ner of a vineyard, or by espaliers; but by some premiums, in 1760, for cloth made from hop-into which the earth is brought frequently by the observations which the author has made on a few stalks. In the year following, Mr. Cooksey pro- summer droughts, will often not yield a better plants, which he cultivated for ornament, the duced specimens. In 1791, Mr. John Locket, of crop, than the same land would produce after flowers were found larger and more abundant on Donnington, near Newbury, in Berkshire, had corn. from about 5400 to 9500 acres within these last HELD IN THE TOWN OF cumstances, the relative expense of the two PAPERS DIRECTED TO BE PUBLISHED BY THE circumstances, fallows may be seeded upon the you BREMO, 21st December, 1820. the vines that were trained horizontally, than on the premium adjudged to him for cloth made 3. "The difference in the quantum of labour in those which climbed to a greater height; and we from these stalks. fallowing for wheat, and wheat after corn."notice, that in all other fruits those nearest the In the months of March and April, while the This can only be decided by referring to the earth ripen the first, and the hop can obtain no buds are tender, the country people dress them number and kind of operations which are permore sun at twenty feet from the ground than it as asparagus; they are an agreeable vegetable, formed in each process, and as these ought to dewould at six feet. If the poles were placed slop-and esteemed good to purify the blood in the pend in number and kind, upon a variety of ciring, with horizontal and perpendicular props, the scurvy, and most cutaneous diseases. vine could still extend itself without being so subject to tempest. The position of these ranges of trellis poles could be so fixed as to admit the sun and air more freely; the tying and gathering| would be more easily accomplished; and it is a curious circumstance in the natural history of this plant, that the vine always takes one direction in winding itself round its pole, regularly ascending from the right hand to the left: this, in trellis work, would avoid confusion or crossing of vines, which is injurious to all plants. To describe the present manner of cultivating, Dear Sir, gathering, drying and bagging of hops, would Your's of the 2d December, did not reach me, be repeating what may be found in every Ency- until within a few days, from the circumstance clopedia, and work on agriculture, without ad-of its not being sent to my usual post office. ding entertainment or information. This will excuse me for not being more prompt The hop plantations in Sussex have increased in my answer to you. The consciousness that tion." These are also much influenced by the 4. "The effects as to improvement and exhausfourteen years, as appears by a statement from the tion I am able to impart, on the various agricul- the production, but it may be assured, that the have counted too largely, upon the informa- circumstances already adverted to as affecting Board of Excise, which was ordered by the tural subjects referred to in your letter, and the land is left in much better heart after a fallow House of Commons to be printed in May, 1821. anxious desire, I feel to encourage the spirit of crop than after wheat, succeeding corn; when In a country where malt-liquor forms the general beverage of the greater portion of its in-nquiry, which seems to be spreading itself the last, however, has credit by the greater quan habitants, it becomes a matter of no small im-State, induces me, the more readily to comply one, it exhibits too imposing a claim upon the amongst the cultivators of every section of the tity of grain yielded by the two crops over the portance to know, that the hop contains an ape- with your wishes, as well, to evince my per-score of profit to be given up, even on our clay rient, and diuretic bitter, which makes our beer fect willingness to contribute what I can in so lands. On the light sandy lands of the lower more salubrious, whilst its balsamic flavour makes good a cause, as to apprise you promptly of the country, so much better suited to Indian corn, and it more agreeable, and combines with these ad-necessity of your applying to other and better less adapted to fallows, I am of the opinion, that vantages, that of preserving the liquor by its sources, for the desired information. agreeably oderiferous principle, which prevents wheat after corn, is the most profitable and judiYour queries shall be taken in the order in cious course of Husbandry. the necessary fermentation from going beyond which they are made, and without confining my- 5. "On what soils is the practice of fallows self to the direct answers, shall add such general most beneficial?" Wheat soils, or those having "The ale," (says Parkinson in his Theatrum remarks as appear to me any way connected with a considerable proportion of clay in then. This Botanicum, published in 1640,) "which our fore- rural economy. fathers were accustomed only to drink, being a being the soil, only upon which clover can be pro"The process of fallowing as practised by my-fitably and extensively cultivated, I would rekind of thicker drink than beere, is now almost self." This is to plough in a crop of clover, as commend summer fallows only, where this dequite left off to be made, the use of hoppes, to be nearly as possible, at that stage of its growth, scription of soil was found, and the clover husput therein altering the quality thereof, to be when it is in the best state for cutting to make hay.bandry practised. Upon this kind of land withmuch more healthful, or rather physicall, to pre- Of course, where there is a full portion of your out clover, I should not hesitate to adopt winter serve the body from the repletion of grosse hu- rotation in Clover, there can be but a part of fallows, in other words, the English naked fallow mors, which the ale engendered." Ground Ivy, called Alehoof or Tun-hoof, Gle-without extra teams, and unusual seasons. Hence, mer, in preference to depending on a late summer your fallows ploughed exactly in the proper time, stirring them with single ploughs thro' the sumchoma hederacea, was generally used for preserv- the necessity of beginning a little before the clo fallow-The influence of the sun on this descriping beere, before the use of hops was known. ver has attained the precise point, to yield the tion of soil recently exposed, is not as injurious as Horehound and wormwood, &c. &c. have been greatest advantage from being turned into the on sandy soils, and by no means equal to the evils used as a succedaneum, when hops have been dear. earth-and hence too, the necessity of a second arising from the hard and untillable state into Some authors recommend hops against the ploughing, where your first was early, and the which our summer sun bakes it. stone; others doubt their utility in that com-season favourable to vegetation after the process. plaint; but it has been remarked that since hops But I deem it less important to be minute upon my opinion, as to "the profitable introduction of The remarks on this head sufficiently express have been more generally used fewer persons la- this head, as for reasons hereafter to be assigned, fallows where a reduced sandy soil and hot sun bour under that malady. I do not think summer fallows and the clover hus-precludes clover." It is said that the perfume of hops is so salu-bandry (which I consider as inseparable,) suited tary, that when put between the outer cover and to the sandy soils of the lower part of this state. 6. "What is the difference of product between the pillow, they will procure sleep to those who wheat after one ploughing on grazed land, and are in delirious fevers. 2. "The advantages as to product of a clover that not grazed, or is either practised." Both fallow over wheat after corn?" This may be sta-are practised, and when the vegetable matter is The decoction of the flowers and syrups there-ted to vary from nothing to a double crop, depend-turned into the earth, in a favourable state for of, are thought good against pestilential feversing upon the opportuneness and perfection of the rotting, that is with some remaining succulence, juleps and apozems are also prepared with hops process, and the adaptation of the land to the use and succeeded by a suitable season to promote for hypochondriacal and hysterical affections. of plaster of paris. Soils suited to plaster, with putrefaction, the great agents of which are mois"The hop," says Dr. James, "is bitter, deter-a heavy crop of clover ploughed in, at the proper ture and heat, the more that has been turned in sive, and gives no tincture of red to blue paper.-time, previously dressed with three or four pecks the better the succeeding crop, and the less the By this chemical analysis, a little acid, a great of Gypsum to the acre, followed by favourable injury sustained from its maturation. But in the deal of volatile concrete salt, and oil, are obtain-seasons for rotting the buried clover, and seed two last dry summers, I have known some fields ed from it; which shews it to contain some sal-in the Month of October, will rarely fail to give of fallowed wheat almost destroyed by the dry ammoniac, mixed with some sulphur and earth. two bashels for one, from the same land, after vegetable matter remaining undecomposed in the In Sweden, they make a strong cloth from the Indian Corn.-On the other hand, a crop of clover soil. It seems therefore to follow that the less fibres of the hop-vine, after it has been dressed (and the heavier the worse for it,) dried by our vegetable matter turned into the soil, the better like flax. The Society for encouraging Arts, powerful sun, and consequently imperfectly for the immediate crop, unless it is prepared by Manufactures, and Commerce in London, offered buried from the hard and unmanageable state, 'decomposition into the food of vegetable life. due bounds. 7. As to "the period that land may remain system excluding clover, because from the na-130 bushels each, to the acre, which in their naunder grass, for improvement, before fallowing ure of your soil, and the generally reduced state tural state would produce about two barrels. I without causing the crop to be foul." There is a of the land, the attempt at the field culture, am confident equal effects would be produced difference of opinion among the Farmers of this upon a large scale, would be attended with no from 20 loads upon the light soils of Prince George quarter, but I think there is a preponderance in other result but the loss of your seed, and as and Surry. favor of the opinion, that clover, (we cultivate summer fallows should only be practised as the Where wheat is relied upon as the chief crop no other grass,) ought to be ploughed the sum-concomitant of clover, those likewise I should for market, as is contemplated in the forgoing mer, twelve months after sowing it, and of course consider as out of the scheme. scheme, the materials for manure, would be very where it is cut at all, the same year of taking off Assuming it as the basis of all good husbandry, much increased-and, the frequent recurrence the crop. that for every exhausting crop, there ought to be of pasturage would be more than overbalanced My own practice has been to plough in clever some counteracting improvement, I would culti-by the additional comforts in living, and the the summer two years after sowing it, thinking it vate no more land in corn, than I could manure.-profits to be derived from stock, which with reasonable that the land would be more improved This I think can be effected under a six field ro- your facilities of communication with the best by its longer rest, and giving the whole growth of tation, which would reduce the quantity to be markets, ought to be no inconsiderable item in the year it is ploughed to the soil; but the result, manured to one sixth of the arable surface, and your annual income. especially for the two last years, has disappointed the succession of crops should be, first, corn; The field in peas, &c. would more than com me. It may be objected to my practice general-second, wheat; third, pasture; fourth, peas, and pensate for any contingent deficiency in corn crop, ly, too, that the earth becomes much more firm-all leguminous crops; cotton, pumpkins, and po- leave something for market, and from the highly ly settled, and is brought into tilth with greater tatoes might occupy a corner of this field; five, meliorating character of its crop, would be in difficulty. On the other hand it may be said, wheat; six, pasture. a better state of preparation for wheat than any there can be but little more than the mere roots The first, and most ostensible objection to this grass crop turned in, on sandy lands, that I know of. counted upon for the improvement of the soil scheme is, the apparent small proportion of corn, The offal of the products of this field, would contriwhere the first crop is taken for hay, and the not insuring a sufficiency of that necessary crop, bute largely to the general fund of manure.— second for seed; and this too, necessarily limits and secondly, the difficulty of raising the requir- And, until a system is devised to increase this you to the latest period for the performance o ed quantity of manure. In answer, it may be fund to an adequate supply, for that field in the your ploughing for the fallow crop, thereby di- said, that in the best cultivated counties of Eng-rotation which is in the most exhausting of all our minishing the chance for a timely preparation.-land, we are told, they manure as much as one crops, indian corn, regular deterioration must Where clover is sown merely for the improve-fourth of the arable surface yearly; it is true, be the consequence of our tillage. It is in vain, ment of the land, and not intended to be cut at that some part of this manure is derived from to amuse ourselves with expedients, practical all, there is little doubt that the best time for other resources than those of the farm; to wit, agriculturists will soon all agree that nothing ploughing it in, would be the summer twelve their towns, manufactories and marle pits; but short of a full manuring once in the rotation, will months after sowing it, but that seems to be an the improvement derived from all these sources, insure general and permanent improvement. objectionable clover system, on more accounts I presume, does not amount to the difference be-| Accept the assurance of my high regard and than one, which affords neither hay or seed.-ween one sixth and one quarter. Besides, all esteem. The other practice of cutting hay, and plough-the tide water districts of Virginia, abound in ing the same year, has been practised by the best marle, so that, in this respect, you, in all pro- To EDMUND RUFFIN, Esq. Secretary, &c. &c. farmers on this river, and as they are more ex-bability, stand on an equal footing with the Enperienced, and have been more successful, than glish farmers-and if all that labour, which is myself, I cannot in justice but recommend their now bestowed on cleaning land, and renewing our practice, in preference to my theory. quick decaying fences, and other perishable im Bremo, Jan. 31st, 1821. JOHN H. COCKE. THE MAXCY PLOUGH. 8. "What depth of ploughing is necessary rovements, which ought to be substituted by where the soil does not exceed three or four more permanent ones, were directed judiciously inches?" As far as my experience has gone, to the accumulation of the materials of fertility; the depth of ploughing should in all cases de-uigging marle, collecting rich earth from botpend upon the character of the subsoil. Lignitoms and swamps, those depots of nature, which soils, based on sterile land, I would plough no are constantly by the operation of natural causes deeper than the vegetable mould; but where swallowing up the primest principles of fertility clay is the foundation, and especially of that de-to be added to the materials common to every scription, which is fertilized by exposure to the farm; I am persuaded, we should find there atmosphere, I would bring up the largest possi-would be less labour in collecting the means of ble proportion of it, that would leave the soil in fertilizing an acre, than in preparing it, from the undiminished productiveness by the mixture; forest state, and inclosing it for a crop. nay, I should be inclined to increase the propor- An accurate statement in detail of the relative tion to a small diminution of its immediate pro-expense of manuring an acre of land and bringductiveness, for the sake of the great future ing one from the forest state into cultivation, is a amelioration. Upon all good wheat soils the desideratum as much called for in Virginia Husploughing should be as deep as three horses can bandry, as any that has ever occurred to my perform with the best constructed plough. I am mind. If I am not much mistaken, it would sure I know of no upland soil, that would not be prove, that less labour would be required to imrendered entirely unproductive, for at least one prove the lands throughout Virginia, than it has This valuable implement is now made by Mr. year, by being ploughed eighteen inches, or two taken to reduce them to their present deteriorafeet; for although some of our clays become fer-ted state. R. Sinclair, for sale at Baltimore, at $12, Tulip Hill, on West River, tile, by exposure to the atmosphere, it requires As to the objection that 1-6th part would be an the operation of at least one winter, for any sen- insufficient portion of the arable land to have in sible effect to be produced. It is however stated corn, it may be replied, that, that portion manurthat the celebrated Fellemburg, whose scientific ed at the rate of 20 or 25 loads, of 30 bushels and agricultural establishment at Hofwyl, has each, to the acre, would, on ordinary land, proattracted so much attention throughout Europe, duce a double crop-and, therefore, would not has ploughed two feet deep, with an implement only be equal to 1-3d, the proportion now usually To MR. R. SINCLAIR. requiring the power of fourteen horses. During put in corn, but would produce the clear saving Dear Sir-I have duly received your letter, my residence in the lower county, and in the of one half of the labour of cultivation, besides and think I can best answer the object of your course of my experiments on the sandy soils of other almost incalculable advantages. inquiry respecting my use of the five-furrow that section of the state, I am satisfied that 1 Upon your sandy soils, I think you might re-seed plough, which I contrived for saving time did great and lasting injury to some land by duce the quantity of manure four or five loads to and labour, and which you saw at West River, ploughing it about six inches deep. This land the acre, below what is necessary to produce the by giving you a history of the progress, by was on a poor sandy foundation. same result on the clay lands, of the upper coun-which I arrived at the invention. Having gotten through your queries, I will add try-for light lands make a much better return, When I first turned my attention to Agriculas succinctly as possible, my thoughts on a plan for a small quantity of manure than stiff lands.-tural pursuits, it was the practice on the farm, of Husbandry, united to the light sandy lands of I have increased the corn crop 100 per cent. upon which I cultivate, to cover wheat by small the lower parts of the state. I should adopt a the ordinary high lands here, with 25 loads of ploughs, each drawn by two mules. Getting AMERICAN FARMER. in a crop in this manner, I thought extremely small ones have already occurred to my mind, you were so obliging as to send me, for which harrowing-but the result of my experience not recollect whether I mentioned to you, that be forwarded to you by the first opportunity, was, that wheat stood an unfavourable winter in in order to make the five furrow plough run small box containing some Egyptian Millet; 1 our situation near the Chesapeake Bay, where evenly and make all the furrows of equal depth, must call it so, until I know a more proper name snow seldom lies long on the ground, better when it is necessary that the toe or point of each for it, although there is some difference in the covered by the plough than the harrow. In reflecting, after I became satisfied it was should be raised a little above the level of the varieties are, as far as I can judge, perfectly share, as you recede from the foremost one, appearance of the grain, the plants from either best to abandon the harrow, how a plough might one immediately preceding it. be contrived to save time in seeding, it occurred to me, first to make a double furrow, by at more even work, than single furrow ploughs can. corn-blades. As for the grain, I have nevant Ploughs carrying several furrows do much rage, either to be consumed green or cured like similar, and all equally good and abundant for fo taching two small ploughs together, by means of I use them on hills as well as level lands. I need made any use of it but for seed. Birds and poula crooked beam. The idea was taken from a hardly remark after the above statement, of the sav-try are very fond of it, and have destroyed a draft of the Draveil plough, which General ing of labour and time in using them, that I make no great deal of mine this year. That the seed is Armstrong sent in from France, an account of use of the small single furrow plough, except for very good to eat, can scarcely be doubted, and it which is to be found in the second vol. of the laying off land for sowing. Indeed I do not use can probably be prepared in a variety of ways. memoirs of the Philadelphia Agricultural So- it even for that purpose, since I have had your This plant grows from 10 to 15 feet high, one ciety. In the 4th vol. of the same work may be sowing machine, as the land is formed of the pro- seed puts out from 10 to 30 stocks, of the size of found an account of my double-furrow “Draveil per width by one turn of the five furrow plough. common Indian corn. plough," communicated by James Eastburn. A mistake it is presumed is committed in the name, many furrow ploughs. You inform me, that you have as many as eight or ten ears each. To use it I have thus given you a history of my use of the one ear on its summit, but branches out so as to as it was Jonathan Eastman, now of Baltimore, made, and took with you to the late Cattle Show, for soiling or for winter forage, it may probaEach stock not only bears the ingenious inventor of the best cutting or on the Eastern Shore, one of five and another of bly be best to cut it when it is about three feet chaffing box, which I have seen, to whom I three mould boards. I am extremely glad to hear high. In this manner, 4, 5 or 6 cuttings may be gave the plough to be presented to the Philadel- of the highly respectable exhibition, which you obtained, according to the length of the season. phia Agricultural Society. This plough. differs witnessed there. I had made my arrangements It ought to be planted about the same distance but little from the French Draveil, except in to attend it, and nothing but the occurrence of as Indian corn, and that which is intended for the construction of the beam, of the foremost indispensable business, would have prevented the seed ought not to be cut at all. The time of plough, from which the wheel is discarded, and gratification of a strong desire, long entertained, planting is as early as there is no danger of frost. a simple beam in the common form substituted. of visiting a part of our state, so distinguished As it grows so large, one seed of course, is sufIt is not too heavy for two mules. It of course for the urbanity, hospitality and intelligence of ficient in each hill; and when it has come up too required but one ploughman. As it did as its inhabitants. much work as two single ploughs, the same force of men and mules got in my wheat crop in half] I remain, very respectfully your friend, the time occupied in that operation, previous to To MR. ROBERT SINCLAIR, Baltimore. my using it. V. MAXCY. LIVERPOOL MARKETS. thick, it is best to pull up all but one plant and transplant them; for it bears transplanting ex¡ tremely well, which is a great advantage. After succeeding in this experiment, I added You will also find in the box, a small paper of a third plough, so as This implement, of course required three mules; to turn three furrows. a particular kind of Field Pea. It grows somebut one ploughman only was necessary. what like the Cow Pea, and is very productive. I The following state of the market is from bushel. It will do very well to plant with a corn had only about a large tea spoon full of it, and these plough, however, was, from the length necessary | Nov. This Myers' Liverpool Price Current of the 4th produced, with scarcely any care, more than one to be given to it to avoid clogging, rather heavy and unwieldly. In considering how I might good; during the week, 250 barrels Montreal that it draws much nourishment from the at"The demand for Ashes still continues very from which circumstance, it is presumeable, remedy these defects, the thought occurred of Pot have been sold at 39s. 6d. to 40s.; and 150 crop. It would also answer very well for ploughing in green, as the root is small and the plant large, forming a Five-furrow plough upon the plan of bls. Pearl at 44s. to 45s. per cwt. the one you saw at West River, which is entirely different from the Draveil, and indeed from Cotton has in a great degree subsided; and as agricultural friends. The extensive demand lately noticed for distributed, according to your pleasure, to your mosphere, and will return to the land more than any which I have ever seen or read of; and in some holders have been pressing their stocks imitation of which you inform me you have made upon the markets, purchases have in some in it gets from it. These seeds are, of course, to be one for my friend and neighbour, John Mercer, stances been made at a decline of 1-8 per lb. on Esq. of Cedar Park. By means of this plough, Boweds, Orleans and Tennessee-Sea Islands, bad success with them, I shall state all the facts with one ploughman, and three stout mules, the however, remain without alteration. The trans-connected with their importation, Thinking it de land being well prepared, I seed eight bush - actions consist of 289 Sea Islands at 12 to 16d, sirable to have a great variety of vines for experiels of wheat a day, which is equivalent to the including 10 at 21d and 20 at 2s; 1584 Boweds 63 ment, that I might select those that seemed best work of four ploughmen, eight mules and four to 8žd; 585 Orleans 8d to 11d; 1397 Tennessee suited to our soil and climate, I, while in Paris, single furrow ploughs, in covering wheat in the 6 to 8 1-8. manner formerly practised. I have now had the Five-Furrow plough in qualities of Virginia Leaf, have continued in the favour of a supply of vine cuttings from the use for two years, and my only reason for not fair request throughout the week, at former Royal nurseries. The Minister very obligingly Stemmed Tobacco, and the middling to good ister of the Interior, for the purpose of begging having heretofore had more of them made was, prices, and about 70 hhds. very ordinary Kenprocured a letter of recommendation to the Minthat I had in use three of the Three-Furrow, tucky Leaf have been taken for export at 2 1-8 the Royal Nurseries, requesting him to fur and four of the two furrow Draveil ploughs. As per Ib. Two hundred barrels Turpentine have nish me with all the vines I might wish to these wear out I shall supply their place by been sold by private sale at 14s per cwt. a letter for Mr. Bose, Intendant of ploughs made upon the plan of y Five-Furrow plough, the principle of which is equally applicable to two, three, four, or even more than five furrow ploughs. A five furrow plough is wide Editorial Correspondence SILK-MILLET-PEAS-CULTURE OF Columbia, S. C. Dec. 6th, 1822. the Grape vines I brought from France." That You request "that I inform you of the fate of you may know, more fully, the reasons of my gave me have, that were in the extensive collection unenough to make at one bout a good land for GRAPES-AND FABRICATION OF WINE. the State of South Carolina, where he had forder his superintendance. In this latter gentlethe cradle, and a plough of six or more furrows man, I also found a person much disposed to do would be too heavy and unwieldly for three every thing in his power that might be advanmules or horses. For cultivating corn, or seeding JOHN S. SKINNER, ESQ. tageous to the United States, and particularly to amongst it, two or three furrow ploughs will be best, and I am glad, that you have thought ter of the 19th ult. containing a sample of Silk for me in a few days, to which he objected, as merly resided some time, and had been very hoswell enough of the plan to construct ploughs car-made in New England, and exhibited at the the season (October,) was not sufficiently advanced Dear Sir, I have received your obliging let and requested that the vines might be got ready pitably treated. The time of my departure from France being near at hand, I called upon him ying three as well as five furrows; for new Brighton Show. The silk is very fine, even, to allow the cutting of the vines with safety; but mplements frequently get into bad repute, before strong, and of a beautiful colour. If such can promised to send them to Havre by the 10th of fair trial has been made, from the unskilfulness be made so far North, what greater success have November, which he did very punctually. Owf the maker. I doubt not with your experi-we not a right to expect in the Southern states. ing, however, to the heavy tonnage duties laid nce you will make many improvements. Some I have also received the Chili Peas and Beans, reciprocally on the ships of the American and DISEASE OF PEACH TREES. TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER. The plan required to prevent this disease, is very obvious, but the accomplishment much more difficult, to check the sap till the latest period.But how shall this be done? Will laying the roots French nations, I found it difficult to procure a passage to any of the Southern ports, and, lest should be detained in France much longer than it was convenient to me, I sailed a few days before the arrival of the grape vines. They were, Having lost some fine young Peach Trees bare in February assist? Will ramming snow therefore, left at Havre until an opportunity of-yearly, by a kind of decay, shewing itself early about them late in winter, and covering that fered; and by the time I received them in Co-in the season, in the colour and size of the leaf, snow to prevent its escape? Will planting some lumbia, which was the last of April, they had and then in a defect of the fruit; I examined early vegetables,† such as spinage, about the been cut nearly six months, and they appeared the opinions of gardeners on the subject, but was roots to counteract powerfully, on the first rise so dry that I scarcely expected one of them would much disappointed in their theory. They at-of temperature? What ever may do, I have regrow. I planted them all, however, and out of tributed it to worms about the root of the tree-solved on one thing, never again to manure or dig 264 different kinds, only about 40 vegetated at now I am certain that not one tree in ten, of about any tree in the fall that is tender, neither all, and the greatest number of these so feebly mine, ever had a worm about them, and more- peach, nor pear, nor grape, for all these go the that I have only 10 or 12 of them alive at pre-over, I consider them when present, quite inade-same way. S. V. S. sent. These, with about the same number which quate to such a sudden and universal injury. On P. S. I hope some of our northern orchardists, I had before, make yet a tolerable collection. It is weighing every fact that has come to my know-who lose still more trees than we do, though less a subject of much regret to me that this great ledge, I have no doubt but the damage is done infested with the insect, will take up this suband doubtless, very valuable collection, proba- by the irregularity of the weather, in the months ject, and pursue it to some advantage. bly the greatest ever imported to the United of February, March, and perhaps April, farther States, should have thus almost totally failed north than Maryland. Trees that grow in rich from circumstances not within my control. It cultivated ground, such as fine peaches require, can scarcely be doubted, that in this great num- will often start their sap, if the weather is very ber of kinds, several would have been found ve-warm for a week, at least two or three weeks Dear Sir,-For some time past, I have had it ry suitable to our climate, and have proved ulti-before they should. It is no novelty, in this state, in contemplation to ask your friendly and ever mately a most important object in our Southern to see the beautiful emblems of spring enveloped ready aid, in obtaining correct information rein the stern realities of winter-what then be- specting some lately invented Threshing Ma States. EXTRACT OF A LETTER TO THE EDITOR, DATED The little experiment which I have under-comes of the sap that flowed when such a change chines in the Eastern States-when, by the last taken in our Sand-hills, has been considerably of temperature takes place? Will it recede ? number of the American Farmer, my views neglected, in consequence of my having been en- No, it cannot to any extent. It must either corrupt have been anticipated by a Mr. Streater, of gaged in other and dissimilar objects, and I have or form very imperfect vessels; for the first run- Pennsylvania. It would be very gratifying to me, not a man to whom I can confide the cultivation ning of the sap, when the weather continues at and many of the Farmers of this county, to know of the vine. It progresses nevertheless, and pro a seasonable temperature, is destined to form a set the cost of these machines, particularly one by of new vessels, and these vessels are to perfect the Joseph Pope, said to have been exhibited at the mises full success. Your's, respectfully, THOMAS HARRIS. I have several vines of Scuppernong in my embryon leaves and fruit. If, therefore, these late Brighton Cattle Show, and represented as garden, which is a very dry spot, and although are imperfect, all that depends on them will be being quite portable and of a simple constructhey grow well, they bear but indifferently. From imperfect. It is no argument to the contrary, tion. I should be highly gratified to be informed their appearance, I presume they are found na that we cannot so easily distinguish the imper- of the cost, and what would be the expense of turally in rich damp soils, like the common Bul-fection in the blossom; for we know that the freight round to Baltimore? I have had a great lace, of which it is evidently a variety. I intend to blossom is of a hardier nature than either leaf desire to have a machine, by which I could setry them in a suitable soil. It is certainly a rich or fruit, and requires comparatively but little parate the grain, and preserve the straw in its grape, of which a rich wine can undoubtedly be nourishment. It is quite a temporal thing, and original state, for the cutting box; but my farmmade, by persons that understand the process being formed by the first small issues of sap, it ing was too limited for the costly ones in use in well. I have tasted some that would have been appears to us to have lost nothing, though future this section of country. very good, had it not been poisoned with apple observations may determine its period better.- The crops of corn in this neighbourhood are or peach brandy. It appears to me a very strange We may truly say, that a tree is formed the very fine, and harvested in delightful order.notion, which most people have in this coun- same year that it bears; for all previous layers There will be very little bad or musty corn sent try, that wine cannot be made without some are as bone in animals, though they may be to your market from this shore next spring. brandy being put into it. Were they to suffer capable of furnishing some nourishment--and the grapes, after they are fully ripe and washed, when a tree has been completely disappointed in to ferment to a proper degree, there is no doubt forming its bark, and we see the imperfection of but the wine would be improved in quality, and the fruit, we should not speak unphilosophically that it would keep perfectly well, without the if we said that it was the fruit of the previous SWEET POTATOES, INFORMATION SOLICITaddition of spirits. A little reflection would sa-year out of time. In such cases the tree has ED ON THEIR CULTURE-TEA PLANT, ATtisfy any person, that if brandy was absolutely borne twice from one set of vessels. The tree RAISE IT-CROP OR CRAB necessary for the making of wine, the ancients does not grow that year, and generally falls off, GRASS, WHEN SHOULD IT BE SOWN? who knew nothing of distilling, could never have and often dies. In one instance, where a tree Charleston, 14th Dec., 1822. made wine, and we know very well that they failed for four years, I observed that there were J. S. SKINNER, ESQ. not only made wines in quantities, but also kept several strata in the bark, evidently shewing Dear Sir-I wish you would enquire for me, them longer than any, I believe, ever kept in our that instead of a layer of white wood every through the medium of your paper, "what matime, as we have accounts of wine being kept year, which would have taken place if the bark by them upwards of one hundred years. I have had formed perfectly, that the imperfect vessels when the wood buds are removed or placed horidrank Champaigne that was thirty-four years old, had remained with the bark and formed a stra-zontally, and vice-versa. If the root is cramped and it is well known that this kind of wine is as tum. It appears very plain, that in the fall of in a pot, the plume will grow, and when the vegedelicate as any. It was kept in a deep cellar, as the year that the interior bark forms straight ves-table is placed in free room, the roots grow to the all delicate wines ought to be kept. Wine that sels, which adhere to the white wood of the for-disappointment of the flowers and top. But this is bottled properly and kept in a cellar, deep mer year, and in this state of unity the tree is only in health! TEMPTS ΤΟ enough to prevent any exposure to a change of bears the winter, and in the spring the increased The effect of cultivation to promote early temperature, may probably be kept for any length temperature acts on these new formed vessels, growth, as well as of grass, to prevent Trees from of time. The proper way of bottling wine, and and they become, as it were, maternal, and shooting early, were very visible in the following acI presume cider, or any other vinous liquor, is to make in turn a new bark, which two constitute cidental experiment, viz: Two trees (Elms) growfill the bottle so that there be as little air as pos- the tree of the year. Dr. Hope's experiments ing in poor ground, were left in the ground, when sible contained between the wine and the cork, shew that bark will make white wood under cer-successively cultivated-A was cultivated in Titaking care, however, that the bottle is not so tain circumstances, and every American knows mothy whilst B was left unploughed. The tree in full as to break by driving in the cork, and to that the white wood will replace the bark when A put forth perfect foliage one week before the tree lay the bottle on its side, so that the cork will stripped off-even in whole orchards, as has often in B-afterwards B was manured and cultivated in be constantly wet. Brandy or any other kind of been tried.* spirit is not in any wise necessary, unless it be to suit the taste of particular persons. In the economy of vegetables, when a part is I am, truly, with respect, Dear Sir, your obe-denied growth by artificial or accidental causes, N. HERBEMONT. other parts grow, thus the fruit buds will grow, dient servant, corn, two years,when it preceded the tree in A (that was in grass, one week-being two weeks sooner than when in poverty. It is this that secures natural trees, for I have found them equally apt to die in rich cultivated ground, with the best fruit. nure has been found best adapted to the growth The above is published at this time, in con- of 100 Sovereigns only; and for another bet of of the Sweet Potato, and under what culturel sideration of the probability that the 2read 50 Sovereigns, that he did 135 miles in 48 hours. has it produced most." This is a most valuable Wheel will be introduced into many of our Peni. He won both bets easily, and arrived at Kingsroot with us, in every respect, and there is tentiaries, as a new mode of punishment. There land yesterday, one hour and ten minutes within nothing which has been so neglected. I am very can be little doubt, we think, that, as these insti- the given time, and but little fatigued. This is desirous of improving its culture, but in the few tutions are at present conducted, the comforts are beating the Powells, the Barclays, West, &c. by experiments which I have made, the increase too many and substantial, and the privations not much odds. Mr. Abernethy travelled 140 miles did not pay for the extra labour: perhaps some sufficiently severe to answer the just objects of pun- in the first two days, halting six hours only. of your correspondents may afford some infor-ishment. A table shewing the number of con valuable. mation respecting its culture, which may prove victs, which have been sent more than once to Hint to Farmers.-The Society of Shakers at the Penitentiary, after having escaped or been Canterbury, (N. H.) within a few weeks, sold ten I am sorry to inform you that the seeds of the discharged, would reflect light on this subject- barrels of Cider in Boston, for which they reTea Plant, politely forwarded to me by you, did it would be seen that many more break in than ceived one hundred dollars in cash, whilst good not vegetate. They were carefully planted in a break out of these "humane" establishments. common Cider has been selling for one dollar a barrel. Such is the difference between good and very good! Edit. Am. Farmer. PERTHSHIRE RECOLLECTIONS. They were twa bonny lassies; A calf belonging to General Pierce, of Hillsborough, (N. H.) was found on the 21st ultimo, to weigh six hundred and nineteen pounds, when six months and one day old. box, and regularly attended to, but all in vain. Will you likewise be kind enough to enquire through the medium of your paper what method has been pursued with the greatest success, for obtaining a crop of the Crab or Crop grass, when cultivated by itself? At what time the ground should be broke up, and what attendance is necessary, and what has been the produce? During the mortal plague which raged in quantity, and pound them together; then bake Dentifrice. Take sage and salt, of each a like This grass is a native, but like many other va- Scotland about the middle of the 15th century, the mixture till it be hard, and make a fine powluable spontaneous productions, has been sadly these "twa bonnie lassies," in a mingled spirit, der thereof, then therewith rub the teeth evenneglected. I do not know of a single instance in which it has been cultivated alone; it grows to a pleasant perhaps of romance and prudent caution, retired ing and mornings, and it will take away all yel"burn side,' on the estate of lowness.-Markham's English Housewife. well in our corn fields, but owing to some cause, Lord in Perthshire, where they built them not known to me; it has never succeeded when a little house of the shrubs and bushes which the ground has been prepared early in the sea-waved in sweet luxuriance around them; and son. It is my wish, therefore, to find out the proper season to sow it. Respectfully yours, &c. JOHN D. LEGARE. THE FARMER. providing a supply of such comforts of nature BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, JANUARY 3, 1823, as they should direct, designed to remain in their happy seclusion till the terrors of the PRICES CURRENT.-CORRECTED WEEKLY. pes. tilence were overpast. A lover of one of our Flour, best white wheat, $7 25-Howard st. fair friends, however, impelled by affection, Superfine, $6 87-Wharf, do. 6 12-Wheat, made a visit to their asylum, and unfortunately white, $1 35 to 1 40-Red do., $1 27 to 1 30To the Editors of the London Farmers' Journal bore with him the mortal infection in his cloth-Rye, 70 to 72 cents-Corn, 60 to 63 cts.ing. The dear object of his soul's regard fell Oats, 35 to 37 cents- Beef, live cattle, $5 ON THE TREAD WHEEL. Norfolk, Oct. 10th, 1822. retirement shortly followed: and the same moss--Bacon, round, 10 to the first victim. The dear companion of her to $5 50 per cwt.-Beef, 8 cents per lb. 11 cts.-Pork $4 50 Sir,-In your paper of Monday last, I see a let-grown grave which wraps their common clay, is to 5 50 per c lb.6 to 8 cts. per Ib.-Mutton, 5 ter signed C. on the Tread Wheel, stating it to still pointed out to the passing traveller, and is to 6 cts. per lb.-Beans, $1 371 to 150-Peas, operate unequally as a punishment, as the old or still hallowed by a thousand tender sentiments. black eyed, 55 to 60 cts.-Clover seed, $9 to 10infirm man needs work as hard as the younger and Timothy seed, 4 to $5-Flax seed, 75 to 80 most robust, and recommending a wheel of a cts.-Whiskey, from the wagons, 32 to 34 cts. conical instead of a cylindrincal shape, for the The prostrated ruins of the castle of this bold per gal.-Apple brandy, 30 to 32 cts.-Peach do., relief of the weaker, who are to work at the lesser usurper are situated about fifty miles from Edin-65 to 70 cts.-Shad, none in market-Herrings, burgh. MACDUFF's castle still remains in the No. 1, $3 62 per bbl.-No. 2, $3 37-Fine Instead of this, I think it would be better to vicinity, a few miles from it; but not so much salt 80 to 90 cts. per bush.-Coarse, do. 75adhere to the cylindrical form, permitting those dilapidated as that of Macbeth, having been for- Butter, 20 to 25 per lb.-Eggs, 25 cts. per doz. whom it may be proper to favour, to tread higher merly dismantled and demolished. end. in the circumference of the wheel, for as the labour is shortened, measuring horizontally from the axle of the wheel, exactly by so much is the labour diminished. But it is usual to allow a lit MACBETH. INTERNAL TRADE OF KENTUCKY. -Turkeys, $1 25-Geese, 28 to 37 cts.Chickens, $150 per doz.-Straw, $10 per tonHay, $17. Maryland Tobacco-of the fine qualities, none A letter from Cumberland Ford, Kentucky, in the market-Good Patuxent, $6 to 8, scarce tle rest to each prisoner in his turn, and this is says, "up to the present period, there have-Inferior, $2 to 5, plenty and dull-seconds, $1 effected by the man who stands outermost at one passed this place, 45,421 live hogs for market-25 to 5-Very little doing in the market. end of the wheel, leaving it for a time, (i. e.) till say they are worth 7 dollars each, which in my AGENTS FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER. never more than one at a time. opinion is a moderate calculation, amounts to it has performed a fixed number of revolutions, Complete sets of the first, second and third when the outermost leaves it, and the former 317,347 dollars.-5,446 horses and mules at an remounts at the other end, those on the wheel average of 80 dollars each, make 435,680.-Only vols. of the "AMERICAN FARMER," new and corshifting a little to right or left, to make room 236 stall-fed steers, as yet, say worth 40 dollars rected Editions, can be had of the following perfor him. Thus each man rests in his turn, but each, makes 9,440 dollars. Two or three thou-sons; price of which, bound, $5 per vol. or $4 sand hogs, I hear, are on the road to be added in Sheets :C's plan would quite prevent this, and it to the above list. If only 2000 come, they will M. CAREY & SONS and E. LITTELL, Phiadd to the amount 14,000 dollars more, making ladelphia. could not very well be done, were that adopted in all, (at the lowest calculation of mine,) 777,067 W. A. COLMAN, New-York. which I suggested. The better way is to have the wheel so constructed that the labour need in dollars in good money. I trust the time is not WELLS & LILLEY, Boston. no case be too severe, and to make those who are credit, and there will be no more relief measures very distant when Kentucky will restore her PETER COTTOM, Richmond, Va. E. THAYER, Charleston, S. C. the most robust, or deserving the greatest pun-prayed for, nor stop laws passed, which have JOSEPH GALES, Raleigh, N. C. ishment, not only tread the wheel, but carry on their shoulders more or less of weight. I have disgraced one of the most prolific and rich W. F. REDDING, special agent, now journeying through the Southern States. lately turned my attention pretty greatly to this states in the Union, whose sons are bold and ensubject, being one of the visiting magistrates of terprizing beyond any, I believe, in the world." The fourth volume, now publishing, can be forwarded to any part of the United States, on a prison, in which a tread wheel, &c. is now 0 application being made, by letter or otherwise, to erecting. Your's, &c. J. S. SKINNER, Baltimore. P. MATCH TO NOTTINGHAM. There could be no objection in cases which Mr. Abernethy, the Amateur North country-Printed every Friday at 84 per annum, for JOHN S. SKINNER Edi required favour, to let two perform the journey of man, completed his match to go to Nottingham one, by halting the wheel to admit the exchange. from Kingsland, yesterday. It was to go the Editor. ground on foot, 246 miles, in 90 hours, for a bet! promptly attended to, addressed to J. Robinson, Baltimore by JOSEPH ROBINSON, at the North West corner of Market and Belvidere streets, Baltimore; where every description of Book and Job printing is executed with nea:ness and despatch-Orders from a distance for Printing or Binding, with proper directions |