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in the place of canals. To this species of labour, plan could be devised than the establishment of a ecutive of this state, as soon as it may suit your the public spirit of our citizens has been long Board of Public Works. As this however is a convenience, not delaying longer than the period since applied, and there is no state in the union matter for which the state may not yet be prepar- of commencement of the next general assembly, more amply provided with excellent roads. The ed, and which may require much more informa- such information as you may have it in your powmunificence of the general government, has, in tion in regard to the objects of internal improve-er to afford, in relation to the subjects of Internal the space of a few years past completed one of ment than your committee have it in their power Improvement within this state. More especially the most substantial, and best constructed turn- to present, they would recommend for the pres- confining your attention to a description of the pikes, perhaps in the world, leading from Wheel-ent, the institution of a committee to be selected general face and character of the country-the ing in the state of Virginia, to Cumberland. This by the Executive from among the most intelligent elevations of the most remarkable hills and work is connected with the other roads forming a members of the community, with directions to mountains-the nature of their minerals, the soil communication with the city of Baltimore, and report either individually or collectively to them, and vegetable productions-the courses of the has become the route of a very extensive trade. the most judicious course of improvement in re- rivers and creeks-the nature of the country The line of communication however is interrupt-ference to the roads, canals and rivers of the through which they pass, and the produce in ed by a space of about ten miles between Boons-state, or such parts of them as may come under which it abounds. The means of connexion beborough and the Conococheague, which yet re- their notice. And further, that the executive between important rivers; the facilities afforded mains unpaved. It is indispensable this piece of authorised, if they should deem it expedient, to to the construction of canals, roads or Railways; road should be instantly completed. Your com- cause surveys to be made and maps to be return- the prices of labour; the respective average mittee however conceive it unnecessary to sug-ed, of such districts, roads or water courses, as charges per mile in making roads or canals; gest any plan for this purpose, as they believe the in their opinion may be necessary to the illustra- the probable advantages to the internal trade fullest reliance may be placed in the efficacy of tion of any proposed plan of operations. And and commerce of each district by making such the measure already submitted and adopted by that directions be given, that such reports be improvements, and all such other information this legislature. It is understood that the citi-made, if possible, in time for the meeting of the upon these questions as you may consider useful." zens of the upper counties of Virginia, have pro- next general assembly. Further resolved, That the governour and

it.

All of which is respectfully submitted.
JOHN P. KENNEDY Chair. of the Com.
House of Delegates, Feb. 11, 1822.

REPORT.
RESOLUTIONS, No. 1.

re-surveys of the rivers, water courses or districts of country, as they shall in their judgments deem necessary to the illustration of the subjects of Internal Improvement, and that for the expenses of the same they be authorised to draw upon the treasurer of the western shore.

FROM THE (LONDON) FARMERS' JOURNAL.

Resolved, That the governor and council be ON SOWING WHEAT AND BEANS AL

SIR,

TERNATELY.
Eastwood Farm, near Rotherham,
Sept. 29, 1821.

On reading The Farmers' Journal of the 27th

a

jected a scheme to shorten the distance between To this effect your committee have the honour council be authorized to procure such general the city of Baltimore and Cumberland, by making to present the resolutions accompanying this a road from Shepherdstown, on the Potomac, to port. the last mentioned point. Should this enterprise be carried into successful operation, the diverging point would most probably be at Boonsborough. That circumstance however, your committee conceive should have no effect in retarding the ope- RESOLUTIONS ACCOMPANYING THE rations of the state in regard to the proposed work, as in any event it is a matter deeply interesting to a very extensive and populous part of the country, who suffer at particular seasons of the year, the most serious privations from the want of authorised and empowered, to take such measures in regard to the appointment of the time and While upon the subject of this road, your com-liminaries attendant upon the execution of the duplace of meeting, and the adjustment of other premittee cannot withhold the expression of their desire to see some efficient arrangements made ties assigned to the commissioners appointed in for the purpose of rendering the whole of this virtue of the act passed last session, for the ex-August, I noticed that a correspondent had called amination of the navigation of the Potomac, conimportant line of communication free of toll, or subject only to such burthens as may be necessa-jointly with the commissioners appointed by the your attention to the practice of sowing wheat and beans, which you there said was getting into executive of Virginia, as they in their judgment ry to keep it in repair. The propriety of such a measure is urged by a multitude of considerations shall deem most conducive to the prompt and use in Yorkshire. By your last Journal, which I have received to-day, I perceive your correswhich have been so frequently submitted to the wholesome execution of the said act. pondent is a Mr. Rhodes, who does not appear Further Resolved, That the governor and counlegislature, as to make it unnecessary to repeat them, and such appears to be the general accord-cil be authorised to draw upon the treasurer of to give you all the information you wish to have. You may get whatever you wish from any of the ance of opinion upon this question, that it is be-the western shore for any sum of money which farmers in the neighbourhood of Sittingbourn, Kent, where it is the common practice. I have followed that system fourteen or fifteen years, consideration of the house, as connected with the And Further resolved, That the governor be and introduced it into Yorkshire four years ago; therefore I feel it my duty to give you the followobjects of their report, without pretending to requested to apprize the executive of Virginia, suggest any plan upon the subject. Connected of the wish of this state, that the said commissioning particulars. At the same time I also feel it with this, also, is the subject of a bill now upon them, as soon as the season and other circumstanshould proceed to discharge the duties assigned my duty to caution those who are so burdened with parish rates, and other expenses, as to be the table for the purpose of authorising congress losing their property rapidly, not to depend on to impose a small toll upon so much of the Wheel- ces may render it most proper. this or any other system which they have not ing turnpike as extends within the limits of this RESOLUTIONS, No.2. tried-but to give up such land while he can pay state; the object of this oill your committee be- Resolved, That the Governor and Council be every one his due. Bet to those who are in a diflieve to be politic, and they would respectfully directed to select as soon after the passage of ferent situation, and who occupy strong land, recommend its passage. these resolutions as it can conveniently be done, which they have regularly summer fallowed after Such appear to be the general topics within nine of the most discreet and intelligent citizens several broadcast crops, I can recommend this the range of the enquiry submitted to your com- of this state, as a committee for the purpose of plan, being confident that the land will produce mittee. They have endeavoured to convey a reporting to the executive, either collectively or more and better crops without being injured ; faithful outline of the subject, without aiming at individually, as their convenience may allow, up-and as landlords are interested in their tenants' an exhibition of the details, which a more com- on the most efficient, useful and practicable plans prosperity, if it can be proved that the land will plete elucidation might demand. It is with some of Internal improvement, in relation either to the produce more to the tenant, without being injurhope of recommending even a more general ap- whole of the state, or such parts thereof as they ed by this or any other system, surely all those plication to these speculations, that they have may think proper respectively to select. And handlords who have bound their tenants to sumprogressed in their work, as they feel confident that the executive be authorised to supply any mer fallow, or any thing else which is injurious, the subject cannot be too soon taken up or too vacancy in said committee which may occur dur-will not only set them at liberty, but assist them much dwelt on by the citizens of Maryland, who ing the term of their appointment. in introducing a better mode.

lieved nothing but a deficiency of means has pre-may be necessary to defray any reasonable and vented the purchase being made long since. Your necessary charges growing out of the said comcommittee merely throw out this topic for the

mission.

are compelled to ma nta n, by the resources of Further resolved, That to each person select- I once recommended this system (when it ingenuity and artificial improvement, the influed as aforesaid, the governor and council be di- might have been of some use, had it been geneence and political consideration in the confedera rected to transmit a copy of the reports on inter-rally practised,) which you will see if you turn cy which small population and a limited territo-nal improvement, by the committees of the Sen to your Journal of February 24th, 1812. I was ry might deny them. In order therefore to keep ate and House of Delegates respectively, and al- the writer of the letter signed J. S. T. "On alive the attention and the zeal of the state upon so a copy of the following instructions. increasing the growth of Wheat." My desire this question, your committee conceive no better "You are requested to communicate to the ex-was to benefit both farmers and the communi

THE FARMER...No. I.
SHEEP. Since the manufacture of cloth has

ty, uy pointing out a way to grow sufficient our-rowing, &c. (which I am very particular about) FROM THE VERMONT REPUBLICAN AND YEOMAN. selves, without having occasion tor foreign wheat, in the way I described in the letter I have referwhich was then selling as high as 130s. per quar-red you to. The horse-hoes pulverize a sufficient ter, as you will perceive by that paper. I feel quantity of the soil for the wheat to take root in, sorry the words plough flat were left out, after and the bottom being well ploughed up, leaves a become an object of primary importance, any Kent, in that letter. It ought to read thus: surface covered with small clods, which is useful "It is the practice in most counties to plough to the wheat in the winter and spring, and which attempt to improve its quality, and of course, the land into ridges, for all kinds of corn, and to prevents the land running together, as is often its value, cannot but receive the cordial assent, sow beans broadcast, and in the county of Kent the case after summer fallows*. I have often not only of every farmer, but of every one to plough flat, and drill beans." In other res-known it after beans, when it has not been plough- friendly to the real independence of his counpects it gives a tolerably plain account of the plans ed sufficiently deep. I do not hesitate to say, ests of our country been more prejudiced, than try. Perhaps, in no point, have the true interI have pursued up to the present time. that land managed as above will be in a much betIn July 1817, I removed from the Isle of Shep-ter state to produce a full crop of wheat than if it haps the progress of national independence, in in the inundating influx of foreign cloths. Perpy, to this place, and as soon as possible put in had been summer fallowed. practice the plan I had before recommended. I The land I found in summer fallow, clover lay than in the strong partiality for cloths of a forno individual instance, has been more retarded,

found the farm full of twitch (or couch,) colts-and turnips, was sown with wheat, and cleaned, foot, docks, and other weeds although it had after the next harvest, in the way I have beforeign fabric. In order to manufacture cloth in been regularly summer fallowed; in about eigh-described: ever since, my farm has been kept with foreign' fabrics, nothing is more wanting this country, that will successfully compete teen months I had effectually cleaned it without clean without much difficulty. fallowing, except one field for turnips, but not Half my land grows wheat every year: the than requisite attention to the preliminary steps without considerable expense, for which the price crops have not diminished, but increased in quanin the process. of corn since has not paid. The following is the tity and quality. About half of the other grows As the season for washing and shearing sheep way I cleaned and cropped it : immediately after beans, one fourth clover, and the remainder po- has now arrived, and as the quality and value harvest I set a sufficient number of light turn-tatoes and early tares, with which I use a consid-of the cloth depends much upon the manner in wrest ploughs, (I mean considerably lighter, and erable quantity of clover for soiling my horses, which these are accomplished, permit me to of more simple construction, than the common feeding, and other cattle, to increase the quanti-recommend to the farmers of Windsor County, Kent plough, though called Kent ploughs here, ty and quality of my manure. I also grow tur- the practice I have adopted and pursued for a and considered heavy) to work, but without nips after tares for the same purpose, and always series of years. Experience testifies to its suwrests (or mould-boards) or coulters, with shares cart out manure upon mould or scrapings of roads perior excellence. I take a hogshead, tub or from 12 to 27 inches broad, according to the and cover it up to prevent waste, till it is want-potash kettle, and place it immediately in the strength and state of the land as to weeds, always ed; it is then turned and used for potatoes, tares, vicinity of the stream, where I propose to wash taking care that the shares worked under all the or laid on for beans, as I have before described. my sheep. I then heat water and make a roots of twitch, by which means the land was I have found the turnwrest ploughs, used in the strong soap suds, as hot as the hand can concompletely broken and the roots raised so near way I cleaned my land, preferable to any other veniently bear. Then let two men take the the top as to be got out by scarifiers and har-implement in fallowing for turnips, or when land is sheep, one at a time, and emerse them comrows; but my favourite implement for that pur- required to be got clean and fine in a short time: pletely, except the head, in this suds, and keep pose is what is called a shake drag in Notting- if used with a share not too broad (say 12 inches) them in a minute or two, until the wool behamshire. It is a strong harrow with fixed han- particularly the first time, the land may be work- comes saturated with it. The sheep are then dles, and teeth projecting forward, so as to worked effectually, if not very stiff, with two horses, taken immediately into the stream, and the the land effectually, but not too heavy for a to a sufficient depth, the earth raised and broken wool at once assumes the beauty and whitewithout turning up a stiff bottom (which is gener-ness of cotton. This process is not only simThe broad-shareings and dressings were re-ally the case when ploughed in the common way, ple, but expeditious. I then turn my sheep inpeated where necessary: the season being favour- and which the sun bakes so hard as to prevent its to a clean pasture, where they will have no able, part of the land was limed the last dress-being sufficiently pulverized afterwards;) the opportunity of getting into the dirt, and thus ing, and the whole left well water-furrowed moisture is preserved in the land, so as to pro-injure their fleeces. If the weather is fair, I (the land being strong and inclined to wet,) till mote the growth of the seeds of weeds, while usually permit an interval of about three days the latter end of January or beginning of Febru-working, and the turnip seed when sown. The between washing and shearing. Though the ary, when as much of the remainder was ma-roots of couch are not cut, and are left on the top wool will dry in two, yet four days are necesnured as my stock would permit, which was exposed to the sun, and got off with ease, which sary to restore to it the natural oil and moisture carted on when the land was frozen so as to bear would not be the case if ploughed with a com- from the sheep, which conduces so much to its the carts: as soon afterwards as possible it was mon plough; and the land may be worked to a advantage.

man to lift with ease.

ploughed with a turn-wrest plough (with wrests) greater depth, and more effectually destroys Shearing, the next step in the process, dewhich when well done turn the manure quite under, coltsfoot, thistles, and other weeds, than scari-mands more attention than is ordinarily devoto such a depth as not to be brought near the surfiers. ted to it. The shearer should be extremely

face by drilling or horse-hocing the beans, or the I fear I have extended this to too great a cautious that he does not cut the wool but once. strength exhausted by evaporation. My beans, length; if so, cut it down as much as you think He should in no instance mend his clip, but which are early, and productive, were drilled proper.

I am Sir,

Your obedient servant,

THOS. WRIGHT.

should keep the shep in such a position, that the skin may be smooth, and thus enable him to cut the wool close and even. It may always be observed, that the extremities of the wool of yearling sheep that have never been shorn, are

20 inches between the rows (which I prefer to 24, as recommend by Mr. Rhodes, for there is sufficient room for the horse to walk without injuring them, the horse-hoe works nearer the rows, and the land is sooner shaded from the The intelligent writer of the above is the much coarser than towards the body. The best sun;) the beans were horse-hoed three times, and brother-in-law of Mr. Champion, the breeder of method to be adopted in such cases that I know hand-hoed twice, and well earthed up with a the fine stock lately imported by the Editor or of, is, for the shearer to clip the ends before the plate fixed to the horse-hoe the last time. The this paper, and sold to Col. Lloyd. Mr. Wright sheep is shorn.

beans were cut before the leaves were off is now in this country with a view to Agricultural After the fleeces are off, I proceed to cull (which is earlier than is common in this neigh- observation and settlement as a farmer, and stock and sort the wool, with the utmost care and bourhood,) to increase the value of the straw breeder. His tour will be limited, chiefly to the attention; as every thing depends upon a profor fodder for my horses, and laid down in western parts of Pennsylvania and New York; per division of the wool, in the manufacture of quarter sheaves across the rows till properly from such of our subscribers and friends as he the best cloth. My method in making these withered, then tied and stacked (or shocked) in happens to meet with, the Editor requests in divisions has usually been the following: I take rows as wide apart as convenient, and the land his behalf, the favor of those attentions and hints from my best sheep about one fourth of the fleece, between the rows broadshared immediately, har-in the way of his business, as cannot fail to prove viz: from the shoulders as far back as the ribs rowed, and the bean roots, &c. burnt or ta-alike useful and grateful to a stranger seeking a ken clean off; and as soon as the beans were place of settlement in a foreign country. carried or moved, the remainder of the land was cleaned in the same way.

By the above means the land was cleared of twitch, and at the proper season ploughed deep

Editor Am. Farmer.

This is a very just remark: soils that are apt pudele or be rendered spuey with rains, ought enough to bring up all the manure, sowed or not to ve pulverised too fine before sowing. drilled with wheat, and managed as to water furEdit. Farmers' Journal.

extend, and generally half way down the sides. This I call No. 1, and lay it in a clean place on the scaffold, where it cannot be injured by the fowls or chaff. For No. 2, I take a s rip of wool farther towards the neck, down the s des and towards the hips, and place it with the test part of the wool from my second best shop, and so continue until I have made about eight

divisions, having reference to the length and quality and beauty to any Leghorns imported, and quality. This I consider about the proper if they can be afforded as cheap, they will have number of sorts to be culled, in lots of sheep a preference, and thence be an essential benefit generally. Too much discrimination cannot be to the country in retaining its species and promoexercised in making these divisions, as a small ting its industry. We hope that this experiment quantity of coarse wool, mixed with fine selec-will succeed, and that others in different parts of tions, will materially diminish the value of the the country will engage in similar enterprises.

cloth.

After my sheep are shorn, I take about six pounds of butter, six ounces of tobacco, one pint of tar, and two ounces of sulphur, or in this ratio, and put them into a kettle over a small

FROM THE BERKSHIRE STAR.
AGRICULTURAL MEMORANDA.

THE FARMER.

BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, JUNE 14, 1822.

As we are aware, from enquiries that have been made, that many will be disappointed in not seeing the official account of the last Cattle Show in this No. of the Farmer-and as many people erroneously suppose it to be the duty of the Editor to prepare it, we are in

In Saxony, the Shepherds have no fixed wa-manner forced to explain, that that duty is fire, stirring it frequently for about one hour. ges; but are allowed a profit on the produce of committed by the Society to much abler hands I then take it off and let it cool until I can bear flocks. From the adoption of this arrangement It would no doubt have been performed before my hand in it. Then with a cloth dipt in this the sheep owners derive great advantage, as the now in the most satisfactory manner, if Mr. composition, I rub the sheep and lambs tho- shepherds have no inducement to deceive them, Howard had not been unavoidably called away roughly. This process will be found extreme-but on the contrary are interested in taking care to New York, before the close of the exhibition ly salutary in preventing the sheep from tak- of the flock. and we doubt not he will avail himself of the ing cold, as the oil and tar will keep the dews How far this practice is feasible in our coun- first leisure moment to connect all the details, and rains from penetrating so much to the skin. try, it would be rash to assert; it is however and we shall be happy to present as soon as we It also hastens the growth of the wool, and the worthy of investigation and perhaps of trial. can obtain it, the report of the whole proceedensuing year it will be found to have increased The juice of carrots, added to cream in Win-ings.

the size and fineness of the fleeces. Without ter, will give the butter made therefrom, the fla

this application, the sun will for a long time vor and appearance of that made in Summer.-BAKEWELL, OR DISHLEY, OR NEW LEIscorch the hides of the sheep, and by closing [Feeding the cows with carrots is better.] CESTER SHEEP.

the pores, thus destroy the genial influence of A table spoonful of unslacked lime, given to Those who have been hitherto disappointed, the natural oil and moisture, so necessary to the Horses, regularly with their water or food, for 3 and others who may now desire to procure a few rapid growth of the wool. The tobacco is added or 4 days, night and morning, will completely ex- of this valuable race of sheep, may now be supto destroy the ticks, which it effects in a few pel the Bots. plied, on making early application to the Editor minutes after the application is made.-The ob- Water in which Potatoes have been boiled, it of the "American Farmer." ject of the sulphur is to prevent dogs and wild is said, will protect cabbages, turnips and vines, animals from molesting the flock, which effect it from the ravages of flies and bugs. For sale a thorough bred bull two years old, will have for a long time. It is a safe maxim, that grain should never be of the celebrated Holderness or milk breedAs cleansing the wool, before it is taken off, sown but when the ground is laid down to grass, or from an imported sire and dam, both of which have is much less expensive, it is also much better. ploughed from it. taken the highest prizes given at the Brighton If cleansed after, it extracts the oil so necessa- It is remarked by Sir John Sinclair, that neither Cattle Shows. He is a very superior animal, and ry to be retained, and the wool becomes more may be had for less than it would cost to transport harsh, and less capable of making good cloth. one from England to this country. The Editor If I should be deemed minute in my details, can with the utmost confidence recommend him my apology must be found in the importance of to any friend desirous of improving his stock in the subjects. their milking properties, without sacrificing size, shape, or quality of flesh.

AMERICAN GRASS BONNET MANU-
FACTORY.

intended to be carried on to a considerable extent.

wheat or rye straw should be given to Mules, as
it disagrees with them, and will render them un-
fit for labour.
To insure a good supply of manure for the en-
suing year, profit of every favourable opportunity
to draw bog and swamp earth into the Barn Yard.

0

"Prevention is better than cure."
GAPES."

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PRICE CURRENT-CORRECTED WEEKLY.

It affords us unfeigned pleasure to give our reaFlour from the wagons, $6 75--Wharf ders the following intelligence from the Hartford Take a piece of assafoetida about the size of a ditto sales have been made at $6 50 cts. cash Times; and we sincerely hope the ingenious and hen's egg; beat it tolerably flat; then wrap a -Best white Wheat fit for bakers flour $1 50 cts. industrious ladies who deserve so much praise for piece of cotton cloth round it, and nail it to the Common white 140 to 145 cts.-Red 138 to 140 their efforts hitherto, will meet with every fa- bottom of the trough where they are daily wa- cts.-White corn 80 cts.-Yellow 76 to 78 cts. cility in their new enterprise, which a liberal pub-tered: this method is to be adapted in the spring-Rye 70 cts.-Oats 40 to 45 cts.-Bran per lic should bestow, and an ample reward in its com- of the year, when the hens begin to bring forth bushel, 15 to 17 cts.-Shorts, do. 20 to 22 cts.plete success: their young broods, and it will be attended with Plaster of Paris per ton, $3 50 cts.-Shad, No. 1, We are gratified to perceive by an advertise-invaluable success in preventing that destructive tri mmed $8-No. 2 do. $7-No. 1, untrimmed, ment in our paper this week, that an establish-disorder. "RUSTICUS.” $7-No. 2, do. $6-Herrings No. 1, $2 75 te ment is about to be commenced in Wethersfield, $2 87 cts.-No. 2, do. $2 50 to $2 624-Whisfor manufacturing Grass Bonnets and Hats, and is Extract of a letter to the Editor, dated SPAR-key 33 to 34 cents-Soal Leather per lb. TA, Geo. 28th May, 1822. 25 to 27 cts.-Skirting, ditto 30 to 23 cents.Mrs. Sophia Wells, who is to have the principal "Our corn and cotton crops look pretty well-Upper whole side, $3 to $4 25 cents-Cansuperintendance of the establishment is the lady the latter is always planted in drills, in my set-dles mould per lb. 15 to 17 cts.-Dipped, do. 13 to whose ingenuity first wrought this kind of bon-tlement from three to five feet apart, according to 14 cts.-Spermaceti, 35 cts.-Beef, fresh, per lb. nets, and who has been voted for one of her ef-the richness of the land, and left from six to ten 8 to 12 cts.-Pork, 6 to 9 cts.-Veal, per lb. 6 to 10 forts, a valuable Medal from the royal Society of inches apart, one stalk in a place-the drill sys- cts.-Mutton per lb. 6 to 8 cts.-Lard per Ib. 12 Arts in London, and was offered a handsome pre-tem with the former is making its way with deep cts.-Butter per lb. 31 to 37 cts-Cheese per lb. mium in money on condition that she should fur-ploughing, and for this purpose we use generally 12 cts.-Eggs, per dozen, 12 cts.-Hickory wood nish the Society with a sample or description of Wood's patent and the Deagan ploughs. This is $4 50 to $5-Oak, do. $3 to 3 50-Pine, do $2 25 the grass, and an account of the mode of preparing the only plan, in my opinion, to restore our lands, to $3.-Tar, North Carolina, $2 25-Rosin, $2 and manufacturing it, with which condition, we that have so much suffered by the wretched sys- 25-White pine boards per M. $10 to $30-Bees' understand, she has not complied. She has also tem pursued here. Prejudice is wearing away, wax, per lb. 371 to 40 cts.-Salt, Liverpool coarse, obtained a patent for the invention. The other and improvement begins to appear. I enclose per bushel 50 to 55 cts.-Turks Island, 65 to 70— young ladies who are to act as superintendants, you a few seed brought here by some of our Af-St. Ubes, per bushel, 53 to 55. have we believe received premiums for grass bon-ricans from the lower districts of South Carolina: MARYLAND TOBACCO-raised by Charles M'nets from the Agricultural Society of this county.they are thought to be the Ochra seed-please Elfresh sold for the following prices:-2 hhds. It must give satisfaction to every person to wit-inform me if I am right in my conjecture.' yellow, $25-2 do. spangle, $15-1 do. sec'd. ness this attempt to emulate an ingenious and ele- The seed sent by our correspondent are the $5-1 yellow, $32-1 do $26-By P. M'Elfresh, gant foreign manufacture, the importation of Ochra, and is considered when ripe and roasted 1 old ground $14-4 at $8-1 second, $4.— which has drawn vast sums of money from our the best substitute for coffee, and when cut up VIRGINIA TOBACCO-a few hhds. sold for $6 country; especially as it is founded upon female and boiled in the green state with the pods, 25 to $8 50-no sales of Kentucky. skill and industry. There is no doubt that grass with a small quantity of meat, makes a very rich bonnets and hats can be manufactured equal in fine soup.

PUBLISHED BY JOHN S. SKINNER.

No. 13.- VOL. 4.

HORTICULTURE.

POMARIUM BRITANNICUM,

AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, 21st JUNE, 1822.

An Historical and Botanical account of Fruits, known in Great Britain, by Henry Philips. -Second Edition.

at present.

INTRODUCTION.

varieties.

97

Pompey and Vespasian bore in their triumph: marshes are no longer stagnated, and famine. trees which they had procured from the con- which formerly succeeded an unfavourable seaquered nations, as monuments more durable and son, seems no longer to be dreaded. useful than those of brass or marble; and long The Horticultural Society was established in the Senate reserved from the libraries of that agement to this art, and before their time, after the sacking of Carthage, the year 1809, in order to give further encourto extend the best great city only twenty-eight volumes, (the wri-possible system of it to every part of the kingtings of Mago on Husbandry,) which they caus-dom. By means of this company, what is dised to be translated into the Latin language, not-covered in one place, may be sent post as it It is now universally allowed, that no coun-withstanding Cato had so lately written on the were to others, through the remotest corners of try ever attained to such eminence, either in same subject. the dominions, without travelling as before, commerce or the arts, as the British nation has As soon as they had in some sort made them-by ages. Besides this advantage, individuals selves masters of Britain, the Romans began to have sent out men of science to every quarter As the mind has become more enlightened, clear the forests, and encourage agriculture, of the known world in search of plants, which the taste of course has become more pure; which in this country was but little attended to, have since been so diversified and multiplied, whence it is no wonder that man in this island except upon the coast; and at that period the as to make it almost difficult to discover more has now so much directed his attention to an island possessed but few fruits, which for want employment which the Almighty deemed best of proper culture must have been very inferiThe author has ascertained, by the assistance adapted for his happiness in the creation of the or in quality. of the Hortus Kewensis, that since the discoveworld: "And the Lord took the man, and put As the Romans made a practice of conveying varieties of trees and plants from America, and ry of the new world, we have produced 2,345 him into the garden of Eden, to dress it, and to their native country the natural productions to keep it." No people of old, in their greatest prosperity, with such of the conquered nations, and cultivating them upwards of 1,700 from the Cape of Good Hope, in addition to many thousands which have been care as to make them flourish as ever ceased to cultivate and honour this useful though indigenous to the climate, it is probable brought from China, the East Indies, New Holpu: suit, which, far from being considered a that, after the fall of their empire, the Crusa- until the list of plants now cultivated in this land, various parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe, mean and vulgar study, commanded the attenders, who often made that part of the world a tion of kings themselves. Of Solomon it is writ-rendezvous, observed and acquired a relish for country exceeds 120,000 varieties. tun, that he made cedars to be as the syca- many of those rarities, and brought back to their and study of students in horticulture and botany, But flowers have principally engaged the care n.ore trees that are in the vale for abundance," homes, not only new fruits, but those of their while fruits have been in comparison rather and that he wrote a history of all the plants, native soil in an improved state. After this, the from the cedar of Libanus to the moss growing intercourse of the priests with Rome perhaps are intrinsically the most valuable, for since the too much neglected, though of the two the latter served to introduce other fruits, as the Catholic The chinese have ever been celebrated for religion, enjoying frequent abstinence from animore frequent use of fruits and vegetables in their attention to horticultural pursuits. A pea-mal food, must have made the possession of this country, many dreadful diseases, as the sint, whose garden or fields are cultivated with fruits more desirable. leprosy, &c. are no longer prevalent, or have the most care, is rewarded by being made a lost their baneful effects. mandarian of his class. But it was during the reigns of Henry the Induced by these reflections, the author enAmong the Persians, horticulture was most Eighth, and Elizabeth, that the most valuable deavoured to discover to whom we are indebted strictly attended to, if we may trust the author-fruits were introduced into this country, for at for such comforts and advantages; in doing y of Xenophon, who states that Cyrus the that time the desire of discovery pervading, which, he met with considerable difficulty, or Younger was accustomed to inform himself, England, many fruits, plants, and vegetables, modern historians are silent on the subject, whether the private gardens of his subjects hitherto unknown, were brought to this island though they often dwell long on others not realwere well kept, and yielded a plenty of fruit; does horticulture seem to have advanced, that language on this head, are either too expenfrom the new world. At that period so little ly so interesting; and the few works in our that he rewarded the superintendants or overseers whose provinces were the best cultivated; Elizabeth was obliged to procure her salads sive or strictly botanical for general readers. and punished those who did not labour, and from Holland; and, according to Fuller, green However, encouraged by the observation of Sir improve their grounds. I will not here omit pease were seldom seen except from that coun- Joseph Banks, that "Every anecdote that tenis "These," says he, " were dainties for la- to throw light on the introduction, or on the the just compliment of Lysander to this mo- try.

on the wall.

Icason."

Barch, who was telling him that many of the dies-they came so far and cost so dear." probable origin of plants now collected for use, rces they were looking at had been planted About the commencement of the seventeenth is interesting, even though it is not quite perby himself. The Lacedæmonian, observed" That century, Tusser, Gerard, Bacon, and others, fect," he continued his researches till he was the world had reason to extol the happiness of Cy- turned their attention to natural history and flattered that the work, originally intended only ris, whose virtue was as eminent as his fortune, the cultivation of useful and ornamental plants. as a private instruction for his family, might, and who in the midst of the greatest affluence, After them, Linnæus altering and enlarging the with care, become worthy the perusal of the splendour, and magnificence, had yet preserved foundation upon which former naturalists had public, and enable him to make further inquia taste so pure, and so conformable to right built, raised that system which will remain as ries and discoveries, which has emboldened long as science, time, and natural productions him to send it forth to the world. Socrates makes this noble encomium upon shall last. agriculture: "It is," says he, “an employment Since this, there has been kept up a conthe most worthy of the application of man, the tinued search for every kind of tree, shrub, and most ancient, and the most suitable to his na- herb, that could either please the eye, gratify ment with useful information, as much as the ture; it is the common nurse of all persons, in the taste, or contribute to the advantage of meevery age and condition of life; it is the source dicine; the hottest and the coldest climates subject would allow; to combine and compare the accounts of the ancients with those of the cf health, strength, plenty, riches, and of a have been explored: and those plants that, for thousand sober delights and honest pleasures; want of a warmer sun, would not flourish natuto treat on each species of fruit generally; for moderns which are more improved; and, in short, it is the mistress and school of sobriety, tem- rally in this country, have had an artificial to have descended into varieties, would have perance, justice, religion, and in short of all vir-clime and temperature furnished to them. Our filled volumes with names alone, since he finds

tues, both civil and military."

cottage walls are now covered with the roses

It has been the compiler's wish and endeathat may not only be read through, but referred vour to render the work a History of Fruits, to, with some amusement; in it to blend entertain

To prove in what estimation among the ancients of China; our gardens with the flowers of Per-ries, and others as great a variety of goosberone individual possessing 400 kinds of strawberhey were held who encouraged or improved sia; and even the woods ornamented with theries, while the kinds of apples, pears, plums, ais art, it will be only necessary to attend to spiral blossoms of the Asiatic chesnut: in short, c. have been still more numerously multiwhat is stated by Plutarch, who says that Ce-the various plants of all the world have been

res and Bacchus were mortals that were deifi-introduced to beautify our happy land; and with plied.

d for having given to men immortal blessings, such success, as render it difficult sometimes And kinds are less material to his theme; by bestowing on them the knowledge of raising to say, which are natives, and which are not. Which who would learn, as soon may tell the raits. At Rome especially, during the Com- The Agricultural Society has succeeded in

sands

Tonwealth, the greatest generals, consuls, and improving our farms, the very meadows of which Driv'n by the western wind on Lybian lands, dictators, with the same victorious hands that are clothed anew: this produces the grass of the Or number, when the blust'ring Eurus roars, overthrew the enemies of their state in war, italian fields, and that the pasture of the Ne-The billows beating on Ionian shores. furned up the earth in time of peace.

therlands: the chalky hills wave with corn, our

Dryden's Virgil.

AMUSEMENTS OF THE TURF.

|CREASE, instead of the decline, of horse-racing.extremes both of short an long races, seem to To the Editor-Sir, I have always been ofNever were so many bred stallions kept in Eng-have been abandoned. We seldom or never, at opinion that nothing would so much contribute to land, as at present: never was Newmarket bet-present, hear of quarter or half-mile matches, and those of six or seven miles, had been out of preserve for us a fine race of Horses, as the keep-ter attended, than at the late meetings." Let us see how correctly this last soothsayer has vogue long before the earliest of the two periods, ing up on a respectable footing, the amusements of the turf. They have been lately revived un-prophesied, by a Newmarket comparison of the specified. Even racers over the B. C. or R. C. der the most promising circumstances in New two dates 1779 and 1819, of which, his date 1796 at Newmarket, or indeed four-mile races any York presided over and regulated by gentle- is not, indeed, quite a medium-a circumstance where, now seldom occur, comparatively with men of the highest respectability in that state. of no great importance, presuming, however, the custom, of 1779, and the earlier periods. There was some talk here lately about following that, in essentials, the period between 1769, and The late Sir C. Bunbury was materially instrutheir example, amongst gentlemen who are alone 1789, was one of the most flourishing ever known mental in the introduction of short races, for able and capable of taking the lead on such occa- in England or Europe, including France, which which he had, probably, various motives. This sions, and I hope it will not be abandoned. Some can be named, either before or since; and in no perhaps may be connected with the late custom object, on the score of the gambling and dissipa-particular to a greater degree, than in the high of breeding large leggy horses up to the height tion which ensues, but it is not fair to argue from character of the horses, whether for racing, or of full seventeen hands; a form, it may be averthe rational use to the abuse of things, else we for every useful purpose of the stud, the field, or red, in general, more likely to produce speed might with equal justice decry every species of the road: for within that period flourished Squir-than stoutness. But after all, there cannot be a amusement and recreation whatever. On that prin-rel, Bay Malton, Eclipse, Goldfinder, Bellario, more solid motive in any view than breeding ciple we had better all turn hermits at once, and Pumpkin, Mambrino, Mark Antony, Gimcrack, useful horses, and such as will serve as stallions seeking gloomy caverns and clear springs, live on Shark, Masquerade, the Rocket Gelding, Magog, for other purposes beside that of the turf; and blackberries and cold water for fear of being Woodpecker, Potatoes, Imperator, King Fer-more especially on account of the uncertainty of contaminated by the vices of society or enervated gus, Rockingham, Phenomenon, Sir Peter,-a the stud, the best racers, full often, proving of no by the luxuries of civilization! It is only requi-list, whether as racers or stallions, it would not use whatever in getting racing stock; and further on the consideration that fifteen hands one half, or site that the thing should be taken in hand by be easy to match at any other period.

gentlemen who have leisure and taste, and be Newmarket Craven Meeting, March 22, 1779; sixteen hands at most, may include, and perhaps, Sanctioned by the name of some one long known, and Stakes won by Woodpecker, 16 starting-four with greater certainty, every desired quality of every where respected for the urbanity of his sweepstakes, in amount 860gs.; three matches, speed, stoutness, or of ability to carry weight, as has indeeed been exemplified in the list already manners, his hospitality and high character as a 150gs.-In all 1010gs.

COMPARISON

Of the NUMBER of RACES, and AMOUNT of SUMS
WON at NEWMARKET: of the NUMBER of RACE
COURSES, and of COVERING STALLIONS, adver-
tised between 1779 and 1819: REMARKS on the
late TROTTING MATCHES.

To the Editor of the Sporting Magazine.
SIR,

fair and liberal sportsman,* and success would be Newmarket Craven Meeting, April 12 to 17, given. Hence perhaps, the sod of the B. C. the sure and speedy result; we should have thou- 1819: Won by Cannon Ball, 20 starting-twenty- might, with real use, be more trodden than of sands coming from every quarter to spend their su-two sweepstakes, 13,990gs.; two fifties, and 13 late years it has been. It must nevertheless be perfluous money in our neighborhood, and how matches, 3010gs.-The whole, 17,000gs. impartially stated, that during the latter period, much better would that be than sucking your First Spring Meeting, April 5, 1779: Sixteen the character of the British thorough bred horse paws and moping and growling about hard times, sweepstakes, 8675 guineas; five plates, 350gs.; has continued to rise upon the continent and in like surly bears. What put it into my head to 30 matches, (two quarter, and one half-mile our Asiatic Empire, and the export is far greater send you this scrawl, was reading in the London match,) 7355gs.-In all, 16,380 guineas. Seven- than in former times, and the prices high in proSporting Magazine of April last, the following teen of these races were over the B. C., six over portion. the R. C., and one over D. C. From the generally large size of racers, give First Spring Meeting, April 26, 1819: Four- and take plates have been long since almost exteen sweepstakes, 7215 guineas; four plates, 300 ploded, and crossing and jostling races have been guineas; nine matches 2000gs.-In all, 9515gs. equally long out of vogue: this last, not premaOf these races, only two were over the B. C., and, turely, for certain, since it was a relic of barbathree only of three miles each. rism even among our true and high bred Second Spring Meeting, April 26, 1779; To- sportsmen ; but of the low bred kind or tal of money won, 8048gs. leather-plate jockies, within memory of the preSecond Spring Meeting, May 10, 1819: Total sent writer, it was most abominably savage, the riders cutting out their competitors' eyes, or Total of money won in the three Spring Meet-knocking out their teeth with their whip hanings, 1779: 25,438gs. dles! It is to be taken for granted that crossing Ditto, ditto. 1819: 28,135gs. is abolished, since in a match the old appendage, July Meeting (the 6th,) 1779: money won, no crossing, never appears. 2785gs. July Meeting (the 12th,) 1819, 1980gs. Currency on the turf, as well as at the Bank, is First October Meeting (the 4th) 1799: money also shortly about to be changed, and guineas to won, 8311gs. Second Meeting, October 18: won be metamorphosed into pounds, as previously and 5545gs: Total in both, 13,856gs. advantageously plates had been ready melted into purses. As to the speed of the English race horse, that ascribed to Flying Childers, namely, a mile in one minute, is only traditionary, such a trial and performance never having been recorded; and the only authentic account with the stopwatch, and the greatest performance on record, is of the match between Firetail by Squirrel, and Pumpkin by Match'em, 8st. each, the R. Mile for 500gs. in the First Spring Meeting, 1773.This mile was run in one minute, four seconds and

66

Says the author of the "Philosopical and Prac-of money won, 1620gs.. tical Treatise on Horses," published in 1796, in the chapter " On Running Horses,"-" The sage lucrubations of our closet jockeys, which occasionally make their appearance in the daily prints, are in the following strain :- When the turf has sunk into that contempt it merits, we shall again have that race of strong boney horses to which our forefathers were accustomed; the old English hunter will again rear his crest.'- First October Meeting, (the 4th,) 1819: moPrecisely so, in part, it would no doubt be; and hey won, 370 lgs. Second Meeting, October 18: we should again jog on after the sober rate of half won, 5796gs.-Total in both meetings, 9497gs. a dozen miles per hour, upon that marble-breastGeneral total of money won at Newmarket, in ed sort, which old Bracken dignified with the 1779-32,079gs. name of "pioneer horses ;" and again might we make a long day of travelling fifty miles in a stage coach. So much for the strong boney horses of Race courses in England, 1779, eighty-five-in our grandsires. Respecting the old English hún-Scotland two-in Ireland, thirteen. ter, so highly in favour of these reforming jockeys Race courses in England, 1819, eighty-ninehe was always a half-bred horse, and how would in Scotland, eight-in Ireland, five, six meetings half. Squirrel was got by Old Traveller, and they contrive to make such an one, without the being annually held between March and Novem-was both the speediest and stoutest horse of his help of racing blood? With paragraphs of the ber on the Curragh of Kildare. In 1779, only day, and got remarkably speedy stock. He apabove tendency, may be classed those congenial four meetings on the Curragh. peared the shortest legged racer that we have

Ditto, ditto, in 1819-39,612gs.

number of mares.

ones, which, at least during every unfortunate Number of covering stallions for the turf in seen. The covering price was reduced during period of war and distress, announce the decline 1779, sixty-three native, one Barb, one Arabian, the latter part of the first period, and subsequentof the turf, and forbode with exultation its ap-and Chillaby, an Oriental horse, country un-ly, the capital horses being allowed a greater proaching ruin. It was nothing uncommon in known. regular and authentic prophesying times, for two prophets, equally well bred, to predict clean contrary things; and I will be bold to foretell the IN

Number in 1820, ninety-four, among which there appear no foreign horses.

From tollutation to succussation,the digression is mighty easy and natural, as when the horse is dead beat at a gallop, he naturally falls into a

The observations which naturally occur are as follows: in the first place, the prophet who fore-trot. That is to say, told the increase, vice the decline of horse ra* Such an one may be found not far from cing, comes in first and first, beating the whole G** Street. field of his prophetic brethren in a canter. The

"Whether tollutation, At they do term't, or succussation."

HUDIBRAS.

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