25. A good book is the precious life-blood of a masterspirit. 26. To-day is yesterday's pupil. 27. A little learning is a dangerous thing. 35. John Gilpin was a citizen Of credit and renown. 36. The Alhambra is an ancient fortress or castellated palace of the Moorish kings of Granada. 37. The eagle is a bird of large ideas, he embraces long distances; the continent is his home. 38. A wise son maketh a glad father; but a foolish son is the heaviness of his mother. 39. The history of England is emphatically the history of progress. 40. She clad herself in a russet gown, She was no longer Lady Clare. 41. Righteousness exalteth a nation; but sin is a reproach to any people. 42. The riches of the commonwealth Are free, strong minds and hearts of health. 43. Virginia was the Cavalier of the Colonies, Massachusetts was the Puritan. 44. At times the small black fly upon the pane May seem the black ox of the distant plain. 45. The successors of the old Cavaliers had turned demagogues; the successors of the old Roundheads had turned courtiers. 46. Ere the silver sickle of that month L47. Became her golden shield, I stole from court A verse of a Lapland song Is haunting my memory still: And the thoughts of youth are long, long RELATIVE PRONOUN You have learned that the pronouns in the following sentences are called Relative Pronouns, and that they are Conjunctive; that is, they act as conjunctions as well as pronouns. * 1. A dog has been given to the children, who are fond of pets. 2. Edith weeded her flower-bed, which she likes to keep in order. 3. We climbed the hill that commands a beautiful view. You have also learned to prove this conjunctive nature by separating each of the sentences above into two smaller sentences, and then comparing the separated sentences with the corresponding sentences in the combined form. 1. A dog has been given to the children. The children are fond of pets. 2. Edith weeded her flower-bed. She likes to keep her flower-bed in order. 3. We climbed the hill. The hill commands a beautiful view. When we are explaining sentences which, like those above, are made up of smaller sentences, it * See Abbott's "How to Tell the Parts of Speech," page 95 and following pages. is more convenient to have a special name for the smaller sentences, in order to distinguish them from the whole sentence. This name is Clause. Clauses, then, are the smaller sentences that have been joined together to make a larger sentence. So we may say that the Relative Pronoun always connects together two clauses, that is, the clause to which it belongs itself, and another clause. And you will see, if you look again carefully at the examples above, and also at those in the following Exercise, that the noun or pronoun for which the relative pronoun stands, and which you have learned to call the Antecedent, is always in the same sentence (but not in the same clause) with the relative pronoun. This is not true of ordinary pronouns, which may stand for nouns in other sentences. Thus we may say: 1. Who, Which, and That are Relative Pro 2. A Relative Pronoun differs from an ordinary pronoun in being Conjunctive. 3. It connects together Clauses, but not Sentences. 4. The noun or pronoun for which it is used is called its Antecedent, and the relative pronoun and its antecedent are always in the same sentence. Another relative pronoun, what, is used differently. In the sentence, * Remember that who and which are also used interrogatively. The word that is used as several different parts of speech. I will tell you what I saw, what may be expressed by that which, while the meaning of the sentence remains the same. When used in this way, what always includes in itself these two pronouns; the second one, which, being the relative, and the other, that, being the antecedent. What is therefore called the Compound Relative. |