1 On the application of all other Vegetable and Animal Manures. 66 that on the other received no apparent benefit, it is equally our duty and inclination to succumb as a yearling, but ever after he will be superior; nor has the land of the last been benefitted on a to the general feelings of our patrons. and as that is an age at which no beast is killed, ratio half equal to the first. In the last Farmer a letter was inserted from I see no advantage in it. Mr. Rhodes says, that a late number of the London Farmer's Journal Herefords do not acquire so great a stature, or on the comparative qualities and merits of the lay on flesh so fast as the Short-horns. As proof I will introduce this subject by another quotaImproved Short Horn" and "Herefordshire" is better than assertion, I hereby challenge Mr. tion from the pen of Sir H. Davy, p. 6, "There cattle-which went to declare and establish a Rhodes to shew a Short-horned cow, from any "has been no question on which more difference preference of the former. A subsequent arrival part of England, against a Hereford out of my "of opinion has existed, than that of the state brings that Journal of a later date, and puts into own stock, that laid abroad last winter, and eat "in which manure ought to be ploughed into our hands a reply to the communicaiton just nothing but straw till the latter end of February, "land, whether recent or when it has gone audi alteram partem, is a maxim as sound, if cows to be slaughtered on the 1st of March; the referred to-It seems but fair to hear both sides: in hopes of getting her to stand to the bull. The "through the process of fermentation, and this "question is still a subject of discussion; but not as old, as the principle of Justice it incul- heaviest cows to be the winner, for fifty guineas, "whoever will refer to the simplest principles of cates. Moreover, we have these identical breeds provided the cow shewn by Mr. Rhodes is as old “ chemistry, cannot entertain a doubt on the sub- now in our country, in the hands of Williams as mine (14 years) ; and that the acceptance of this and Jacques in Massachussetts-Powell in Penn-challenge is announced to me within one week af"ject. As soon as dung begins to decompose, it "throws off its volatile parts, which are the sylvania-Lloyd in Maryland and Clay in Ken- ter this letter appears in your Journal; and that "most valuable and the most efficient.-Dung tucky. Their offspring will soon be for sale, and the cow has not been more than one year feeding. it is but fair that before the publick make in-There is another point in this gentleman's letter, vestments of their capital in this way, they which is also calculated to make an erroneous imshould be enabled as far as is practicable by in- pression. Where he says, he is just returned from quiry and discussion, to decide correctly. For a tour of 500 miles in Herefordshire and the adthese cattle high prices must and ought to be joining counties, for the purpose of examining the paid, unless their owners are expected to under- cattle of the Herefordshire breed, one is naturalvalue the objects of their own enterprise and ly led to suppose that he passed a considerable publick spirit. time in that county; however, I believe the fact Edit. Am. Farmer. to be, that he spent but one day in the investigation of their merits, with the exception of an evening at my house. Mr. Rhodes wrote to say, that he and Mr. Whittaker would come to me on a certain day; at the time appointed, Mr. R. arrived alone, (Mr. Whittaker "which has fermented, so as to become a mere "soft cohesive mass, has generally lost from one "third to one half of its most useful constituent "elements: it evidently should be applied as "soon as fermentation begins, that it may exert "its full action upon the plant, and lose none of "its nutritive powers." recommends the use of green vegetable matter, ON MR. RHODES'S LETTER. SIR, This sentence would have been sufficient of itself, to point out the proper time at which manure, composed of animal and vegetable matter should be applied, and no doubt there would have been a greater unanimity of opinion on this subject, was there not some other circumstance affecting it, than its particular state of fermentaI NEVER remember to have read any thing in having made an engagement elsewhere); he tion at the time of its application. This circumstance I conceive to be the temperature of the your Journal that created so much astonishment arrived about dinner time: in the evening we soil, nature's great laboratory, and it is to this as the letter of Mr. Rhodes, in your last paper. walked out about an hour and a half, during we may attribute the great diversity of opinion be led to suppose that he was a first-rate judge I do not recollect that he touched more, than From the tenour of that epistle, any one would which time I shewed him above a hundred beasts. on this otherwise simple subject. But however of stock; that he had travelled many miles one or two, saying, he knew but little of the diversified this opinion may be, we can discover had given up much time, and bestowed great matter himself, and that he relied entirely on a beautiful concatenation of idea in the several pains in the investigation of the peculiar qualities the judgment of Mr. Whittaker, in whose comauthors on Agriculture. Thus wherever one of the two celebrated oreeds, which he wished to pany he would visit me again, when they would he will likewise recommend the use of well rot-compare, and above all, that it was his own unbi-notice the different animals more particularly: ted manure, and where one recommends the use Mr. Rhodes to deny, that the comments he has they sacrificed the express object of their jour assed opinion which he gave. Now I challenge however, I saw him no more, as I understood of dry vegetable matter he will advise undigestmade on both breeds were furnished by Mr. ney to paying a visit of a few days to some friends ed manure. Whitaker, who accompanied him on both tours. or relatives of Mr. Whittaker, who happene ! This is extensively shown in the writings of This deception on the public is what I object to, to be at Cheltenham; in their return from whic Judge Peters, and Col. John Taylor, the first re- and the only reason that induced me to reply place, they in one day made a very rapid survey of commending green vegetable matter and well to his letter. Mr. Rhodes speaks so decidedly several gentlemen's stocks, which Mr. Rhodes rotted manure, with other means of promoting in the first person, without ever naming his seems to think was sufficient to enable him to decomposition, such as lime, burning, &c. which companion, that the public must conclude it was make a "careful examination," and to decide shews that it is necessary to encourage decompo- his own opinion which he gave. He says "on the comparative merits of these rival breeds. sition on his soil: whilst on the other hand, Col. have a long time had an anxious wish to examine With respect to the observations on the peculiar Taylor recommends dry vegetable matter, and the question," &c. "I last year made a tour into properties of the Hereford cattle, I shall make undigested manure, shewing that the land on the North, and am now returned from a similar but one remark, which I think will be sufficient which he operates has the power of rotting journey of five hundred miles in Herefordshire," to shew that the hasty view these gentlemen 7 whatever is ploughed into it to excess, which &c. “ Nothing short of a personal examination,” took of them could not enable them to decide acrenders it necessary to make use of such appli-&c. He adds, "If I have given it (that is, his curately. Mr. R.says, at the conclusion of his re cations as are best calculated to resist fermenta-opinion) with impartiality, it will, I hope, receive marks, "The hair of all was very short." I should tion and evaporation. candid attention. I think, Sir, I may venture like to know how it could be otherwise in the mid The foregoing observations are respectfully to affirm, that the impression left on the mind of dle of June! I feel satisfied that Mr. Rhodes had submitted to the consideration of the Society, any man who reads this letter must be, that he no intention to impose on the public, and that he under the hope that some member more compe- had made himself acquainted with the opinion of will readily acknowledge the truth of what I have tent will improve upon them, by WILLIAM J. COCKE. IMPROVED SHORT HORN-AND HEREFORDSHIRE a gentleman, who had turned the powers of his here stated, as I believe him to be too honourhighly cultivated mind to the investigation of an able to take any improper advantage, or to make important question with patience, with zeal, and, any unfair statement intentionally; and I am above all, with impartiality. What must be his quite at a loss to conceive how he has been led astonishment on learning, that instead of this be- into his present error. I trust he will excuse the ing the case, he had been reading the opinion liberty I have taken in commenting thus freely of a Yorkshire Farmer, who is a great breed-on his letter, but as many others are interested A correspondent has given us to understand er of Short-horns, and who has a sale of in the discussion besides myself, I could not let that he thinks we are giving too much space to Short-horned stock advertised in the same it pass unnoticed. discussions as to the relative merits of cattle of different races-is it so? We desire to conform to which it forms a very pretty puff! If I thought paper as this letter appeared in, and to I remain, Sir, your humble Serv't, J. R. SMYTHIES. the general wish; but we believe that the subject it necessary, I could easily shew that the opinion of Live Stock and its improvement in this country given of the Herefords is erroneous, and that all is every day rising into greater importance, and the good qualities ascribed to the Short horns, are that the intrinsic merit of the question, warrants possessed in a more eminent degree by the Here- in the composition of bread, the essential staff of our continued attention to it, until it shall have ford cattle, especially as to quality of meat: per-life, deserves the attention of the community. been fully developed in all its views if wrong, haps, the Hereford may not be so large or so fat It has lately been introduced into a respectable FROM THE ALBANY ARGUS, Bread. The following important improvement family in this city, and is pronounced superior to viously dipped in a small portion of oil; this] 1st. Take equal quantities of mealy potatoes and superfine flour. 2d. Peal and boil the potatoes, using the same water to mash them in ; which should be done as fine as flour. LARGE CATTLE. FROM THE LONDON FARMER'S JOURNAL. SIR, And thine the voice, that on the midnight sea Melts the rude mariner with thoughts of home, Peopling the gloom with all he longs to see. Spirit! I've built a shrine; and thou hast come, And on its altar closed-for ever closed thy plume! THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 27, 1822. I beg to inform your agricultural readers, that I have a second time tried an experiment in prePRICES CURRENT.-CORRECTED WEEKLY. 3d. Add, (for three common loaves,) a table paring wheat for seed, and now wish that the re- Flour, best white wheat, $7 25-Howard st. spoon full of fine salt, and sufficient yeast. sult may, through the medium of your valuable Superfine, $6 87-Wharf, do. 6 12-Wheat, 4th. Mix the bread, and let it rise; bake it paper, be generally known, as it has been attend-white, $1 35 to 1 38-Red do., $1 27 to 1 30about one hour gradually. ed with considerable benefit. Instead of stale Rye, 70 to 72 cents-Corn, 60 to 63 cts.urine, I used whale oil, and afterwards dredged Oats, 35 to 37 cents- Beef, live cattle, $5 it well (as usual) with slacked lime: three gallons to $5 50 per cwt.-Beef, 8 cents per lb. The New-Haven Register of Saturday menis quite sufficient for a quarter, and may be laid on-Bacon, round, 10 to 11 cts.-Pork $4 50 tions, that a few days previously, three oxen best from the gardener's watering pan. The seed to 5 50 per clb.-6 to 8 cts. per lb.-Mutton, 5 passed through that city, on their way to New ought to be well stirred both before and after to 6 cts. per lb.-Beans, $1 37 to 150-Peas, York, which weighed, according to the patentiming. The expense is trifling, and I am certain black eyed, 55 to 60 cts.-Clover seed, $9 to 10scales of L. Bishop, Esq. as follows, to wit-3080 will be attended with the most beneficial results. Timothy seed, 4 to $5-Flax seed, 75 to 80 -2570-2546. These oxen were raised and fat-The seed is enriched thereby, and nourished, cts.-Whiskey, from the wagons, 32 to 34 cts. tened by Col. Chapin, of Springfield, Mass.- and that too in a more certain way than by ma- per gal.-Apple brandy, 30 to 32 cts.-Peach do., Those cattle, we are this morning informed, nure, and at the same time less expensive. The 65 to 70 cts.-Shad, none in market-Herrings, have arrived in this city, and will be exhibited ear is stouter (as may be found on comparison,) No. 1, $3 62 per bbl.-No. 2, $3 373-Fine a few days, commencing to-morrow, at the build-the crop more abundant, and every way superior. salt 80 to 90 cts. per bush.-Coarse, do. 75I am, Sir, your obedient servant, ing in Broadway, near the intersection of Pearl street. We are informed that a year or two ago Col. Chapin sold a pair of oxen in Boston for $1050, neither of which weighed as much as A FILLY SUCKLED BY HER GRAND-DAM the largest of the first mentioned oxen. It remains to be seen whether the New-Yorkers will be as liberal as the Bostonians. About ten days since, the mate of the largest of these three oxen died, and more than 300 pounds of rough tallow J. S. SKINNER, ESQ. was taken out of him, exclusive of the kidney tallow.-New York paper. IMPORTANT INVENTION. JOSEPH FAIRBURN. EIGHT YEARS AFTER HAVING HAD Pleasant Plains, near Annapolis, Butter, 20 to 25 per lb.-Eggs, 25 cts. per doz. Maryland Tobacco-of the fine qualities, none in the market-Good Patuxent, $6 to 8, scarce -Inferior, $2 to 5, plenty and dull-seconds, $1 25 to 5-Very little doing in the market. AGENTS FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER. Dear Sir, I have taken the liberty to inform Complete sets of the first, second and third you of a remarkable circumstance, which hap-vols. of the AM RICAN FARMER," new and corpened at my Farm, near Annapolis. On the 30th rected Editions, can be had of the following perof April, I had a fine promising Filly foaled, seven sons; price of which, bound, $5 per vol. or $4 weeks after, the mother died; I then thought best in Sheets : A gentleman of this state, to whom this coun-to put the filly in a small lot, with the intention M. CAREY & SONS and E. LITTELL, Phitry is much indebted for his former inventions, to raise her by hand, but finding her rather lone- ladelphia. has lately completed a machine for cutting fur some, I put a horse in with her to be company; W. A. COLMAN, New-York. from skins, without injury to the Pelt, which has having use for the Horse, I took him out, and WELLS & LILLEY, Boston. heretofore been rendered useless for leather. It is then put a Mare in his place; in the course of PETER COTTOM, Richmond, Va. also ascertained, that this machine will shear cloth two days, my servant came to me, and said, that E. THAYER, Charleston, S. C. much better than any machine now in use. One the Mare had milk, and the Filly had been suck- JOSEPH GALES, Raleigh, N. C. man can cut, with this machine, the fur from 1000 ing. I went immediately with him to the lot, The fourth volume, now publishing, can be skins per day, or shear 2500 yards of cloth-and to convince myself of the fact, I made him forwarded to any part of the United States, on whereas the cutting of the fur from 50 skins or milk her before I left him, as I was a little application being made, by letter or otherwise, to shearing 150 yards of cloth, is considered a day's doubtful of his word. The Mare is now raising work, by the present mode of cutting and shearing. the Filly and gives a quantity of milk.Thus there is a saving of 19-20ths of the labour To the best of my knowledge, it has been eight -the fur cut by this machine, is pronounced, by years ago since she had a foal, and the last one good judges, to be better than that cut in the was the mother of the Filly which she is now usual way. Considering the great saving of skins, raising. If you think proper to give the above a (particularly the seal,) and labour, we must pro-place in your paper, for the benefit of farmers nounce it one of the most important inventions and those that are inclined to raise their own which has honored our country. Horses, you will much oblige Boston Palladium. Power of the Horse.-The couriers of Russia travel from Petersburgh to Tobolsk, a distance of 19 deg. 26 min. in twelve days. Their rate of travelling is of course about one hundred miles a day. What, in equestrian phrase, is called a great mover, will, without pressing, trot 640 yards in eighty seconds. New England Farmer. Feeding Cows with Cabbages.-When cabbages are given to milch cows, the decayed and musty leaves must be taken off, or they will impart a bad taste to the milk and butter.-Ib. Varnish for Iron or Steel.-The Nantucket Inquirer states that "A permanent varnish is obained by rubbing iron in a state nearly red hot, with the horny hoofs of cattle, which are pre Your Respectful, JOHN A. GRAMMER. DOMESTIC LOVE. O' love of loves!-to thy white hand is given knee; J. S. SKINNER, Baltimore. OHIO LAND AGENCY. LOOMIS & METCALF, ATTORNIES & COUNSELLORS AT LAW, Will transact Land Agency Business, in the north part of the state, particularly in Stark, Co lumbiana, Tuscarawas and Wayne counties; as purchasing from individuals, or at the public Land Offices; selling, conveying, paying over taxes, or giving information relative to lands, delinquent for taxes, and advertised by county auditors for sale, &c. They will regularly at tend the courts in the abovementioned counties and punctually discharge any professional busi ness that may be committed to their care. Communications addressed to them (post paid) will receive early attention. Canton, Stark county, Ohio, Nov. 1822, Printed every Friday at $4 per annum, for JoHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOSEPH ROBINSON, at the North West corner of Market and Belvidere streets, Baltimore; where every description of Book and Job printing is executed with neatness and despatch-Orders from a distance for Print ing or Binding, with proper directions, prompt ly attended to, addressed to J. Robinson, Bal timore. No. 41.-VOL. 4. AMERICAN FARMER.-BALTIMORE, 3d January, 1833. THE AMERICAN GARDENER ; 321 than it would be without them. And, why not, or roof of the green-house. Always give air Or a Treatise on the Situation, Soil, Fencing on the same principle, call a green-bouse useful? when there is no fear of frost. Give heat and and Laying-Out of Gardens; on the making of what use is money, that thing which every air at the same time, if the weather be not mild and Managing of Hot Beds and Green-Hous-one seeks to possess? Of what use indeed, but enough to dispense with the heat. For without es; and on the Propagation and Cultivation to be expended on things, which tend to make air, the plants will become sickly. They have of the several sorts of Vegetables, Herbs, life easy and pleasant? Therefore, a green-lungs as well as we; and, though they may live, house comes fairly within the scope of useful- for a while, without air, they will be an eye-sore ness; for, from it the females of a family would instead of a delight to the beholder. If the sides receive constant amusement and delight, during and front, as well as the top of the green-house, a season when they are cut off from almost all be of glass, (which is best,) then air may be gi ven there, instead of giving it by pushing up, Fruits and Flowers. (Continued from page 304.) CHAPTER II. CONTINUED. ON THE MAKING AND MANAGING other recreation. 101. Let me not, however, in using these ar- or pulling down, the lights at top. guments, be supposed to doubt of the disposition 107. The plants, of whatever sort or size, of American husbands to gratify their wives in must be in what the English call pots, and what 97. My object is not to treat of any thing very this respect; for, many and striking as are the the Americans call jars. Perhaps I may as well expensive or very curious. There are persons, traits, that distinguish the American character, speak, once for all, about the shape and size, and whose taste greatly differs from mine in regard to none is so striking, and none exalts it so much, manner of planting in, these pots. The shape is shrubs and flowers; and I by no means pretend as the respect and deference of the male towards generally well known; but, the pots ought never to say that mine is the best. But, I can treat of the female sex. They talk to us about French to be glazed. Plain earthen pots are best as well nothing that I do not understand, that is to say, holiteness; and we hear enough of the senti- as cheapest. There must be a hole in the middle of nothing with regard to which I have not had mental trash of romances, where Princes and of the bottom of every pot, or no plant will live experience. My study, as to gardening, has Nobles are the heroes. But, in no part of this in it for any considerable length of time, and will always been directed towards things that please whole world are the women so kindly and so res-never grow in it at all. This hole should be in the senses in vegetables, things that please the pectfully treated by the men as in America. proportion to the size of the pot; and the pots palate, and that, to use the common saying, are Here women, in no state of life, are treated badly may be from 4 inches to 18 inches over at top, good to eat: in shrubs and flowers, things that or churlishly. To insure indulgence, assistance, and from 4 inches to 18 inches deep; being one delight the sight or the smell. Mere botanical forbearance, from every man, and under any third less across at bottom than at the top. The curiosities, as they are called, I never took de-circumstances, it is sufficient that the party is a smallest hole ought to be of the size of half a light in. If the merit of a plant or a flower is woman. In this respect no country on earth will dollar. not to be discovered without close and somewhat bear a comparison with America. ́ This is, too, 108. Besides the pot, there is what the Eng-. painful examination, it has always appeared to the natural bent of the human heart when un-lish call a pan, for the pot to stand in, which me not worth the looking for. There is, in fact, corrupted by vicious courses and underhanded should be about 2 inches deep, and as wide over nothing more curious in one plant, or flower, than by penury. For, count our real pleasures; count as the top of the pot, and, of course, a third in another. They are all equally curious; they the things that delight us through life; and you part wider than the bottom of the pot. This pan are equally objects of wonder. There is more will find, that ninety-nine out of every hundred should be made of the same materials with the of rareness, in England, in the Indian Corn than are derived from women. To be the object of pot itself. bloom! in the Cowslip; but here, the Cowslip would no woman's care or good wishes is a sentence 109. I have, in paragraph 21, mentioned, inhave the merit of rareness. The ice-plant, the the most severe that can be pronounced upon cidentally, wooden boxes, as things wherein to egg plant, and many others, have oddity to re-man. place plants; but, I must here caution the reader commend them; but, after all, oddity is but a 102. As to the erection of a green-house, car-against the practice, wherever it can be avoided, poor recommendation. What are thousands of penters and glaziers are never wanted, and, where especially for small plants. We see plants, thus these when compared to a single rose bush in Locust wood, for the sills, is every where to be cultivated, placed on window sills; and they had, and glass with scarcely any tax, how ele-sometimes grow there pretty well. Orange Trees, 96. I am rather anticipating here; but, Igant, how cheap, and how durable, may such a Large Myrtles, and other large exotics are planted wished to explain why I do not recommend any thing as a green-house be! in tubs. There would be great difficulty in getvery great pains in the affair of a green-house. I 103. In America there must be heat; but, how ting earthen things of sufficient dimensions for The plants to keep in such a place I will talk of easily will any of the ingenious men in this coun- these purposes; besides the constant danger of hereafter. At present I am to speak of the try find the means of furnishing the necessary breaking. But, I am quite satisfied, that where making and the managing of such a place. heat with hardly any expense or trouble' In most earthenware can be got and used, it is greatly cases the warmth might go from the parlour fire preferable to wood; and this opinion is founded 99. A green-house is for the purpose of ha-place; for, all that is wanted is completety to keep on actual experience. In my hot-bed of 1819, I ving plants and flowers flourishing, or at least, in out frost. There is, here, no want of Sun even sowed several sorts of seeds in little wooden boxes. verdure and in bloom in winter. The best place in the coldest weather; and, if the green-house I had no pots at hand, and to get them from Newfor a green-house, is, near the dwelling house, we e on the Eastern side of the dwelling-house, York required more time than I was willing to and, it should be actually joined to the dwelling the cold would not be any great annoyance. spare. The seeds all came up; but, by the time house, one of the rooms of which should have But, at any rate, the heat necessary to keep out that they were an inch or two high, they rotted windows looking into the green-house, which lat- frost might easily be obtained. A Thermometer at the stem, and fell down. There were not less ter, however, must face the South. When the should be kept in the green-house. The heat than twenty sorts of seeds; some of culinary vething can be thus contrived, it is very pretty. should be about sixty degrees in the day time, getables, some of field plants, and some of forestIt renders a long winter shorter in appearance; and forty-five in the night. trees. They all died. In one box there were and, in such cases, appearances are realities. A 104. In England they need very little fire in planted some geranium-cuttings. They came door, opening from a parlour into a green-house, their green-houses, except in very cold weather, out into bud and leaf; but died soon afterwards. makes the thing very pleasant; and especially which, indeed, they seldom have. Their great I had soon afterwards got some pots. I repeated in a country like America, where, for six months, want is that of sun; for, nothing will do well my sowing and planting; all the seeds and plants every thing like verdure is completely absent without sun; and America has plenty of this grew and flourished. And, let it be observed, from the fields and gardens. And, if the ex-even in the coldest weather. So that, if the frost that the boxes stood in the same bed, where cabpense be but small, such a pleasure may, surely, ere effectually kept out, that alone would give bages and cauliflowers were sown without either be afforded to the females of a family, though, to beautiful plants in winter. By an additional pots or boxes; and that the plants of these grew, afford it, may demand some deduction in the ex- heat, a growth and a bloom would be constantly and flourished exceedingly. The cause of the penditure for the bottle, in the pleasures of which kept up; and a green-house might be made one plants rotting in the boxes was this; though there if, alas! pleasures they be!) the amiable ladies of the most beautiful and most pleasant things in were several holes at the bottom of each box, and of this country do not partake. though these were properly covered with oyster * 100. I hope, that no man, who has the means the world. 105. Of the different plants suitable for a shells, the wood itself, sides as well as bottom, to provide such pleasures for his wife, or daugh green-house, and of the particular treatment of imbibed and retained too long, part of the water ters, will talk to me about the uselessness of a each, I shall speak under the head of FLOWERS; poured on the top, and, as the boxes were plunged green-house. Of what use then is fine linen, and shall, in this place, only add some directions into the earth of the bed, they imbibed moisture when coarse is cheaper and will last longer! Of as to management, which are applicable to the from the watering of the bed also. There was what use is beauty in a horse, a house, or in any whole assemblage. constantly stagnant and sour water near the roots of the plants, and this killed them. These boxes were of deal. If tubs, or boxes must be resorted to, they ought to be of Locust, or some other thing else? Of what use are sporting dogs and 106. Air is the main thing, after the keeping guns? The use of these things, is, that they out of the frost. Air is given by pushing up, or give pleasure; that they render life pleasanter arawing down, the Lights, which form the top hard and close wood. Locust is best, because cause, water falling upon freshly-moved earth, 119. All this work of drying can, indeed, be imperishable. See paragraph, 16. always makes it bake hard at top, which is ve-performed by the help of the fine hot sun, in the 110. Some care is necessary in sowing and ry injurious to every kind of plant. open air; but then, wet days come; and, someplanting in pots. The mould should be good, 114. These two instances will suffice for the times they being compelled to take the things into and made very fine. The first thing is to put an operation of sowing and planting in pots; for, the house, to place them in a confined space, and oyster shell, or piece of broken earthen ware, in-though some seeds and some plants will be larger, in the shade, at best, and away from strong light, to the pot, to cover the hole at the bottom; and the or smaller, than those here mentioned, the princi-greatly injures, and, sometimes, spoils, them; hollow part of the shell, or other thing, should ple is the same, and the difference in minute par-and, at any rate, they must always be taken in be downwards. The use of this is, to keep the ticulars will point itself out. If, for instance, at night and put out again in the day time. All hole open, that the water may find its way out of you have stocks, or other little things, to trans-these are impediments; and all these impediments the pot, and not lie stagnant at the bottom, where plant into pots, you will nearly fill the pot with would be, at once, removed by having a greenit would become sour and injure, if not kill, the earth, and then make holes with a little stick, house. Once the articles were placed properly plant. The earth, if there were no shell, would or with a finger, to put in the roots; and then in that, the process of drying would be completed fill up the hole, and, would, in time, become solid, proceed as before, and settle down the earth. without more trouble, and in about half the time and thus prevent the water from getting out. The Such little things, being nearly all juice, will re-required to obtain even an imperfect operation in shell, or broken earthen ware, keeps the earth quire water directly, and shading for a day or the open air. hollow, and the water creeps under the edges of two. But, about these matters I shall say more 120. For these purposes, too, only on a smaller it, and thus escapes into the pan, whence it eva-by-and-by, when I come to the cultivation of the scale, a hot-bed frame, when done with for raisporates. In fields, we always desire an open several sorts of plants and flowers. ing plants for the year, would be useful. The under-soil; and, in a rainy season, you will see 115. The benches of the green-house remain frame and lights might be placed upon boards, the crops stunted and looking yellow, where there to be spoken of. They should rise one above and the fruits, or cakes, put upon these boards. is a bottom of clay, while, at the very same time, another, like the steps of a stairs, that the whole Being shut in, neither rains nor dews could affect a bottom of sand, gravel, lime stone, or other of the plants may share in the benefit bestowed them. They would be dried quicker, more effec open matter, exhibits them green and flourishing. by the sun; but, there may be some on the tually, and with a tenth part of the trouble that It is upon this principle, founded on experience, ground, or floor; and, indeed, the precise ar-attends the drying in the open air. that holes have been made in the bottom of rangement must be left to the taste of the owner. 121. Thus, then, I think, that there is use, flower-pots. The uses of pans are, first, to pre- The arrangement ought, however, to be such as even in the vulgar sense of the word, as well as vent the water from running about the places to make it convenient to get at every pot; not ornament, in a geeen-house. But, I must conwhere pots are placed; and next to hold the water only for the purpose of watering, but for that of fess, that its value in my eyes, consists in its up to a level with the roots, in hot situations, a picking off the dead, or dying leaves; for that of moral effects. It is a source of pleasure to the little longer than it would otherwise remain up stirring the earth frequently round the stems of Mistress of the mansion; to her, who has so to that level. See paragraph 21. the plants; and for that of sweeping, and even strong a claim to attention and indulgence. I washing, the benches and the floor. For, let it will not praise pursuits like these, with LORD 111. As to the mere operation of sowing, or be observed, that besides the neatness of keep-BACON, because," God Almighty first planted a planting, things in pots, though a simple operation enough, some little attention to method is ing, due to so choice and elegant a matter as a garden," nor with CowLEY, because "a garden necessary. Your mould always ought to be fine, green-house, cleanliness is greatly conducive to is like Heaven;" nor with ADDISON, because "a and even sifted, if convenient; for, when the the health of plants in a confined situation. In garden was the habitation of our first parents quantity is to be reckoned by gallons, the la-short, it is beauty that is here sought; and, can before the fall;" all which is rather far-fetched, bour cannot be great; and, the desire to possess there be beauty without cleanliness? and puts one in mind of the grave dispute between green-house plants necessarily implies pleasure, 116. In the month of June (Long Island, ob- the Gardeners and 7ailors, as to the antiquity of rather than pain, in employing the means to ob-serve) the plants come out of this their winter their respective callings; the former contending tain them. In order to make myself clearly un- abode. How they are then to be disposed of that the planting of the garden took place before derstood, I shall suppose an instance of sowing flowers; where it will be seen, that the green-latter contending, that there was no gardening at will be treated of hereafter, under the head of the sewing of the fig-leaves together; and, the and one of planting. house, besides being a most charming object in all, till Adam was expelled and compelled to 112. Suppose you have the seeds of Stocks to winter, when all without is dreariness, is the best work; but, that the sewing was a real and bona sow. Put earth into the pot enough to fill it to security for giving you a beautiful garden in fide act of tailoring. This is vulgar work to be within an inch of the top, and make the top summer; and that without a green-house, or, at sure; it is grovelling; but, who can blame such of the earth very smooth. Then scatter your least, a hot-bed, it is quite impossible to have in persons, when they have LORD BACON to furnish seeds upon it, and not too thickly. Then crumble perfection, either in America or in England, them with a precedent? some earth over the seeds to the depth of about certain plants and flowers, some of which are 122. I like, a great deal better than these half an inch. Make the top very smooth again. the very greatest beauties of the beautiful family writers, SIR WILLIAM, who so ardently and yet Then take the pot in your two hands, and give five of Flora. so rationally and unaffectedly praises the pursuits or six gentle taps with the bottom of the pot upon 117. Nor must we forget some things, with of gardening, in which he delighted from his the ground, or upon a block, or some solid thing. regard to which a green-house would be of great youth to his old age. But, I look still further, This settles the earth down; and it needs no press-use, even according to the most vulgar notions as to effects. There must be amusements in every ing at the top, nor any other thing done to it. of utility. All sorts of Herbs might be potted, family. Children observe and follow their pa After this settling, the top of the earth should be and kept green and growing in the green-house rents in almost every thing. How much better, about an inch lower than the top of the pot; else during the winter. Some Herbs dry well; but, during a long and dreary winter, for daughters, -you could not, `when necessary, give water; for none of them are quite so good as when green; and even sons, to assist, or attend, their mother the water would run off, there being no place to and, as to Parsley, which is wanted almost in a green-house, than to be seated with her at every day in the year, it loses all its virtue in cards, or at any other amusement that can be hold it. 113. Suppose you have a Geranium to plant, the drying, smell and all. Six large pots of conceived! How much more innocent, more which has been raised from a cutting, and the root parsley, the plants taken out of the ground and pleasant, more free from temptation to evil, of which cannot be very large. Put some earth put in pots in September, and put into the green- this amusement than any other! How much in the pot. Hold the root of plant upon it to see house in November, wil supply a large family more instructive too! "Bend the twig when that it will be of the right depth, if its root stand well; and this is no trifling thing, when, for young:" but, here, there needs no force; nay, on that earth. Then, when you have got the love or money, a sprig of parsley is not to be got not even persuasion. The thing is so pleasant earth to the right height, hold the plant with one for months. A Sage tree, a tree of Rue, one of in itself; it so naturally meets the wishes; that hand, and fill up the pot, round the plant, with Rosemary, one of Lavender, a root of Hyssop, the taste is fixed at once, and it remains, to the other. Then, tap the bottom of the pot on Thyme, Penny-royal, some Mint, and, indeed, the exclusion of cards and dice, to the end of some solid thing, as before mentioned, leaving the of every pot and medicinal Herb, that is usually life. earth, as before, an inch lower than the top of grown in the garden, would be useful, as well as 123. This is, with me, far more than sufficient the pot. Put the pot in the pan; and, in this, pleasant to the eye, during winter. to outweigh even a plausible objection on the case, water the plants moderately; for, observe, 118. Even when the plants are out of the score of expense. Such husbands and fathers as that a plant in a pot has not an under-soil and green-house, the latter is of use. An excellent are accessible by arguments like these, will need dews and a mass of fermenting earth to supply place for the drying of cherries, apples, pears, nothing more to induce them to yield to my reit with moisture, as a plant in the open air has. quinces, peaches and other fruits; and also for commendation: with such as are not, no arguYet, even in the case of pots, it is best, unless the drying of yeast-cakes, one of the most useful ments within the reach of my capacity would be the plant be of a very juicy nature, to suffer the articles that sensible and provident house-wives of any avail. round to get dry at top before you water; be-'ever invented. (To be Continued.) HOP.--HUMULUS. season beere or ale with, and overmany do cause a duty of one penny per pound was laid upon all Introductory to a more particular treatise on th bitterness thereof, and are ill for the head. The hops growing in Great Britain, and made fit for culture of the Hop, we now lay before the reader flowers make bread light, and the lumpe to be use; and all hop-grounds were required to be enan extract in regard to that valuable plant, from sooner and easilier leuened, if the meal be tem-tered, on pain of forty shillings per acre. In the Philips' "History of cultivated Vegetables"-a pered with liquor, wherein they haue beene same act an additional duty of three-pence per very interesting work, from which we shall oc-boiled. The buds or first sprouts which come pound, was laid on all hops imported, over and casionally make selections. Our patrons are re-foorth in the spring, are vsed to be eaten in sal-above other duties; and hops landed before encommended to put such articles in the way of lads, yet they are more toothsome than nourish- try and payment of duty, or without warrant for. their children. With the Natural History, as well ing.' landing, are, by that act, to be forfeited and as the Botanical, Medical, Edible, and Chemical The earliest writer who speaks fully on this burnt; the ship also to be confiscated, and the qualities of Trees and Plants, and their relation plant, is D. Rembert Dodoens, professor at Ley-person concerned in importing or landing, to forto the Arts, Science, and Commerce, every Far-den, and physician to Charles the Fifth, who, feit five pounds a hundred weight. mer's son and daughter ought to be familiar. Edit. Am. Far. when he had resigned his Imperial honours, en- Hartlib, in his Complete Husbandman, (1659,) deavoured to quiet his mind by cultivating his says, "that in Queen Elizabeth's time we had garden, in the monastery of St. Juste, on the bor- hopps from the Low Countries, and that the ders of Castile. Dodoens' Herbal mentions the two Frenchman, who writes the Treasure Politick, Natural order, Scabrida. A genus of the Diæcia varieties of hops; "the wild hedge hop, and the saith, that it's one of the great deficiencies of Pentandria class. HOP.-HUMULUS. "Lo, on auxiliary poles, the hops Ascending spiral, ranged in meet array.” manured, the bells or bunches (flowers) of which, England, that hopps will not grow, whereas now when ripe, have a very strong smell, and are col-it is known that they are the best in the world." lected by the brewers of ale and beer, who keep However, we find that they were imported octhem together, to give a good relish and pleasant casionally, as late as the year 1695; for 510 cwt. taste to their drink. The cultivated hop, he were then brought from Flanders and Holland.* The generic name of this plant is derived from says, is planted in gardens and places fit for the Coles notices, in his Paradise of Plants, (1657,) humus, moist earth or ground, because the plant purpose, where it windeth itself about poles; the" That hops grow in great plenty in Kent and thrives best in such soil, but this word is of mo-wild hop groweth in fields, and in herb gar- Essex, where there be men of good worth, whose dern origin, as in the Greek word pov and dens, as its tender shoots, before they produce estates consist in hop-grounds." Lord Bacon Bovavía Bryonia, Bryony, from the form of the leaves, are eaten in salads, and are a good and says, "The planting of hop-yards is profitable leaves and running of the branches, which some-wholesome meat. This physician says, "the de-for the planters, and consequently for the kingwhat resemble this latter plant. It seems to have coction of hops, when drunk, opens the stop-dom." Mortimer observes, that in Kent they been unknown to the ancient Greeks, as it is un-pings of the liver, the spleen or milt, and purg-plant their hop-gardens with apple-trees and noticed by their authors; and Pliny is the first eth the blood from all corrupt humours, prin-cherry-trees between. of the Romans who makes mention of this plant. cipally by urine; it is therefore good for those The grower of hops is obliged to keep scales He calls it Lupulus Salictarius, as is supposed, of gross scorbutic habits." He adds, "that the and weights for the use of the Excise; and to refrom its climbing upon sallows and other trees.-young shoots, eaten as salad in the month of move them before being weighed, subjects him This author informs us, that the ancients made March, have the same virtues, and that the juice to severe penalties: they must also be packed in no use of the flowers, excepting to ornament of hops is a great purifier of the blood." bags called pockets, and the weight, with the their gardens; but that the Romans in his time Haller, from Isidorus, says, that the first ex-planter's name and abode, marked on them, with ate the young top as a vegetable, which are, says experiment of putting hops into beer, was made the date of the year in which the hops were he, more palatable than nutricious. in Italy. It does not appear that they were used grown to alter or obliterate this mark, subjects Lobel called this plant Vitis Septentrionalium, by the English, in the composition of malt li the offender to a fine of ten pounds: by applicathe Vine of the northern regions, because we quor, until after Henry the Eighth's expedition tion to the Excise, they are allowed to be packed put hops in our malt drink. against Tournay, about the year 1524. We in casks under the same regulation. The hop, of which there is but one species dis-therefore conclude, that the art was learnt during The cultivation of hops in this country is nearcovered, is an indigenous plant of this country, the enterprize. In the following reign, hops are ly confined to the southern counties, of which although it is generally stated to have been first first mentioned in our statute books, viz. in the year Kent is the principal; although the hops of brought to this kingdom from the Netherlands, 1552 (5 and 6 Edward the Sixth, cap. 5.), and Farmham in Surrey, bring the highest price in in the year 1524. It is probable that the Dutch by an Act of Parliament of 1603, the first year of the market, and next to them the Sussex gardeners, who came to England in the reign of James the First (cap. 18), it appears that hops hops are generally esteemed; the former owe Henry the Eighth, might have brought over were then produced in considerable quantity in their superiority solely to the excellent mode of some hop-plants, with other roots and seeds, and England. But this vegetable-bitter has been picking, and not to any physical advantages.that we availed ourselves of their manner of cul- subject to caprice, as well as other plants; for, The Worcester hops are the mildest, and postivating this bitter herb. From them, it ap-an opinion prevailing that hops possessed dele-sess the peculiar property of bringing beer to pears, we also derived the name, which, in terious qualities, the City of London petitioned maturity before any other. High Dutch, is Hopffen; and Hoppe, Hop, and Parliament, to prevent their being put into beer.* Hops seem the most uncertain and precarious Hoperuyt in Dutch. The use of them was, therefore, forbidden by crop on which the husbandman bestows his laThe first English treatise written expressly on an Act of Parliament, in the reign of James the bour. The expense of planting and manuring, the culture of hops, was by Reynolde Scot, print- First. This act was little attended to, and, ne-added to that of the poles, the gathering, and ed in 1574, in 63 pages, black letter, entitled, "A ver having been repealed, is strongly contrasted drying, is so considerable, that the planter is perfite platforme of a Hoppe Garden." He com- by the Act 9 Anne, cap. 12, which inflicts a pe- only repaid by those occasionally abundant crops plains that "the Flemmings envie our practice nalty of twenty pounds on all brewers who shall which favourable seasons produce. An extraordiherin, who altogither tende their owne profite, use any other bitter than that of hops in their malt narily good crop returns to the planter about 1002. seeking to impownde us in the ignorance of our liquors; and to prevent their being adulterated by per acre, of which must be deducted on the avercommodities, to cramme us with the wares and giving them scent or colour by drugs, an Act age 501. per acre for expense; but when the unfruites of their countrie, and doe anye thing that was passed in the 6th of George the Third, certainty of a crop, and the many combinations myght put impediment to this purpose, dazeling which makes it a forfeiture of five pounds per that are required to produce so good a one, are us with the discommendation of our soyle, ob- hundred weight to use this deception; and by the considered, it seldoms happens that the hop. scuring and falsifying the order of this mysterie, same act, the maliciously cutting hop-bines, planter is richer than his neighbour, notwithsending us into Flaunders as farre as Poppering, growing on poles in any plantation, is made felo-standing these brilliant returns, that too often for that which we may finde at home in our own ny, without benefit of clergy. delude the unwary and unthinking speculator. banksides." The hop is the only native plant that is under The plants are often injured by the frost in the Gerard, who wrote on this plant in 1596, says, the control of the Excise. By 9 Anne, cap. 12, spring, and they are also subject to various other "It ioyeth in a fat and fruitful ground: it proscasualties. A kind of mildew or blight, producpereth the better by manuring. The flowers of * Walter Blith says, in the third edition of " En-ing flies, frequently destroys the fairest promise hops are gathered in August and September, and glish Improver Improved" (1653), “It is not of this plant, and from the height of the poles reserved to be vsed in beere. The manifold vir-many years since the famous city of London pe-and the sail they carry, a high wind occasions tues in hops do manifestly argue the holsom-titioned the Parliament of England against two great havock in the hop-gardens. We are not nesse of beere above ale; for the hops rather anusancies, and these were Newcastle coals, in aware of the experiment having been made of make it phisicall drinke to keepe the body in regard of their stench, &c. and hops, in regard keeping them closer to the ground in the manhealth, than an ordinary drinke for the quenching they would spoil the taste of drink, and endanger of our thirst." He adds, "The flowers are vsed to the people." Hought. 2. 458, |