may, notwith SIR-I promised in my last letter to consider market; because the interest of 100. stock will standing, by selling out to another, procure his in this, the objections that are fairly applicable bring exactly the interest to which 601. is enti- money. This species of traffic is very common to the system of Poor Laws, in the present state tled at 5 per cent. The market price of stock, among those who buy and sell in the stocks and of our country. The great truths to which I have therefore, at the time a loan is negociated, is al-make actual transfers, as well among a kind of before casually alluded, and which I wish to imways taken into consideration by the minister: gamblers who dabble in the stocks to the amount press most sensibly on the minds of our Fellow and if the 3 per cents. are then at 601. the mo- of many thousands, though they may not possess Citize, are that no charity does, or can possibly, ney borrowed will be estimated accordingly; and stock of any kind to the amount of one shil-relieve the state from the evils of Pauperism, and for every 601. advanced, 1007. in stock is created. ling. that every such establishment, increases those Or, in other words, for every 60/ advanced, the The bank of England having made a contract evils in a degree proportioned to the extent of the lender obtains a claim on the government for with the government to keep account of all the offered relief. stocks, it is at the Bank that all transfers are Charities as established by law, are intended For thus augmenting the principal of the debt, made. When a sale has been made at the stock to provide subsistence for all those the wages and diminishing the interest, the friends of go- exchange, the parties go to the bank, and the of whose labour is not sufficient for their supvernment contend as a wise measure. Those op-seller, producing the proper certificate of his port; and who have not other means of procurposed to them, say otherwise; and a third party being the owner of a certain kind of stock, orders ing the necessaries of life. To provide the fund say it is of no consequence-all being equally his name to be stricken out, if he has sold all his for these charities the whole wealth and labour of mischievous. stock, and the buyer's name to be substituted. the state is taxed; and a promise is solemnly

1007.

In negociating loans, however, there is another Or if he has sold out only a part of it, such given, that whenever any person shall require item introduced, called bonus, or douceur, part is deducted from his account, and the name the assistance of this fund, it shall be afforded. which is a something given above the exact cal- of the purchaser inserted for that amount, and This promise, as long as the Poor Laws continue culation of the terms proposed, by which it has the purchaser obtaining a certificate, the bar-in force, can never be violated. A certain, perfrequently happened that from one eighth to one gain is concluded. manent and sufficient stock awaits every man

per cent. has been given to lenders above what The business of stock-jobbing, or gambling who has been reduced to poverty; and it is of no the terms appear to offer. in stocks, is conducted as follows: The jobbers consequence whether his distresses have resultThere is another species of stock, which is meet in the Stock Exchange, and vociferate ed from unavoidable misfortunes, or are the efcreated by the issue of exechequer and navy bills through the hall what they want to be at, either fects of the most disgraceful and disgusting vices. during the recess of Parliament, and which are as buyers or sellers. When a buyer and seller And the whole state is equally pledged to supput into circulation on the credit and responsi- come together, they agree upon the terms and port every woman, and to rear and provide for bility of the minister. These bills are made pay-the kind of stock they wish to deal in, and also all her children, whether she be virtuous or able with interest at 5 per cent., sometimes from upon a settling day, which may be a week or a abandoned, whether they be legitimate or illethe day they are issued, and sometimes bearing fortnight hence; and on this settling day, the gitimate. Should the father of a family declare no interest till some months after their date. bargain is concluded by the one paying to the by a solemn and irrevocable act that his fortune, Formerly, those bills were issued during the re- other difference in price which that stock bears to his parental affection, his caresses and endearcess, and payable when sanctioned by Parliament that on which the bargain was first made. ments, should be equally divided among all his chilat its next meeting. The cause of their issue Thus, if the buyer, or the bull, as he is called, dren; and that the obedient, and the disobedient, was, that the funds had been exhausted, and to agrees with the seller, or the bear, for a certain the virtuous and vicious, those who became worprevent the operations of government from be-amount, say 1000/. in 3 per cent. consols, sup- thy men and women, and those who turned ing retarded. And as it was well known that pose at 66 per cent. delivery to be made one scoundrels and prostitutes, should share alike the minister was always sure of a majority in week hence, and if, on that day, as appointed, the his care and support; what voice would not be Parliament, the utmost confidence was placed in same stock can be had for 65 per cent. then does lifted up against him as a destroyer of the moexchequer and navy bills. They were, there-the bull pay to the bear per cent. upon the rals of his children, an encourager of vice, fore, paid shortly after the meeting of Parlia- sum agreed for, or 5-but if, on the contrary, and a participator of their infamy? It has often ment. But latterly, when the resources of the the stock has risen to 65 per cent. then does the been said that a good king is the father of his country became embarrassed, instead of paying bear pay to the bull per cent. or 57. and the subjects; we have no kings, but our laws stand off those bills, they were what was called funded; business is settled without any actual transfer of for us in the place of a king. Our laws should that is, they were taken out of the hands of the stock being made. Thus it appears the bargain be the father of the people, but they promise to holders, and in return they obtain three per is a mere bet, of an indefinite nature, that stock bestow their protection and support, when pocent, stock. Those navy and exchequer bills, will be higher or lower on a given day; and that verty requires them, equally upon the good when floating, were called the unfunded debt; the amount of the loss or gain will be in propor- children and the bad. It is this certainty of exand to such an amount were they in circulation, tion to the rise or fall of the stock: and if there'periencing the state's bounty, this indiscrimithat the true amount of the debt could never be be no difference the bet is drawn. As the rise nate extention of relief to every species of want, known to the public; because, when any account and fall of the stocks depend upon the political that has filled the wards of our Poor Houses, and of the funded debt was published, the unfunded state of the country, and its relation to foreign continues daily to increase the number of our debt was unknown. In some cases the unfunded countries, an opening has been given to intrigue ; paupers. Scarcely one man can be found to whom debt has amounted to more than the present debt and frauds, to large amounts, have been com- a life of ease and pleasure is not more desirable of the United States. mitted. These frauds are practised by having than days of toil and nights of anxiety. "Venter

By means of those exchequer and navy bills, paragraphs inserted in the newspapers, both artium magister, ingenique largitor." But hunthe minister has been enabled to obtain loans at home and abroad; and, on some occasions, ger does brighten a man's invention more without the formality of Parliamentary sanction. whole newspapers have been forged for the pur-than it arouses his bodily exertion; its effect is And in time of peace, when loans are unpopular, pose, as happened once during the American as great in producing corporeal activity, as in he has, in this covert manner, raised money with-Revolutionary war, and once during England's exciting mental energy. It is equally a spur to out even the observation of the people, who last war with France. By these means immense labour, as a whetstone to wit. Why is it that

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December 5.

Young men possessing large fortunes indulge in poverty and the seductions of the law. Pride ter. Being in that country in the year 1817, 1 Idleness, dissipation and extravagance, while cannot long support itself under the burthen of was informed by a Russian Nobleman that the those in humbler stations are sober, industrious necessity. Shame becomes less dreadful, as the proprietor of an extensive estate (also a Nobleand careful? Is it not the certainty of plenty frequency of submitting to it renders it more fa- man of high rank) had discovered a new mode which relieves the first from care, and the fear miliar; and even the love of liberty yields at of making Butter, and had received letters paof want which restrains the inclinations of the last to the gnawings of hunger, and the torture tent from the Emperor as a reward for the dislast, and fixes a curb upon their passions? Re-of cold. The Poor Laws are continually under-covery, and which he stated as being at that lieve them of this fear, assure them that no mis-mining the strength of these feelings, because time in full and successful operation. The proconduct on their part, no idleness, no extrava- they are continually holding out inducements cess consisted in boiling (or rather that species gance, no vice shall ever reduce their comforts; and arguments to the poor to reduce themselves of boiling called simmering) the milk for the bestow on them the purse of Fortunatus, which to that situation, in which this strength must be space of fifteen minutes in its sweet state-obsome invisible hand replenishes with gold as fast weakened, in which these feelings are to be serving at the same time not to use sufficien as it is exhausted, and are they not at once re- struggled with, and in which they must even-heat to burn the milk; it is then churned in the leased from every obligation to industry and eco-tually be overcome. When a laborer wishes to usual manner. He also stated that no difficulty nomy? Will they not vie with the wealthiest enjoy a day of ease or of pleasure, the inclina-ever occurred in procuring Butter immediately. in expensive gratifications? The Poor Laws are tion would be repressed by the thought, that, and of a quality far superior to that made from to the lower classes of society, the purse of Fortu- that day devoted to labour would furnish him with milk which had undergone vinous fermentation; natus. What man is there, whatever his habits the means of support on some other day, when and that, in addition to its superior flavour, it may have been, however steady, industrious, disease or age would prevent his working; but would preserve its qualities much longer than prudent and economical, however great or small the law kindly says to him, indulge yourself to- that made in the ordinary mode; that the addihis fortune is, who would persevere with the day, you may, perhaps, never feel the loss of the tional advantages were, that the milk, being lef same diligence and attention in improving and money you might have earned, but if you should, sweet, is possessed of almost the same value for preserving his estate; if he were assured, be- I will make your wealthy neighbours pay you ordinary purposes, and by some was considered yond the possibility of a doubt, that as soon as for a full day's work.' This reasoning repeated more healthy, as they supposed the boiling or his wealth was squandered he would be provid- a few times becomes familiar, and is often acted scalding to destroy whatever animalculæ it may ed with a more ample supply ? Would not upon; it cannot be fallacious, for experience have contained. the same carelessness of consequences operate teaches him that its promises are always fulfil- If the above process should upon experiment equally upon him who is worth a single dollar led; frequent indulgence becomes confirmed ha-prove of sufficient importance, so as to bring it and upon him who is worth a million? Would bit; and the law has converted an active in-into general use, particularly in the winter, it not each unhesitatingly dissipate his wealth industrious citizen, whose labor might have pro- would perhaps be to the advantage of those who the indulgence of a passion, or the gratification vided a comfortable support for his old age, into may practice it to have their milk scalded in vessels of a whim, assured that his situation could not an idle, worthless vagabond, whose pride, and calculated to stand in the kettle or boiler, by which be made worse, but might be improved, by the sense of shame, and love of freedom, however mode the danger of burning the milk would be receipt of the second fortune, which is held in great they once were, must now yield to the more avoided, for it is ascertained that milk only burns store for him; but which he cannot touch until imperious calls of hunger. Again: a poor man on the edges of its surface, or where it comes the first is expended? No fund has yet been is tempted to indulge in some unnecessary ex-in contact with the sides of the vessel in which found sufficiently great to replace the waste of pense; perhaps a piece of finery for his wife, or it is heated, which can never happen in double princely fortunes; but by the Poor Laws, ample more common and more dangerous still, a jug kettles, or where one is placed within the other. provision has been made for the complete resto-of spirituous liquors for himself; the dread of fuA SUBSCRIBER. ration of more moderate wealth. The estates of ture want might be sufficient to check this usethe labouring classes do not consist in lands, less and pernicious extravagance; but again, slaves and money; but in health, strength and the law steps in, with its generous and wise hu- WHEAT-from the straw of which the Leghor”. industry. The assiduous cultivation of these es- manity, to fix his wavering resolution by an inBonnets are manufactured. tates does not produce magnificent palaces, splen- violable promise, that whatever he expends in did apparel and sumptuous feasts; but it provides muslin for his wife, or whiskey for himself, shall attention to the interests of American AgriculIn corroboration of the many proofs of effectual comfortable lodgings, necessary raiment, and be repaid him in comfortable lodging, warm wholesome food; thus supplying every comfort clothes, and wholesome food, from the coffers of ture, by the officers of our navy, we have just necessaries of life. These estates, this health, ed her smiles. Temptations like these cannot which produces the straw out of which the to those, to whom habit has not rendered luxuries those on whom Fortune has too lavishly bestow-received, from a young and very meritorious officer in that service, a small parcel of the wheat, strength and industry, the poor are encouraged fail of their effect, the finery is bought and worn Leghorn Bonnets are manufactured, accompanied by law, to squander in the indulgence of every the spirits are procured and drank. The same with an interesting account of a cruize in the Arvicious excess; to dissipate by lust, drunkenness, desires again arise, the same objections to their and debauchery, and to waste in inactivity and gratification occur, and are obviated by the same this wheat, the manner of cultivation and the chipelago. The writer, remarks, in relation to idleness, since they are positively assured triumphant argument; till, at length, when we soil on which it grows, may prove useful, and go that when all shall have been spent, they will should have seen a respectable couple, supported to show that many parts of our country are be restored to every comfort of lodging, dress by the labour of decent and affectionate chil-adapted to its culture.-Ed. Am Farm. and food, provided without labour or trouble on dren, the Poor House receives a tawdry trollop their part; and more amply and more certainly and a bloated drunkard, whose offspring, reared provided, than they could have been by their in idleness, and familiarized to vice, must run own most indefatigable exertions in their best the same course and reach the same goal. "I days. The situation of any poor man, who la- can but go to the Poor House at last" is the rebours for his daily bread is much improved in ply constantly made to every caution against "When at Florence, I obtained from our Vicerespect to the real necessaries of life, by de- drinking, to every exhortation to industry, and Consul, some of the wheat that produces the claring himself a pauper and removing to a Poor to every threat of future want. In my next let-straw used in making Leghorn Bonnets, and House. And if the poor do not flock to those ter, I shall pursue this subject farther. have directed a, small parcel to you, with a reestablishments in still greater numbers than they quest to Mr. Sprague to forward it by the first have done, it is not because the inducements Opportunity. I saw much of this wheat growing held out by the law are not sufficiently strong: on the road to Florence; it was seeded on barren, other causes, on which it has not yet produc-BUTTER-RUSSIAN MODE OF MAKING large. It is pulled up by the roots, as soon as it hilly land, and so thick as to prevent its growing ed its full effect, but the operation of which is daily becoming more and more feeble, have heads-the top joints are made into small bunhitherto prevented them from profiting to the dles and exposed to the sun during the day, but utmost, by the foolish liberality of the law.taken out of the dew at night, in order to preOur country is yet young; and the establishment communication from Mr. Hugh Hartshorn to J.S. it would succeed in the United States, if proper Sir,-Observing in your paper last evening, a serve its rich, fine colour. I have no doubt but of Poor Houses is yet a new thing among us.Pride, shame, and the love of unrestrained liberty in Winter, I beg leave to furnish a few particu- be unfavorable for preserving the colour. Our Skinner, Esq. on the subject of making Butter attention was paid to it, unless the climate should still cause many to submit to privations which lars on that subject, as practised in Russia, since stay at Leghorn was so short, that I had not time would be removed by consenting to receive pub- the year 1816, and which may, perhaps, be of to visit any of the manufactories, but suppose lic charity. But it cannot be expected that these some service to those who may be induced to the mystery of joining the plaits together, could causes will operate long against the pressure of make the experiment, either in Summer or Win-be easily ascertained. If a manufactory could

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I remain yours, &c.

LUCIUS.

-A NEW DISCOVERY.

FROM THE NEW-YORK AMERICAN.

"SCHOONER NONSUCH, "GIBRALTAR, August 8th, 1822.)

"Dear Sir,

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be established in the United States, it would be, erality of farmers have been, of its superiority tages which naturally follow in the train o highly desirable, and I should not suppose the over any other root raised for the sustenance of such salutary and fertilizing improvement. difficulties attending it insuperable." 30 stock. Turnips, the Ruta Baga included, are very contemptible in comparison with it. The leaves in summer, and the root in winter, give it FINE TOBACCO MAY BE MADE ON OLD

ED. AM. FARMER.

TO CURE NEAT-CATTLE OF THE MANGE. Pennsylvania, April 12th, 1822. LAND. DEAR SIR, I had the Flemish, or yellow Mangel, for seWhen your Cattle have the mange, cause them respect, to the mottled kind. The leaves were nure on the surface;" let the field lay in this state veral years. But I found them inferior, in every as deep as you can, "first sprinkling your maBaltimore, 4th Dec. 1822. to be well washed with soap-at night, give half bitter, and not relished by my milch cows. The until the opening of the spring, then plough it In the fall of the year, plough up your ground an ounce of nitre; repeat it the next morning. If root was too bulbous, it grew, for the most part, again and harrow it well, to get it into a loose, the weather be good, rub well on all the parts af- under ground, throwing out unprofitable fibres. mellow state; when this is done, list it as you fected, some ointment, prepared by the subjoined I have no present knowledge of any place where would prepare land for corn planting, but only recipe-let them be kept under cover for two a supply of seed can be had; but if I can hear of about 23 feet wide, throwing your furrows against days and nights, then turn them into a field where any I can depend on, I will inform you with plea- each other; by this process, you form a ridge they can run, produce sweat and rub themselves; sure, for I wish to aid in its general cultivation; sufficiently elevated to enable you to make your if necessary, repeat this treatment. This disease to which, placing it in your hands, would highly hills on it, which is done by one stroke of the sometimes attacks the fat, and the thin. I have ne- contribute.* ver failed in attempting a cure, and within five weeks. Pinch the tail throughout, if any soft of your Cattle Show, and the exhibitions accom-apart-when your hills are thus formed, set out I was delighted with the accounts I received hills on the elevated ground, be only 12 inches place be found, slit it with a sharp knife so far as panying it. One such display is better than vo- your plants as soon as you can. It will be a great hoe, and a pat on the top of the hill. Let your the softness extends. I know from an accurate lumes, written for the instruction of those who saving to manure in the drill, which will answer . observation, during four years, and minute in-will not read or believe in them. vestigation of the practices of the best graziers, (with whom I have much to do) that such state of the tail is proof of tendency to" hollow horn." every purpose. By this process, your tobacco will I mean that the "tail rot," as it is called by grow well, and when ripe will put on a yellow Downing, the English Cow Leech, is a symptoappearance in the field. Thus treated, it is eamatic disease indicative of some affection of the has some of genuine kind, he saved this year, sily kept clean, and when housed, it will cure spine, which generally produces a more fatal ma- from roots which he transplanted. It has been tested, and found to answer every expectation *Mr. Robert Sinclair, Seedsman, Baltimore, grounds, and the crop be more abundant than in nearly as yellow as Tobacco raised on new lady, accompanied by hollowness of the horns.well remarked to us, by the Sage of Wenham, "that and old grounds have been thus made to yield A small quantity of white mucus, or serum like in Essex, England, it is on strong land, and this, equal to new land, and nearly as good prices the usual way. This method has been fully stuff, exudes generally from the incision. In New England, they all cut off the tails.-this root have been raised; the seed having been ing the case, as I am assured by persons who have I cut off the long hair, at the ends, but never re-sown early in April:" and on this latter circum- tried it, on whom I entirely rely, the culture too, manured in the drills, that such heavy crops of have been obtained for their produce. This bemove any portion of the bone, although I do not stance, he laid great emphasis, as he had himself may be immediately very profitable to our planhesitate at pushing a sharp knife through the been twice disappointed by sowing too late. soft parts of half a dozen calves or cows tails in a morning. I have seen an animal on her side, which, within half an hour, was led to rise and after eat, merely by cutting off three inches of the tail. Some of the best Surgeons to whom I have spoken, think that my notions are perfectly consistent with the received opinion of the connexion between the spine and tail of a quadruped. The remarks of some of the old Farmers of this county, excited my ridicule on this proper character for agricultural improvement, "Our Southern country can never attain its point, at first. They go so far as to assert, that until a general and proper system of Drainage the tail is injured by treading on its end when and Irrigation, is introduced. These subjects, the animal makes an effort to rise-the most and the use of Artificial Grasses, in my opinion, skilful farmers, and the most celebrated in this at this time, claim the attention of all farmers. neighbourhood, among us fellows who do not faint at smells, cut off the hair for the reason Ition to abandon the scratching of old, worn out I can vouch for, by most successful experiments. "There is, indeed, a very general determina useful paper, you may insert the following, which If a recipe for curing horses of the Botts, will have given. be any acquisition to the readers of your very high lands, and to clear up and bring into action, Indeed I do not know, nor have I heard of a case been the refuge for ages, of all the soil so in-speedy and perfect cure. the slashes, swamps and low places, which have in which its application has not accomplished a dustriously scraped up on the high land. Of those who have already commenced these ope- dissolved in common water, and in about 15 mirations, but too many, however, go to work nutes drench him with ounce of alum, dissolved "Drench the horse with ounce of salt petre without a proper examination of their land, and in like manner. It is recommended that the horse are often deceived in their hopes, by not proper-have no water for 24 hours after this process." ly draining, or neglecting to irrigate their ground. ditch, in the lower part, calculating upon all lease his firm and buried hold in the maw and The universal system is to dig a deep, wide this: The salt petre forces the Bott fly to rethe water getting into it some how or other; and stomach of the horse, and the alum destroys it. The effect produced by the prescription, is My cattle all take from one to two ounces of it is unfit for the purposes of meadow; at others, ty of sweet milk, will be a good substitute for sometimes this so effectually dries the land, that salt daily in their food-once in a fortnight, half the nature of the ground prevents, in this mode, the salt petre, if the latter cannot be had. The an ounce of salt petre. A pint of molasses, mixed with a like quantia sufficient drainage. It must certainly sometimes molasses and milk entice the fly to quit its place, MANGEL WURTZEL-the mottled best; and not confined to the lowest place, but carried round salt petre forces a release, by the pain which it happen, that shallow ditching is best, and ths that it may partake of the grateful repast. The this crop far better than Turnips. EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM JUDGE PETERS.

I would be glad to welcome Mr. C****** here. The finest grazing land in the Atlantic States, I think, is the alluvion on the West Bank of the River Delaware. And the best Grazing Farms could be purchased on its margin, at very moderate prices.

I have a letter from Massachusetts, saying that Celebs had 52 cows at $10 each.

2

Ointment for the Mange.-Hogs lard, 2 lbs. spirit of turpentine, half a pint; oil of vitriol, ounces, to be well mixed; after add brimstone in fine powder, half a pint.

DRAINING AND IRRIGATION-our farm-importance, already in many parts of our coun-
ters, and as much so remotely, by saving timber
from being wastefully cut down, as it now is, for
the purpose of making yellow Tobacco. The
ers ought to hold these modes of improvements try. I hope that this hint may spare much of
saving of timber has become an object of much
in high estimation.
what is left, and be otherwise useful.
Your's Respectfully,

EXTRACT FROM PETERSBURG, VA.

To JOHN S. SKINNER, ESO.

G. W..

TO CURE HORSES OF THE BOTTS.
Lexington, Ky. 14th Nov. 1822.

SIR,

the sides of some slope, whence the water is to inflicts. But in either case, the alum destroys, be discharged upon the land below. But I have yet this would be inoperative, so long as the fly Dear Sir-I have cultivated the Mangel Wurt-your readers, in the hope that some of your deBelmont, 8th July, 1821. hope of inducing you to lay these subjects before makes in the maw and sromach. adverted to these circumstances, merely in the were entrenched in the strong fortress which he zel, for a period of more than 30 years; and have serving and intelligent correspondents, might been mortified to find how little sensible the gen-thus be prompted to demonstrate the advanVery Respectfully,

To J. S. SKINNER, Editor Am. Farm.

R. H.

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