Verg. A. 7, 378 uses our poet's comparison to describe Amata driven by the Fury, 'ceu quondam torto volitans sub verbere turbo | quem pueri magno in gyro vacua atria circum | intenti ludo exercent (ille actus habena | curvatis fertur spatiis; stupet inscia supra | inpubesque manus, mirata volubile buxum; | dant animos plagae)'; Chrestien de Troyes (12th cent.) uses it in his Roman de Cligés to describe his hero's sword in battle (3802), 'S'est plus tornanz que n'est la tronpe | Que la corgiee mainne et chace.' Theokrit. 2, 30, though sometimes quoted, is not in point here, as he is not referring to the top, but to the rhombos or witches' wheel (cp. 1, 2, 59-62 n.). As soon as we personify the top we realize what an excellent simile we have for the helpless victim of a mad passion. Less homely but not more striking is Sappho, frag. 35 Crus., Ερος ὡς ἄνεμος κατ ̓ ὄρος δρυσὶν ἐμπέσων | φρένας ἀμμετέραις ἐτίναξεν. 3. sola: plural because the top hops from one spot to another as the whip is applied. It occupies more than one solum, cp. rivos, I, 1, 28; Catull. 63, 7, 'etiam recente terrae sola sanguine maculans'; id. 40, 'lustravit aethera album, sola dura, mare ferum,' etc. -turben: the old nom. turben here is vouched for by Charisius (145, 8 K.). See Neue-Wagener, I, p. 258. 4. ab arte: one would expect the simple ablative of ́manner. The addition of ab, phraseological but uncommon, is confined in prose to Varro, De Re Rust. 1, 59, 2, 'quod spectaculum datur ab arte'; Vitruv. 5, 4, 3, 'harmoniae ab arte conceptae'; 7, 5, 4; 5, 8. This is the first appearance of it in poetry, where, as here, it is rarely without an attributive. The remaining exx. are I, 9, 66; 2, 1, 56; Propert. 3, 24, 5; Ovid, Amor. 2, 15, 14; 4, 30; 12, 4; Ars Amat. 3, 545; Fast. 2, 764; 3, 321; Trist. 2, 462; 4, 10, 16 (no attrib.); Sil. Ital. 3, 278; Ilias Lat. 350; Stat. Theb. 6, 317; Anth. Lat. 359, 10 R.; Sidon. Carm. 23, 399; 2, 420; Inscript. Christ. Gall. 666. So ab insidiis, Propert. 3, 24, 6 (only ex.); ab industria, Sidonius, Epist. 1, 7, 9; 3, 12, 5; a solido, Greg. Turon. Hist. Franc. 2, 9; a fide, Quint. Decl. 269 (p. 99, 9 Ritter), etc. 5-6. Another application of the doctrine of Nemesis (1, 2, 89–96 n.) to love. In any case, but above all here, boastfulness is a direct challenge to the goddess of balance. Pride goes before a fall. See esp. 2, 6, 9–14; Ovid, Her. 4, 150. 5. ure et torque : ¿.. punish the slave of love as any other unruly slave is punished. A commonplace of erotic poetry for which Tib. shows an esp. fondness, cp. 1, 8, 5-6; 1, 9, 21; 2, 6, 5; esp. 2, 4, 1-6. For these and similar punishments inflicted upon slaves cp.e.g. Hor. Epist. 1, 15, 36; Propert. 4, 7, 35. 6. horrida verba: 'harsh, rough words.' So eg. Ovid, Rem. Amor. 664 (of a lovers' quarrel on the street), 'forte aderam iuveni. dominam lectica tenebat | horrebant saevis omnia verba minis,' etc. 7. per foedera lecti: the appeal is Homeric, cp. Il. 15, 39 (Hera to Zeus); Soph. Aias, 493 (Tekmessa to Aias). Much of the original dignity and tenderness of the appeal is of course lost in the elegy. The appeal however is a favourite one, Tib. 4, 13, I; Propert. 3, 20, 15; Ovid, Her. 5, 101; Met. 7, 709, etc. More in keeping perhaps is compositum caput, as in Propert. 2, 14, 22, cp. Ovid, Her. 3, 107 and Tib. 4, 5, 7. (For Arab lovers the floral symbol of compositum caput is the almond blossom.)-per, of course, governs foedera. This displacement and the position of te is usual in oaths and appeals, cp. 4, 5, 7; Terence, And. 289 (Spengel); Plaut. Capt. 977 (Lindsay); Hor. Od. 1, 8, 1–2; Livy, 23, 9, 2 (Müller). The same is true of Greek, cp. e.g. Eurip. Hippol. 605, vai πpós σe tŷs oĤs dežiâs. per occurs elsewhere in Tib. with oaths, 1, 2, 38; 1, 4, 25-26; 1, 9, 2; 2, 6, 29. On per instr. 1, 6, 26 n. 9-18. Illness is a regular motive of the elegy, cp. 4, 4 and 11; Propert. 2, 9, 25; 2, 28; Ovid, Amor. 2, 13; Her. 20 and 21; esp. Ars Amat. 2, 315336 9. ille ego: see 1, 3, 93 n. ille with ego, tu, hic, is chiefly poetical. When followed by a relative as e.g. in 1, 6, 31; Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 1, etc. ille may be explained as antecedent of the relative. Again, in exx. like Met. 1, 757, 'ille ego liber ille ferox tacui'; Trist. 5, 7, 55, ‘ille ego Romanus vates'; (cp. Amor. 3, 8, 23, etc.), ille qualifies the noun in apposition. Here, however, ille is the attributive of ego or in apposition with it; that I,''that self of other days.' No exact parallel for this is found in Propertius, and Burman's Index quotes none from Ovid. For ille with a vocative, 2, 3, 74; 2, 4, 2. cum... iaceres: cum circumstantial with the imperf. subj. as here occurs in 1, 2, 14; 65; 1, 3, 9; 1, 4, 33; 1, 5, 39; I, 10, 16; 2, 5, 21; in 2, 3, 5 cum nearly = if. With the pluperf. 1. 12 below. In 1, 3, 15 cum is perhaps concessive. - defessa: an excellent description of the malarial troubles from which the Romans suffered so much and which the poet has in mind; cp. 4, 4, 10; 4, 11, 2; Ovid, Ars Amat. l.c. 315 above; Hor. Carm. Saec. 64; etc. 10. votis: general. The particulars follow in 11-16. Under such circumstances vota were usual and, indeed, quite en règle on the part of one's friends. Hence, in this motive of the elegy they are never lacking; cp. 4, 4; Ovid, Ars Amat. l.c.; Amor. 2, 13, 23; Propert. 2, 9, 25; 2, 28, 43 and 59, and we usually hear of them in connection with the will hunters; cp. Juv. 12, 95, etc. 11-12. This ceremony, which combines magic with the use of practical disinfectants, rests primarily on the primitive theory of disease as a demon to be exorcised. The two main details of the ceremony of lustration are mentioned here. For fuller descriptions, cp. Nemes. 4, 62, ‘quid prodest quod me pagani mater Amyntae | ter vittis, ter fronde sacra, ter ture vaporo, | incendens vivo crepitantes sulphure lauros, | lustravit cineresque aversa effudit in amnem'; Claudian, VI Cons. Honor. 324, 'lustralem tum rite facem, cui lumen odorum sulphure caeruleo nigroque bitumine fumat, | circum membra rotat doctus purganda sacerdos | rore pio spargens, et dira fugantibus herbis | numina purificumque Iovem Triviamque precatus | trans caput aversis manibus iaculatur in Austrum | secum rapturas cantata piacula taedas'; Pind. Pyth. 3, 51; Propert. 4, 8, 83, etc. Both the Greeks and the Romans ascribed great healing and purifying powers to sulphur, hence its regular use in lustration from the earliest times; cp. Homer, Odyss. 22, 481; Il. 16, 228; Theokrit. 24, 94; Propert. 4, 8, 86; Ovid, Rem. Amor. 260, ‘nulla recantatas deponent pectora curas | nec fugiet vivo sulfure victus amor'; Pliny, H. N. 35, 177, etc. See O. Gruppe, Griech. Mythologie, Munich, 1906, p. 889, n. 4 with references. 12. praecinuisset: i.e. she uttered the incantation as she paced about the sick bed and Tibullus followed with the sulphur. The word does not necesarily imply that she acted as a praecantatrix, i.e. that Tib. repeated the charm after her. In Ovid, Ars Amat. 2, 329–330 above, she is apparently unaided and, in fact, ipse here (='in person'; cp. I, I, 7 n.) twice repeated emphasizes his special devotion, since this function was regularly performed by the saga who was apt to call upon the girl's lover to furnish the materials. Indeed this is one of the conventional methods used by the prudent meretrix and her confidante, the saga, to extort a present from their victim; cp. Martial, II, 50; 7, 54, etc.. anus: i.e. a saga (1, 2, 42 n.) who was always called in acc. to immemorial custom; cp. Homer, Odyss. 22, 481, etc. 13. procuravi: a religious word. For the prosody, Ovid, Ars Amat. 1, 587; Fast. 3, 343. Rare with an object clause as here. Other complementary consecutive sentences in Tib. are 4, 4, 5; 1, 9, 26; 2, 4, 38 (with ne and ut); 1, 3, 14 (quin); 4, 2, 15 (qui); with simple subjunct. 1, 3, 54 and note. saeva somnia: he is probably referring to the semi-delirious visions more or less characteristic of malaria. Bad dreams may be sent by the manes (2, 6, 37 n.), but more esp. by Trivia who is responsible for madness in all its forms, cp. Hippokrates, I, p. 592 Κ., ὁκόσα δὲ δείματα νυκτὸς παρίσταται καὶ φόβοι καὶ παράνοιαι καὶ ἀναπηδήσεις ἐκ τῆς κλίνης καὶ φεύξιες ἔξω Εκάτης φασὶν ́elvai éπißovλás Soph. Aias, 172; Eurip. Hippol. 141, etc. Hence mala somnia are termed omina Lunae by Propert. 4, 4, 23. Trivia, therefore, is asked to keep them away, and can do so, cp. 3, 4, 13; Statius, Theb. 9, 585; etc. 14. ter: 1, 2, 54 n.— deveneranda: i.e. 'to be averted by prayer.' So apparently only in this passage (deveneror: veneror :: deprecor: precor). For the passive meaning, which in deponents is largely confined to the participial forms, cp. venerata, Hor. Sat. 2, 2, 124; Verg. A. 3, 460, etc.; veneranda, Tib. 1, 7, 56; operata, 2, 3, 36 and notes. —mola: i.e. the salsa mola, the use of which was traditionally prescribed by Numa (Pliny, H.N. 18, 7). Servius on Verg. E. 8, 82, describes the preparation of it by the Vestals. It was used in all sacrifices and in fact was sufficient in itself (Pliny, l.c. and I. Praefat. 11). For its use in this connection, Martial, 7, 54, 5; Lygd. 3, 4, 10; Plautus, Amphit. 740; etc. A common method in the case of ominous dreams was morning lustration in running water, Propert. 4, 4, 24; Verg. A. 8, 69; Val. Flacc. 5, 332; Stat. Theb. 9, 573; Pers. 2, 16; Juv. 6, 522, etc. 15-16. A sacrifice to Trivia for Delia's illness in general. The influence of the moon on disease, esp. certain types of disease, is an article of faith more or less well founded among all nations, cp. e.g. Galen, 19, p. 188 K., vóơoi dè αἱ μὲν κατὰ ἀφαίρεσιν φθίνοντος τοῦ μηνὸς συνεπισημαίνουσι πρὸς τὸ χεῖρον, αἱ δὲ κατὰ περιουσίαν δὲ καὶ πλημμυρίδα αὐξανομένου πιέζουσι τὰ μάλιστα, and often. Hence the sick call upon the moon goddess as a matter of course, cp. Theognis, 13; Philippos, Anth. Pal. 6, 240, 3; etc. See Roscher's Selene, p. 72. 15. velatus filo: covering of the head by the priest was ceremonial in many Roman sacrifices, but the apex, or its old-fashioned substitute the fillet (filum), was generally worn by the flamines or fetiales. -tunicis solutis: the rule in any service to the gods, Ovid, Met. 1, 382, etc. See also I, 1, 67 n.; 1, 3, 31 n.;.2, 1, 15–16 n. 16. vota dedi: i.e. vota reddidi, so Ovid, Pont. 2, 5, 13; Tib. 1, 3, 44 n.; I, 4, 16 n.—novem: this multiple of three is ritualistic, and is often as here associated with the worship of Hekate. - nocte silente: 1, 2, 61 n. 17-18. Transition to the next topic. For the naïve complaint cp. Ovid, Her. 6, 75,' vota ego persolvam? votis Medea fruetur!' 5, 59, 'votis ergo meis alii rediture, redisti? | ei mihi, pro dira paelice blanda fui.' The motive of 9-16 is usually introduced as an illustration of ingratitude and Love's Labour's Lost.. 18. ille: Tib. is especially fond of a dissyllabic pronoun in this place (35 exx.; 4 in Lygdamus). 19-34. Another version of the poet's characteristic theme, cp. I, I, I-48; 2, 71-75; 3, 35-48; 10, 7-44; 2, 5, 25-48. For Bertin's imitation see 1, 2, 79-94 n. 19-21. The apodosis is involved in the oratio obliqua, i.e. ‘fingebam mihi felicem vitam futuram esse si salva fuisses,' cp. Sall. Jug. 25, 7, 'timebat iram (= ne irasceretur) senatus, ni paruisset legatis'; 'He was afraid of the anger of the senate (that the senate would get angry) in case he did not (should not have) obey (ed) the legates' (Gild.-Lodge, 601). Similar is I, 4, 23, ' vetuit valere quidquid iurasset,' cp. n. ad loc. 20. demens: 'quia spem in constantia mulieris habuerit,' says the old commentator Cyllenius. - renuente deo: for the phrase, Ovid, Met. 8, 325; Mart. 2, 14, 14. 21. rura: for the plural, cp. 2, 3, 1. — colam, etc.: the unheralded change to direct quotation is characteristic of poetry and lively prose.—frugum custos, etc.: the idyllic simplicity of the life proposed is constantly emphasized. Delia, a city-bred girl, is expected to play the part of a frugal and prudent housewife of the old Italian pattern far from the madding crowd (!) 22. area: the area or threshing floor under the open sky, after the Homeric (Il. 20, 496) and Biblical fashion, and made acc. to the directions given by Cato (91 and 129), Varro (1, 51), Vergil (G. 1, 178), etc., is still found, e.g. in Tuscany, though now fast disappearing. Here the grain was often trodden out by oxen as in Biblical times. But contrary to the Biblical rule (Deuteron. 25, 4) they were muzzled. — dum here is completely co-extensive, hence teret follows the tense of the verb of the main clause, as in 1, 4, 65. With dum partially coextensive, the rule of the present after all tenses is rarely broken, - messes: the plural is frequent in the poets, cp. 1, 2, 98; cp. 2, 3, 19 n. I, I, 24; 2, 1, 47. Sing. I, I, 42; 2, 1, 19. —sole calente: characteristic of - |