4-The eagerness with which they appear to time, the majority of the hive are in the fields, hive must then be gently lifted upon it; but here repel the robbing Bees. and are too intent upon their labors to take much a difficulty will occur, which shews the inconve 5-The number of Bees which stand at the en-notice of your operations. nience of placing several hives on the same bench. trance, fanning with their wings;-some Bee- Having fixed upon the hive which you intend to As soon as the hive is taken off, a great number of masters call these Bees the musicians of the purchase, loosen it gently from the board on which Bees will be found on the board, which must not Queen's band, as they continually make a hum-it stands, for should it not have been plastered be sacrificed, the hive must therefore be held levming noise; others call them idle Bees, for the down, the Bees will have fastened it themselves. el with the board, and the Bees must be swept same reason as they call a cow idle, who is chew-Be careful not to jerk it, for this motion will be apt into it with a goose's wing or a small branch of a ing the cud-both are fulfilling a positive law of to rouse the Bees, and may perhaps break some tree; the hive must then be placed upon the nature-and the greater the number of Bees at of the combs. The hive being loosened, turn it board, and the entrance stopped up, and every the entrance, the greater the internal heat, which gently up; the Bees will make a slight buz, and crevice through which a Bee can escape.* The being occasioned by a crowded population, indi-should they shew any disposition to fly or to sting, hive can then be removed by tying an old sheet cates at once the goodness of the hive. smoke them with some tobacco smoke from the or table cloth round it, and carried by the hand or These may be called the exterior signs of a good fumigating bellows, or common tobacco pipe.-on the head. If you have purchased two or three hive, as far as relates to the bees themselves; now Proceed then to inspect the interior, which must hives,. they may be removed on a hand barrow, in regard to the hive itself, some people are very present the following appearances. or carried like two milking pails. Having arrived careless and indifferent as to the quality of the 1-The hive must be crowded with Bees. at the place of their destination, let them settle hive into which they put their swarms; some will 2-The combs must be of a yellow hue, which for about half an hour, taking the clay from the put them into hives, the bands of which are all declares it to be a new hive. Should the combs be entrance, that the Bees may not be suffocated; rotten and decayed, and which are consequently the very black, reject the hive altogether, for it is in-then deposit the hive on the pedestal, letting it receptacle of those very insects and vermin which fallibly an old one. front the south east, and on the following day plas are so prejudicial to Bees; others will take no care 3-The side combs must be completely filled ter it round the bottom. The stock may then be as to the dryness of the hive, which is an essential with honey, which can easily be ascertained by considered to be fairly established, when it bepoint to be attended to, for if the hive be damp, observing all the cells sealed up, whereas the cells comes the duty of the proprietor to attend to the the noxious influence is communicated to the in the middle combs will be empty. combs, and they become soon spoiled. A swarm 4-If a number of Queen-cells are perceived, ought always to be put into a new hive, well sea-which will be seen attached to the sides of the soned, and lightly made; were this advice always combs, like small inverted acorn cups, only more attended to, we should not witness so many disas- closed at the top-reject the hive, for it is a sure trous failures which annually occur in the man-indication of an old hive. following instructions. (To be continued.) *The necessity of minutely attending to this advice will be apparent from the following circumagement of Bees. Never select a stock the hive 5-If a very strong odour issues from the hivet, stance. I once purchased a hive of an indigent of which appears to be rotten-if a swarm of the-reject it.-This is, however, a difficult criterion woman, who was obliged to leave her cottage, current year has been put into it, the hive will to establish, as it cannot be supposed that an un-and I procured a man to remove it for me, who soon destroy the Bees-and if the Bees in it are as experienced person can immediately distinguish carried it upon his head. I thought we had stopold as the hive itself, it is not worth the trouble of the different odours which proceed from a hive. ped up every hole through which a Bee could esremoving, much less of paying for it. In an old 6-If any liquid spots of a dark colour appear cape, but it being a very old hive, I soon found I hive, the chances are a hundred to one against you, upon the board of the hive, it would not be pru-was mistaken, for we had not proceeded far, bebut that it has been the breeding place of the dent to purchase it, for it is certain that the Bees fore two Bees made an attack upon the man's ear, moths, the eggs of which afterwards hatching by are afflicted with the dysentery. who, not much relishing his new acquaintance, the heat of the hive, produce the caterpillars 7-If you perceive on the stool a great number threw down the hive without any further ceremowhich in a week will destroy a whole hive. of small yellow particles of wax, it is a positive ny-the combs were broken-the Bees were Having now mentioned the exterior qualities of proof that the hive is infected with moths-it drowned in the honey, and I ultimately lost my a good hive, I will proceed to the interior, and would be throwing money away to purchase such a hive. here the greatest difficulty presents itself to the hive; and if amongst those particles some small young practitioner. Most people entertain a most grubs are perceptible, with a reddish head, you ungrounded fear of Bees, and deem it almost mad- may condemn the hive as good for nothing, for it British Farmer's Distress. ness to turn up a hive to inspect it. Now, I wish will not last two months longer. particularly to expel this idea from the minds of 8-If you perceive the wings of the Bees to be The general distress that has prevailed since those who have a wish to keep Bees, but who are ragged or torn at the ends, it is a positive sign of the peace, among the farmers of England, does restrained by that very fear. The Bee is a bold an old hive. not appear to decline. A very voluminous body and passionate insect, but it is at the same time a Having thus examined the hive, outside and in- of evidence on the subject, has been taken before great coward, and like human cowards will bluster side, and determined on the purchase of it, the a committee of the house of commons, and since a great deal, but run away at a shew of determin-next step to be taken is its removal. For this pur-published in a folio volume, and many pamphlets ed courage. The means of quelling the anger of pose, the evening must be selected, and when and essays has been written also on it. The folBees and reducing them to complete submission, it is perceived that the Bees are all come home, lowing is from Bell's Weekly Messenger, of Sept. so that you can handle them like a number of stop up the entrance with some clay, or any other 17, 1821. beans, are so simple, that no one should entertain substance at hand; this, however, is under the any fear of doing whatever he pleases with his supposition that you can take the board also on Bees: a little tobacco smoke, or indeed the smoke which the hive stands, but should it be placed There are two or three points connected with from almost any substance will quell the courage of with others upon a bench, which is a most injudi- the evidence on the Agricultural Report, upon a whole hive. cious plan, a board must then be laid upon the which we deem it of some utility to make a few Some people always select the evening for their ground, exactly in the front of the hive, and the observations, inasmuch as our own personal expeoperations on their hives, but it is the most unrience has manifested to us, that very incorrect seasonable time they could select, for the Bees are and confused notions still exist upon these subthen all of them in the hive, and their anger is the operation of stinging, without distinction of jects. One of these is the certainty of the alleged much more easily roused in the evening than in the place or circumstances. It was a most ludicrous depreciation of money, and its causes;-the semiddle of the day. In the evening the Bees get scene,-no Grimaldi ever performed such surpri-cond is the absurd allegation, that land will not upon your clothes, and crawl about until they find sing antics. It was the Highland fling with all its pay for its tillage, even exclusive of any rent ;some vulnerable part to sting you, but in the day-graceful attitudes, accompanied every moment the third is the mischiefs to the cause of the farwith the ejaculation "Dn the beasties there mers, in the exaggerated statements submitted to be anither." The poor man was however so the committee of the charges and expenditure of During my residence in Scotland I had, one stung, that he was confined to his bed for a week. farmers in the ordinary course ;—and the fourth evening, a convincing proof of the truth of this This particular odour is well known to pro-and last, the confirmation of our often repeated remark, in the person of an honest brawny Scot, fessed apiarians, but it is difficult to describe it; assertion, that the true remedy is in the reduction who generally assisted me in my Apiarian experi-it is neither the smell of honey nor of wax, and of rents in the first instance, and tithes, rates and ments, and who was always habited in the "garb proceeds either from the putrid excrements of taxation in the next. We promise, that with a naof old Gaul." Matters went on very smoothly the Bees, occasioned by the dysentery-from the tural leaning towards the farmers, from the memowith us for some time, until about twenty or thirty corrupted brood-or from an unusual quant ty of ry of our early life, we consider ourselves in treatBees had found their way up the legs of the unsus- Bee-bread, which is always found in old hives.-ing the question as a kind of abitrator between the eting Scot, and getting beneath his kilt, began I am inclined to attribute it to the first cause. manufacturing and landed interest; and we come * AGRICULTURAL EVIDENCE. Culture of Carrots. TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER. Roxbury, March 10th, 1822. to the question with so many more advantages before our own door, in a part of the country fare, even in these counties, at thirty shillings, than any of our cotemporary papers, inasmuch as, with which we happen to be as well acquaint-where they ought to be at twenty; and instead of in the two periods of our early and later life, weled as with the metropolis in which we are reducing, permanently reducing the rent, the prehave necessarily become acquainted with the cir-writing. The mere expense of cultivating this sent practice is to take it in full, and then give a cumstances of both conditions. Add to this, that acre, breaking it up from a three years old portion back, still reserving the same rent on the we have not a sixpence of peculiar interest in the grass lay, for wheat, three ploughings, har-lease. But who can go on in this way? As farmers, question either way, except as our individual in- rowings, sowing, dung and seed; in short, the we would not. terest is involved in that of the country in general. whole expense of its tillage, and afterwards cutAs regards the first of these points, the difficulty ting, carrying, and thrashing, would fall short of with plain understandings is this, that in 1793, in three guineas, tho' we were to hire any small far1800, and 1814, and in 1821, a one pound note or mer to do the whole work for us, and of course a five pound note was always exchangeable for pay him a profit price, beyond his own cost in lathe same value of silver, namely, for twenty or an bor and horse work. Add four shillings for tithe, Dear Sir, hundred shillings; and as their current value was and four and sixpence for rates (which are the ac- In compliance with your request for my mode of thus always the same, how they demand, can you tual charge,) and the sum total of the expense of cultivating and preserving carrots through the assert their depreciation? In the first place, this tillage is three pounds 13 shillings. Now what winter, I now enclose you the same although, asallegation is not true in the degree in which it is is the produce of this acre? The produce of the a treasurer of the Massachusetts Agricultural Sos taken; for such notes were never so changeable, land in our eye, which happens to be good land, ciety, I have paid premiums for much larger crop except where, from favor, or some external pro- would be ten comb, or five quarters; but for the than my own, where much more labor and mafit, people were obliged so to change them. One sake of fairness we will take it at three quarters nure was made use of, s you will see by referring or two or three notes might have been so exchang- and a half, which is nearly the average of the to our Repository, of Oct. 1817, 1819, and 1820, ed; but what money broker would have changed county through. The price of these three quar- when striving for premiums. forty, fifty, or an hundred, at their par in bullion? ters and a half, at three pounds the quarter, would The fact, therefore, is not so. But, to cut short be ten pounds, ten shillings; that is to say, an the argument, allow it to be so ; and to what more increase of six pounds, seven or eight shillings, will it amount, except that paper money had not de-above the actual cost in tillage. It is true this is I always cultivate carrots on the deepest loamy preciated in its exchange and dealings for silver? only upon the single acre; but this is enough to soil, that has been previously under some hard But this is only one of the articles for which it is ex-show the absurdity of the statement that land will crop for one or two years-then as early as your changed in the daily business of life. Compare the not pay its tillage, which returns in the most care-soil is fit, plough it as deep as the implement with £5 note in 1790 and the £5 note in 1812, with less and expensive cultivation (using hired work a strong team will carry it; in a few days harthe different quantity of any goods it would com- and horses instead of your own) ten pounds for row it, and plough again to make it as fine as mand in the two periods. In 1790, we have seen a three. In a word, the land, the corn, the climate, possible, and between the 20th May and 10th quarter [8 bushels] of corn sold at forty-two shil- are the same now as in the days of our fathers, ex-June, spread on 20 or 30 ox cart loads of about 30 lings, its current and ordinary price at that day. cept that the productive powers of the soil are to 35 bushels each of fine, old manure, and plough In 1814 and 1821 it would have taken the five very nearly doubled in the county of which we are it in lightly, and harrow thoroughly, so as to be pound note to purchase the same quantity. Eighty speaking, by skilful culture; and therefore, why, well mixed with the soil, and then brush, shillings, in short, five years hence, was what for- Mr. Curwen, should not the land still pay for its harrow and level it-if on a side hill, be careful ty shillings were in our earlier life. In other words, tillage? Because tithes are so high-But tithes not to have the rows up and down, as they are apt the same sum of money now commands one half of are necessarily limited; they cannot exceed to wash, and by which I nearly lost my last crop; what it purchased then, that is to say, prices have a tenth; and where (let us speak fairly) do they the field in which they were having a great marisen and money has depreciated in that proportion. amount even to a fifteenth? But because taxes-ny fruit trees, made it inconvenient having them The error and confusion arise in imagining that We know not how it may be with you; but we any other way. The seed should be sown as soon we here speak only of paper money, as if the de- have farms in our eye, of four and five hundred as possible after levelling the surface. preciation were in the Bank note only, as compar- acres, which in this current year, 1821, do not Seed and Preparation. I am, Dear Sir, your's respectfully, JOHN PRINCE. ed with bullion money. But this is not the mean-pay twenty pounds more than was paid on the same I have always used for field culture the coming of the proposition, that prices have risen from farms in the year 1793 and 4. But then poor rates mon orange carrot, and the seed should be thothe depreciation of money. The meaning is, that Why, as to poor rates, the matter stands thus: roughly rubbed and winnowed, till all the rough from the abundance of money of all kind, paper in 1790, the rate was half a crown an acre; and in edges are off, and finally made as clean as parsand coin, during the long war, the value of money the current year it is four shillings, that is to say, a ley-seed-then take about 13 lb. and add warm had so fallen in currency, that it required twofold difference of seven pounds, ten shillings on the water to make it fully wet, and turn it over occathe same quantity of money to represent the same hundred acres. Do you mean to deny then, that sionally for two or three days, till it swells and is value, or to speak less technically, money was so the farmers are dreadfully oppressed? Certainly on the point of sprouting; then mix with it hae plentiful, and buyers so rich, that prices universal-not: we mean only to assert, that the grievance is a bushel of dry wood ashes, which allows it to be ly doubled. This is what is to be understood by the less in tithes, rates, and taxes, or in any increased sown more freely and even; a pound would bdepreciation of money, and not any depreciation of expense of cultivating the land, than in what an abundance if it could be sown as soon as wish the Bank of England paper, as compared with bul- you landlords most studiously conceal, and in what led, and all the seed were good. lion. The depreciation of the Bank paper was the farmers themselves examined before the Sowing, &c. very trifling, and as respected our internal cur- committee, under the apprehension of their re- I have generally used the Northumberland turrency, scarcely perceptible. The true deprecia-spective landlords concealed too. We will in-nip drill-any other machine may answer as tion is in the whole mass of money circulating form you where the grievance lies-it lies in the well; only gauge it accurately, so that it be eventhrough the kingdom, whether in coin or in bul-high rents. We speak what we know, and what we ly sown, or it may be done by hand-we somelion, but which mass was augmented in quantity would have asserted in favor of the farmers before times sow it in rows, three feet apart, if it is inby the accommodation system resulting from pa- the committee. If, instead of examining only land tended afterwards to sow Ruta Baga, Mangel per issues, as to render every component part of agents dependant upon themselves and capitalists, Wurtzel, &c. &c. between it but if alone, I the whole of a proportionate less value. The and in many instances, landlords themselves, they should recommend 13 to 15 inches from row to guinea itself in fact was nearly as much de- had called up a few practical men, who, with a due row-the seed should be covered, and pressed preciated as the Bank note. This must be con- respect for the committee, but without any cir-down by the feet in following the machine, or by stantly borne in mind, in order to have a clear con- cumstance which should clap a muzzle on their a light roller, (which I think important for alception of what is to be understood by the depre-mouth, would have shown them the question in its most all seeds)-and by treating the seed as beciation of money. true shape, they would have known that this was fore described, it vegetates and gets over the sur As respects the second point, that land can pay the cause. The returns of farming in Norfolk face before the weeds, and is much more easily no rent, and is not worth its tillage, where the far-and Suffolk-we mean the issues of the land above thinned and dressed out; the seed if sown in its mer has no rent to pay, it would seem almost too the expense of seed and tillage, exclusive of rent dry state, is very slow in springing up, and the absurd to require an argument; yet does every are, at the present prices, about two pounds, ten weeds generally get much ahead before the carpage of the evidence make this assertion, and shillings per acre, the farm through. Now, if the rot is sufficiently visible, or is rooted firm enough some of the witnesses even adduce whole columns landlord will take two pounds, or even thirty-two to prevent being pulled up with the weeds. of figures to prove it. It would not be fair, in an shillings of this two pounds ten, for his rent, the Success in cultivating this vegetable, depends ordinary case, to examine the expenses of a farm farmer can certainly only hardly live, if he can entirely on early attention and thinning, weeding by those of an acre of arable land; but under pre-live on the small remainder, and can lay aside no- and hoeing-the plants should not be left for a sent circumstances, one extreme is best met by thing of those profits to which he is fairly entitled. crop nearer than 3 or 4 inches, and should at all another. Now we will take an acre of land from This is the cause of the present distress. Rents times be kept free from weeds, and the earth loosened with a hoe-(a Dutch scuffling hoe is very useful)-most of the labor after sowing may better be performed by children than men. might conclude, that previous to all changes by ac-The following general rule may be observed by cident or culture, all the fruits of earth might have the noviciate in the science of grafting. All trees flourished on one parent stock! Culture seems to of the same genus, (not greatly altered by art,) will Harvesting and Preserving in the winter. have full as much influence as difference of genus. succeed together by inoculation. Those who have Carrots grow more in October than any previ-As the apple and pear, apple and quince, cherry the opportunity and inclination to indulge in speous month-the first of November is early enough and plum, and even the wild and tame cherry, will culations on the production of vegetable hybrids* to gather them; my method has been to cut off not graft together, although of the same genus; should try trees of the same class and order, or if the tops near, but not quite to the crown of the while the apple and hawthorn, peach and rose differing in this particular, such as discover a siplant, with sharp hoes; they are greedily eaten will succeed together, by grafting. And I have milarity in the fruit, leaf, or sensible properties by oxen, cows, sheep, or swine-then run a plough been informed by practical grafters, that many va- of the sap and wood, &c. Grafting is performed deep, drawn by a pair of oxen or horses, as close rieties of cultivated apples refuse to grow on the by making an operation upon the wood of the to a row as can be directed, and down by another wild crab stock. Philip Miller speaks of the wild stock, to which is attached the cut of a twig from row a rod or two off, when they are seen standing cherry as a stock for the tame, but there must be a another tree, both wood and bark, with an indefivery regularly, and are easily pulled by boys and difference between his variety and that of this nite number of buds. Though March and April thrown in heaps till carted off; by this method I country; or a further change has taken place are the usual months for grafting, it may be prothink more than half the laboris saved and the earth since his time, as I can assert from repeated trials, tracted till May, and even June, perhaps with bet is left in good order for the next season. I have both by budding and grafting, that an union cannot ter success than earlier; by keeping the grafts in succeeded perfectly in keeping them, as well as all be effected. And if there be not more of poetry a degree of moisture which will just prevent their other roots in pits, prepared as follows:-Dig the than truth in Virgil, many trees which claim-withering. The stocks should not exceed the size earth about one foot deep and four feet wide, of ed kin when he wrote, disown it now. According of a large goose-quill, but if they are old, select limbs any length you please (but I should recommend not to this view of the matter, in the ratio that the dif- of the same size; if there be none, head down the more than 150 or 200 bushels to be kept in one ferent genera of trees recede from their original stock and wait till they come; the grafts will be heap) and on a dry situation, or a deep trench should condition, will be the difficulty of uniting them by more neat and valuable for the delay. The twigs be dug around the heap, at a small distance from art. Thus, though the cultivated apple and pear should be selected for ingrafting when practical it to keep off the water-then lay the roots on will not graft together, perhaps the wild apple and ble, from a young healthy tree, and to be as nearthis ground, and pile them up about 3 feet high-stone pear might; scientific gentlemen who have ly as possible of the same size with their stocks. they should then be covered six to twelve inches the opportunity, owe it to philosophy to make the They should be cut before the buds have began to with straw, meadow hay, or any such refuse arti-experiment. There is something sublime in the swell. FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER. cle, and part of the earth which was thrown idea, that the first cause should have left the No other instrument is required than a sharp out, put on, only enough at first to keep down the fruits of the earth in their crude state, to be mel-knife, with sufficient strength to perform the opestraw-and as the cold weather increases, add lowed by the hand of man; that in effecting this ration; a warm moist day should be preferred. more, till finally it may be eight to twelve inches salutary change, the conceit of his skill, by in-Cut the stock off even and smooth, split about half thick, which is enough for our most severe win-citing exertion, should expel his inborn apathy an inch with the knife, cut off a bit of the twig to ters-(as such a body of vegetables of themselves so fatal to his happiness and glory. All the in-be grafted, with one or two buds, wedge shaped, produce much heat,) they are more likely to be structions I have ever seen on grafting, I know to having one edge thicker than the other, fit very injured by being too warm, and especially when be very imperfect. The old bungling method of ap- exactly the edges of the wood on the thick side. first put up. I have had them live in the ground plying three or four pounds of clay and stone- Then cover as much of the graft and stock as was where they grew, through the winter as well as horse dung to the grafts, should have been long wounded in the operation, with as much grafting parsnips. By the above management, I think 500 ago exploded.* The sole intention of a wrapper wax as will exclude the air. There are other to 700 bushels per acre may be calculated on- being to exclude the air from the wounds occa-methods of grafting in the wood, but the method and we have paid premiums for 960 bushels, sioned by the process, a cerate will answer the here laid down being the most simple and certain where I presume no more pains were bestowed. purpose far better, cheaper and neater; a piece of success, I think it useless to describe any other. the size of a hazel nut being generally sufficient. But the season of grafting is somewhat short and And after the grafts have made some little precious, whilst that of budding is lasting and progress in uniting with the stocks, the wax may very certain. Moreover, many trees will bud per be collected for future operations. fectly well, which will not graft at all; as the mulFRUIT TREES. Almost every publication which I have had the berry, &c. Budding or inoculation is the very Edgefield, South Carolina, Feb. 28, 1822. opportunity to peruse, directs one third of turpen- simple art of ingrafting one tree on another; by tine in the composition; of a grafting wax, this making an incision through the bark only of the "On Savage stocks inserted learn to bear." though very ductile and pleasant to use, I found stock, sufficient to make bare a small surface There are few subjects more deserving the at- certainly to destroy both grafts and stocks, as far as of the wood; while a little strip of bark containention of the American agriculturist than the art of the wax came in contact with them. From the ing a single bud of a size corresponding with the grafting, and few which are more unaccountably numerous respectable authorities recommending incision made on the stock, is fitted exactly and neglected. Not only to natural philosophers, but this wax, I was very liberal in its application to a speedily on the spot of wood deprived of its orito whomsoever the works of naturalists can im- number of choice grafts, without suspicion; but ginal bark. Although midsummer is the usual part a charm; it must be pleasing to know some- had the vexation upon the first inspection by re-time allotted for budding, it may be performed thing of that affinity in the saps of different trees, moving the wax, to discover that a complete with success from the first of May, till the last of which qualifies one to bear the fruits of many, mortification had taken place under the wax ; September, or even later. I think I have succeedhowever widely differing in shape, size, and fla- and even extending further in little lines along ed better in September than any month with vor. Thus every variety of plum, peach, nectarine, the grain of the wood. I separated the dead wood, such buds as had a sufficiency of sap to peal freeapricot, and almond will succeed well on the wild and with a more friendly cerate, regrafted the ly. And to insure success, I will here remark, plum stock. The apple, pear, quince, medlar, ser-surviving buds with success. Whatever may be that both grafts and stocks should at all times vice, and hawthorn, tho' differing with one ano-the innocence of a wax containing one third tur-abound with sap. For early budding select a ther, will all agree to grow on the hawthorn, pentine in a northern climate, I was so well con(cratægus.) The whole of the Icosandria class vinced from my trials of its deleterious effects in appears to discover a disposition to graft on Carolina, as to reject it entirely. After many ex- *A vegetable hybrid or mule, is more expeditieach other. It seems somewhat derogatory to the periments to ascertain the best composition for a ously produced by grafting different genera than character of American husbandry, that the third grafting wax, I prefer the following:-One mea- by introducing to each other, the blooms of the lif volume of the Farmer is nearly completed, and sure of olive oil or hog's lard, 3 do. of melted bee's ferent sexes. It is a fact in vegetable, as well aninothing like a lecture has yet appeared, upon an wax ; mix well while hot, to be worked after it mal physiology, that all mules are not barren. Thus art, so productive of profit and pleasure. However is cool, till sufficiently pliant. Perhaps sweet the peach grafted to the rose, though in appeardesirable, I do not presume on the present occa-gum resin might form the basis of a more ductile ance a complete peach tree, bears roses only; nor sion, to supply the deficiency here complained of wax, without imparting a destructive quality.— The very short time since my attention has been directed to the subject, forbids it; but my zeal in can it be regrafted to either peach or rose. But the apple on the hawthorn is as capable of bearing fruit and regrafting as any other apple tree. the cause, prompts me to begin, what I hope to There is considerable difficulty in uniting I inserted some apple grafts about the middle see completed by an abler hand. Faith and phi-the peach to the rose; but when done, the growth of last November, the wounds have partially heallosophy appear to agree in the simplicity of the is as luxuriant and perhaps more hardy than fromed, and bid as fair to do well as spring grafis origin of all things.* From these premises we its own root. grafting may be commenced as soon as the buds See the writings of Moses, Linneus, Darwin, dener's Dictionary, &c. &c. *See Owen's Arts and Sciences, Miller's Gar-begin to swell, in spring. shoot of the preceding year's growth; but if de-whatever may be the principles of vegetable life, waxing had them destroyed by worms. It seems ferred to the time usually prescribed, (say mid- the buds of trees may be thus safely forced, and to be a prevalent opinion, that buds cannot be sesummer) take the best grown shoot of the same if they are not at some time, or other forced in parated for any length of time, from the parent tree year (with good prominent buds,) something the way here recommended, they will either never without ceasing to vegetate. I kept some cuts of larger than the size recommended for graft-put out, or will put out only to starve; and the the almond, peach and apricot, nearly a month ing. Cut out a little billet of wood about an sooner they are thus pushed the better. in moist earth, and budded them with success. 1 inch long, having the bud in the middle; now Rees's Encyclopedia objects to the buds exten- They may conveniently be preserved for a few having placed it on the stock intended to re-ding the same year in which they are inserted, on day's journey, in wet cloth. But unnecessary deceive it, mark the bark thereof with the knife the ground that they will prove too tender to re- lays should, of course, be avoided. The art of budat each end; thus, for the more precise fit- sist the shock of winter; but these fears I can as- ding and grafting, is particularly important in this ting of the strip of bark to be introduced; then sert to be groundless; the last severe spring put country, where we have at command such a varimake an incision quite through the bark without this matter fully to the test with me; I had the ety of hardy native stocks, and surplus land to dematerially injuring the wood. Thus I now raise buds of apricots, almonds, white walnuts, &c. in vote to trees. The persimmon bears a fruit rethe bark with the thumb nail or point of the both states many which had not put forth, were plete with sugar, which is never injured by frosts, knife, and instantly apply the bark containing completely destroyed, while those which had resists rot perhaps better than any other fruit; is the bud, which may be conveniently separat-made progress resisted the storm. a very great bearer, and will flourish without culed from its wood by the thumb nail or point The persimmon, (Diosperos Virginiana) and wal-tivation, on the poorest soils, whether of sand or of the knife. Perhaps the operator will find it nut, &c. will receive a tarnish on the surface of clay, wet or dry. The wild plum will also grow more convenient to cut out the billet opposite to the wood, in a few seconds after the bark is sepa- on very poor land, and is durable; but grows too the chosen bud. Thus the twig will now serve rated from it. This is a chemical change in the slow in general for a nursery stock: it should have as a kind of handle to turn off the bud with more sap, caused by its coming in contact with the air, attained a sufficient size previous to grafting (say despatch and safety. But whatever method may which perhaps may defeat the operation and ac- three or four inches in diameter) to keep pace be chosen for separating the bud, no time should count for failures, and for the general opinion that with the rapid growth of the peach and some be lost after having it adjusted, tillit be close tied these trees will not succeed at all. But to insure plums-remembering always to insert the buds on with a woollen string, sufficiently strong for success the operator must use the greatest dex- or grafts, as close as possible to the trunk, or a the purpose. Observing to wrap above and below terity; having cut through the bark of the stock large limb. Under these circumstances the wild the bad neatly, without compressing the bud it-as before directed, separate the bark containing plum will be found an excellent stock for an exself. The strings should be smeared with graft- the bud to be introduced; this done, keep it tensive tribe of delicious fruits. The same remarks ing wax, which will make them better to tie, ex-close pressed (without being moved from its will apply to the elegant parsley leaved hawthorn clude the air, and remain sound for future opera-wood) with the thumb and finger of one hand, when used as a stock for the apple, pear, &c.; anotions. An evening or moist day should be prefer- while the bark is raised from the stock, with the ther advantage this stock (hawthorn) also has of red for this method of grafting also. One week other, having the string in readiness, instantly ap- the apple and most of the other hawthorns, it is is sufficient for the strings to remain, for if the ply the bud and confine it according to art. Per- very hardy, little choice of soils, and is never buds have not effected their union in that time, haps there is no tree more difficult to bud than the plagued with moss, as it sheds its old bark annualthey never will. If they do not appear withered Persimmon; but choice kinds may be sufficiently ly. Gentlemen, whose land abounds with these at the time of removing the strings, or shortly well propagated in this way. When budding the hardy native stocks (instead of considering them thereafter, it may fairly be presumed they will hickorynut, persimmon, chesnut, &c. grafting wax a nuisance,) might, by selecting the hardiest and live; but if withered, the stocks may be forthwith should be applied to the bud before it is con- richest fruits for grafting, with a small portion of rebudded. All the writers I have read on bud-fined with the string, and as much as squeezes out time and expense, have a profusion of them highding, state that the buds do not put out till the between the wrappings of the string, should be ly important to man and beast.* succeeding year; until Mr. Andrew Knight re-pressed down with the finger or thumb, so as effect- I hope the readers of the Farmer will not be Commenced the forcing of them by a strong ligature ually to exclude the air; which will make the ope- illiberal in communicating the result of their enabove the inserted buds, with the intent to check ration more sure, and prevent the depredation of quiries to the public, to whom they owe a debt, for the flow of sap by them; but afterwards removes small worms, which are liable to infest such trees reading your paper, which can only be discharged the ligatures, lest they have too much sap. This under the inserted bark. This method of waxing with intellectual coin; and let the miser in knowappears to me like watering a plant till it has a should also be applied to the walnut and other ledge recollect, that it is a dark body indeed, which good start, and then withdrawing our care.-difficult trees. The pecan (Carya Olivæformis) is always imbibing light without reflecting any. After Mr. Knight has been at the trouble to did not appear to take so well as the walnut, but Nor can I dismiss this subject without inviting the remove his ligatures, he will find his initi- my trials were made rather late in the season. I attention of the ladies thereto; if the tree of knowated buds again checked, if not starved by the succeeded very well in budding the chesnut (casta- ledge was forbid them, this book of knowledge is eider branches drawing the sap from them. Mynia esculenta) to the dwarf chesnut or chinquepin. not. Surely to know something of grafting is more method of forcing I deem to be far more simple: (Castania Pumilo) but from a neglect of a timely worthy of their regard, than many of the transient so soon as I ascertain my buds will live, which may amusements of fashion. Human fashion, like a be known in about a week, if the stock be small I Proteus, ever changing; what is taste to-day is riinstantly head it down, with one stroke of my * Rees' Encyclopedia says, the mulberry, fig, diculous to-morrow. But, the fashions of Nature knife, immediately above the bud I wish to nour- and walnut, will only ingraft by inarching; and are eternal as truth, and bestow blessings with an ish. If the stock be large, I amputate the princi- Philip Miller, a very celebrated English garden- unsparing hand, on those who search them out! pal branches; the consequence is an immediate er, says the apple will ingraft on none, but its The rose will not only graft and bud well to its bursting of all the latent buds, together with the own stock: but these are the mistakes of great men. genus; but will take on those of a different one, inoculated. As the ingrafted branches multiply, I don't believe there is any tree that will bud more by which the plain fruit tree is converted into an I diminish the number of the original ones, till successfully than the mulberry: the walnut tolera-inimitable flowering shrub. This art being equalnothing remains but the new tree; nor will it be bly well, and from the few trials I made with the ly applicable to the propagation of flowering shrubs, long, till “ingens exit ad cælum ramis felicibus figs, I am induced to think there may be no diffi-as fruit trees, would add much to the flower gar arbos, Miraturque novas frondes, et non sua po-culty with that. I budded some mulberry buds on den. Perhaps there is no employ or amusement the 11th of June, and by the 29th of August better calculated to wean the mind from sorrow, From this simple treatment, my buds will ex-measured one upwards of a foot in length, with than this truly innocent one: and while it affords tend if inserted early, many feet, with numerous ripe fruit. a present enjoyment, awakens the hope of more branches the same summer, and be prepared to Mr. Robert Lofton, living a few miles from in future. After what has been written, shall I produce a crop of fruit the ensuing year; nay, more Edgefield Court House, has ingrafted apple trees attempt an eulogy on an art, which enables us to strange to tell, the same year insome instances.-which he says have flourished upwards of 20 years collect from all quarters of the world (climate not Let the theorising orchardist who is fearful of a upon a variety of indigenous hawthorn. I have forbidding) the most choice fruits, and plant them summer pruning, (because his books nor father's been informed of another instance in the same dis-on stocks hardy and mature, capable of affording have not told him of it,) recollect what is the trict; and I have myself very luxuriant grafts as much fruit in two or three years as the seed And who can deconsequence of breaking a riding switch, or half on the parsley leaved hawthorn, which produced would yield in a dozen or more. the boughs of a tree being torn off by weight of apples large, delicious and uncommonly sound.— *In the spring of 1821, I transplanted some wild fruit, or other accident. Whether is death the The most prolific source of ignorance and oppresresult, or a sudden production of numerous thri- sion is that of suffering great men to think for us. plum stocks, from 2 to 3 inches diameter, close pruving shoots, in some cases gay flowers? By the Crippled indeed would be the operations of nature ned, whereon I grafted some peaches, plums, c. b. think the growing season the proper time were they controlled by the theories and conceits of I counted, in the fall of the same year, on a single graft, 228 flower buds. Gr pruning, and practise it accordingly. But the wisest man. ma." ny, from our present imperfect knowledge of graft-larly called, to the advertisement of Mr. Bolton's plaster or grist mill, with the necessary water ing and the hardy hybrids producible thereby, but Clover-Huller, on this page: its cheapness, when power, the huller or grinder will cost from thirty that trees, destined to eternal barrenness, may be appended to a pre-existing Mill, should lead to to forty dollars. It will then clean 5000 bushels burthened with the produce of the palm, the olive, an extensive use of it, if the inventor's impres-of seed, at the rate of one bushel an hour, with an or the bread fruit tree? We have seen the peach sions are justified by actual experiments; and of expense of less than five dollars for repairs. It "blossom as the rose;" and with our present this, he very fairly offers to others an opportunity may be put in operation by a horse power, so as knowledge of the principles of ingrafting, it is to judge for themselves, before they completely to clean from three to five bushels per day; but a practicable for every moderate farmer, by devoting purchase the right to use his patent privilege in water power is to be preferred in all cases where to the exercise of this art, the time he is wont to their own neighbourhoods. it can be conveniently obtained. sacrifice to inglorious sloth, or criminal amusements; to create a paradise of fruits and flowers, where thorns and briars now grow but to curse his land. It is unnecessary to enlarge upon the utility and importance of such a machine, to the Agricultural Interest. Every farmer can appreciate, at once, PRICES CURRENT, CORRECTED WEEKLY. the advantage to be derived from it, in preparing Flour from the wagons, superfine, $6 to 6 1-8-his seed for his own use, as well as for market. This communication has spun out to a much greater length than I intended, at the commence-Wharf flour $6 per bbl.-Wheat, white, 133 to Any person who may wish to purchase a town, ment; but in the progress I thought, as encyclo-135 cents-Red, 130 to 132-Corn, white, 70 to 71 county or state right, in said invention, will please pedias and dictionaries of arts and sciences, &c.-yellow, 64 to 65-Rye, 65-Barley, 60-Oats, address the subscriber, at Warren, Herkimer were not accessible to all your readers, it might 35 to 45-Beans, 130 cents per bushel, wholesale not be amiss to describe the processes at length.-Whiskey, 26 cts. per gall.-Grass Seeds, Clo-County, N. Y. before the first of June next, as beHowever, if you find fault of the length, you can ver, $8-Timothy, $5-Orchard, 31-Herds, 3 will be absent. His terms will be moderate, but tween that period and the first of September, he prune the superfluous shoots, or make any dispo- per bushel, at retail-Salt, coarse, 54 to 65 cents ready pay will be expected. He will furnish eve-Liverpool ground, 50-do. fine, 40 to 44 per ry necessary information by letter, or attend himyou think proper. I will trespass no further on your patience, than bushel-Plaster of Paris, ground, $7 per ton or self, if required, as he calculates to devote his/ to wish you all the success your zeal has merited. 125 cents per bbl.-Mess Beef, $11-do Pork, 13 whole time to the business. sition of it ABNER LANDRUM. FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER. Mr. Skinner, JOHN BOLTON. Warren, Herkimer Co. N. Y. March 20, 1822. SEED STORE, -Herrings, 24 to 23-Shad, 5 to 6 per bbl.— Codfish, 3 to 3 cts.-Hams, 11-Cheese, 11Butter, 20 to 25 per lb.-Eggs, 10 to 12 cents per doz.-Wool, 20 to 50-Cotton, Georgia Upland, 15 to 17 cents per lb.-Louisiana or Alabama 18 to 20-Feathers, 40 cts. per lb.-Tar, 175 cts.Dear Sir, I have observed in the American Turpentine, 175 to 200-Rosin, 150 per bbl.-Spi- Roger's Alley, one door West of the Post Office. Farmer, Number forty-seven, an enquiry made rits of Turpentine, 45 to 50 cents-Varnish, 30- WILLIAM F. REDDING, agent for STEPHEN by a Virginia farmer, for information as to the Linseed Oil, 75 to 80 per gallon-Tobacco, Mary- MUNSON, of New Lebanon, New York, respect best means of preventing hogs from being infested with vermin, and how to destroy them led, 13 to 15-good red, 6 to 8-common, 34 to 5-ceived for sale, a very valuable assortment of land, fine yellow, none ood do 16 to $18-spang-fully informs the public, that he has just rewhen they are infected. KITCHEN GARDEN and other SEEDS, neatly The means I use is nothing more than a little tar seconds, 14 to 4, per 100lbs. put up in convenient parcels, with the retail pri ces annexed, among which are the following: and grease of any kind, sufficient to make the tar FLUSHING, Long Island, quite thin, then pour it over the hogs when fed, THE LINNEAN GARDEN, [The seed mentioned below, were selected on sufficiently, so as to have them well smeared with the tar; this may be repeated often in the sumthe spot where they grew last summer, by Mr. SKINNER, Editor of this paper; for the particumer and fall, as I conceive it to be an excellent lar benefit of his subscribers; he authorises me thing for the health of the hogs—or in good weather, you may give each hog a small table spoon- Proprietor, has recently enriched its collection sound and genuine of their kind.] to say, that they may be relied upon, as being ful of sulphur in their food, or in damp weather, by the acquisition of a very large number of NEW White Onion have them well sprinkled with strong wood ashes; FRUITS, as well as ORNAMENTAL TREES Yellow do either of these remedies will prevent or destroy and PLANTS, from the Royal Gardens at Paris, Red do and from the most celebrated collections in Holland, Germany and England. the vermin. Your's, very respectfully, Mount Pleasant, Isle of Wight County, Va. March 11th, 1822. S Early frame Pease Large Sugar do Blood Beet Early China Beans Scarcity do Early Cranberry Beans THE FARMER. Catalogues, with all the recent additions, may be obtained, gratis, of the subscriber, who is agent for receiving orders for the proprietor. CHARLES R. PEARCE, 68, Bowly's wharf. Turnip do Carrot Parsnip March 21. Early Cucumber Scarlet Raddish MR. BIDDLE'S ADDRESS. Head do do Large Lima Beans Summer Savory Red Pepper Summer Scallop Squash Drumhead Winter Cab- Parsely Saffron Rue &c. &c. &c. A cheap, expeditious and effectual mode of Yellow Swedish Turnip Some of our best friends, for whose judgment cleaning Clover Seed, has long been a desideratum French we have great respect, have expressed a desire among the cultivators of the soil. Various means Early Curled Lettuce to see the pages of this journal enriched by the have been adopted for the purpose, but all defec-Ice Lettuce excellent address of Nicholas Biddle, Esq. to the tive in the most material points; especially in the Agricultural Society of Philadelphia. In this grand points of cleanliness, economy and dispatch. Early Cabbage desire we heartily concur, and propose to publish The subscriber flatters himself that he has remeit in an early number of this volume; we have died these defects by means of his newly invented the less occasion to regret the delay in its appear-machine for cleaning Clover Seed-for which he Savory Cabbage ance, since it has been given to the public through has obtained a Patent, and the practical operation the medium of several highly respectable news- of which he is desirous, as well for the prosperity dressed to WM. F. REDDING, office of the Ameri Orders from any part of the country, ad Mr. Biddle has broken new ground, of the Agricultural Interest, as for his own emoluand illustrated new topicks, in a manner well cal-ment, of extending throughout the Union. He is can Farmer, will meet with prompt attention. culated to display the beauties, to assert the dig-well aware of the many impositions which have nity, and to demonstrate the sober gains of Agri-been practised by means of imperfect inventions cultural pursuits-when prosecuted with enligh- of labor-saving machinery; and is willing, theretened industry. papers. CLOVER SEED MILL. fore, that the utility of his machine shall be fairly The attention of our readers, resident in clo-contract for such right. ver growing districts, who may be proprietors This machine is very simple and cheap, as well either of Water or Horse power Mills, is particu-as durable, When applied to the spindle of a |