COURTS-continued. action of, not to be set aside by legislature, 113. may not control the executive, 136. must act by majorities, 115, n. not to be open on election days, 772. power to declare laws unconstitutional a delicate one, 192. will not be exercised by bare quorum, 195. nor unless necessary, 196. nor on complaint of one not interested, 196. nor of one who has assented, 196. will not declare laws void because solely of unjust provisions, 197-202. nor because conflicting with the spirit of the constitution, 204–206. special, for trial of rights of particular individuals, 484. of star chamber, 416. of high commission, 417. martial, 390, n. of the United States, to be created by Congress, 12. CREDIT, general powers of, 17. removal of causes to, from State courts, 18-20. to follow State courts as to State law, 20-23. to decide finally upon United States laws, &c., 18. in what cases may issue writs of habeas corpus, 420-422. bills of, 23. CREDITOR, control of debtor by, 416. CRIMES, committed abroad, punishment of, 149. legislative convictions of, prohibited, 24, 44, 316, 317. ex post facto laws prohibited, 24, 44, 318. punishment of, by servitude, 363. search-warrants for evidence of. See SEARCHES And Seizures. accusations of, how made, 374. presumption of innocence, 375–377. right of accused party to bail, 375–377. prisoner refusing to plead, 377, n. trial to be speedy, 377. and public, 379. and not inquisitorial, 379. prisoner's right to make statement, 380–386. confessions as evidence, 380–386. prisoner to be confronted with the witnesses, 387, 388. CRIMES-continued. exceptional cases, 387. to be by jury, 374, 389. jury must consist of twelve, 390. must unanimously concur in verdict, 392. judge not to express opinion upon the facts, 392. but is to give instruction in the law, 393, 394. accused not to be twice put in jeopardy, 398. what is legal jeopardy, 399. when nolle prosequi equivalent to acquittal, 399. cruel and unusual punishments prohibited, 401-403. oath of, 404. duty of, 404-411. denial of, in England, 405. court to designate, for poor persons, 406. whether one may refuse to act, 406. privilege of, is the privilege of the client, 407. not at liberty to withdraw from case, except by consent, 408. duty of, as between the court and the prisoner, 409. whether to address the jury on the law, 410. summary punishment of, for misconduct, 410, 437, n., 498, n. intoxication no excuse for, 584, n. habeas corpus for imprisoned parties, 412-426. accusations of, are libellous per se, 519, 520. but privileged if made in course of judicial proceedings, 542-544. CRITICISM, of works of art and literary productions is privileged, 557. but not of the personal character of the author, 557. See LIBERTY OF SPEECH AND OF THE PRESS. CROWN OF GREAT BRITAIN, succession to, may be changed by Parliament, 103. CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENTS, what are, 402, 403. CUMULATIVE PUNISHMENTS, for counterfeiting money, 29. under State and municipal laws, 239. CURATIVE LAWS, 454-471. CURTESY, ESTATE BY THE, power of legislature to modify or abolish, 440. CUSTODY, of wards, apprentices, servants, and scholars, 414, 415. of children by parents, 414. of principal by his bail, 415. CUSTOMS. See COMMON LAW; DUTIES AND IMPOSTS. D. DAM, to obtain water power, condemnation of land for, 657-661. erection of, across navigable waters by State authority, 732. DAMAGES, in libel cases, increased by attempt at justification, 537. for property taken by the public, must be paid, 691. DAMAGING, property in course of public improvements, 689, 690. what consequential injuries are, 473, 668, 689. DEATH, common carriers may be made liable for causing, 715. in Parliament formerly not suffered to be published, 513. DEBT, See LIBERTY OF SPEECH AND OF THE PRESS. public, declared inviolable, 14. Confederate, not to be assumed or paid, 14. imprisonment for, may be abolished as to pre-existing obligations, 348. imprisonment for, now generally abolished, 416. DEBTOR, control of creditor over, 416. DEBTS BY THE STATE, prohibition of, whether it precludes indebtedness by municipalities, 270- 273. DECENTRALIZATION, the peculiar feature in American government, 223. DECISIONS, judicial, binding force of, 60-68. See JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS, was a declaratory statute, 34, 311, 312. See BILL OF RIGHTS. DECLARATORY STATUTES, in English constitutional law, 32-36. are not encroachments upon judicial power, 110-113. DEDICATION, of lands to public use, 697. DEEDS, invalid, may be confirmed by legislature, 454-467. but not to prejudice of bona fide purchasers, 465, 470, n. DEFENCES, not based upon equity, may be taken away by legislature, 454-467, 478. DEFINITIONS, of a State, 3. of a nation, 3. of a people, sovereignty, and sovereign State, 3. of a constitution, 4. of an unconstitutional law, 5. of construction and interpretation, 51, 52. of self-executing provisions, 99. of legislative power, 108. of judicial power, 109. of declaratory statutes, 110. of due process of law, 431. of law of the land, 431. of taxation, 587. of the eminent domain, 643. of police power, 704. of domicile, 754. of incompatibility in offices, 748, n., 749, n. of officer de jure, 750. of officer de facto, 750. of ballot, 760. DELAWARE, revenue bills must originate in lower house, 157, n. right of jury to determine the law in cases of libel, 394, n. DELEGATION OF POWER, of judicial power, not admissible, 115, 504. by the legislature not admissible, 137-146. except as to powers of local government, 139, 140. constitutional right to punish, 584, 725, 743, n. to prevent calamities, 260, n., 646, n., 739, 740. DIRECTORY STATUTES, what are, and what are mandatory, 88–98. doctrine of, not admissible as to constitutional provisions, 93–98. DISABILITIES, personal, do not follow into another jurisdiction, 28, n. DISCRETIONARY POWERS, department to which they are confided decides finally upon, 53, 133-136. cannot be made in taxation between citizens of different States, 489, 597. in the privileges and immunities of citizens, 13, 24, 481-491, 733. not to be made on account of religious belief, 575–586. DISCUSSION, right of, 426, 427. See LIBERTY OF SPEECH AND OF THE PRESS. DISFRANCHISEMENT, of voters, may render a statute void, 775. what classes excluded from suffrage, 40, 41, 88, 752, 753. DISTRICTS, for schools, powers of, 223-225, n., 295. exercise by, of power of eminent domain, 661. for taxation, necessity for, 610-613. not to tax property outside, 615. taxation to be uniform within, 617. |