staple crops. Much of the truck-land was used for cotton and corn, after the truck-crops.

State University.-The sum of $50,000 offered to the State University by Senator Brown in 1882, upon certain conditions, which were not accepted by the Legislature (see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1882), was this year given by him to the institution, and accepted by it.

Oglethorpe Celebration.-On the 13th of February, the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the landing of the first colonists under Oglethorpe, the founding of the city of Savannah, and the birth of the State of Georgia, were celebrated in Savannah. Thousands of people from all sections of the country were present. Gov. Stephens delivered an address on Georgia's history, and a poem, written by Paul Hayne, was read by Gen. Jackson.

Education. In all cities and counties there was paid, in 1882, as follows: To teachers of white schools, $381,586.16; to teachers of colored schools, $151,428.26; total, $533,014.42. The poll-tax paid by white tax-payers in 1882 amounted to $123,518, and that paid by colored tax-payers was $59,405. The school-taxes obtained from rental of the Western and Atlantic road, from inspection of fertilizers, from shows, from liquor-dealers, from hire of convicts, etc., in all of which the negroes pay a large proportion, amount to $125,953.36. There are 1,100 negroes and 100 white men in the penitentiary. Hence eleven twelfths of the hire of convicts comes out of the negroes. Fees for inspecting fertilizers are really paid by farmers, and the custom now is to make negro farm-laborers pay their part of the expenses of fertilizers. A recapitulation of what negroes contribute to the public-school fund stands: Poll-tax, $59,405; proportion of taxes from other sources, $65,722.70; total, $125,127.70. Taking this aggregate from $151, 428.26, the amount paid to teachers of colored schools, there remains $26,300.56 as the entire amount contributed by white tax-payers for the education of colored children. "This," says the commissioner, "was certainly no great burden to property-holders. The negroes returned property to the value of $6,589,876. The State tax on this property amounted to $19,769.62. Add this to $125,127.70, the sum paid by them to the support of their schools, and we have $144,897.32, nearly as much as their schools cost. It is thus shown that the white people, who really hold all the power of the State government, allowed the negroes for the support of their schools more than the whole amount paid by them for all purposes, and then took upon themselves all other expenses of government. The number of pupils in colored schools was 95,055, in white, 161,384. This gives a per capita for colored children of $1.59, and for white, $2.36."

GERMANY, an empire in Europe, formed by the union of the German states, consummated on May 4, 1871, when the Constitution of the German Empire replaced the articles of con

federation between the North German states and the treaties by which the Grand Duchies of Baden and Hesse and the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Würtemberg entered the League during the Franco-Prussian War. King Wil helm I was proclaimed German Emperor from Versailles on the 18th of January, 1871, upon the successful termination of the war with France. He was born March 22, 1797, and ascended the Prussian throne on the death of his brother, Jan. 2, 1861. The heir-apparent, Friedrich Wilhelm, was born Oct. 18, 1831.

The sovereign powers of the confederation of states forming the empire are vested in the Prussian crown and the Federal Council, but the concurrence of the Parliament, or Reichstag, elected by universal suffrage, is necessary to the exercise of certain functions. The popular assembly possesses, also, certain rights of control over the acts of the Government. To declare war, if not merely defensive, the Emperor must have the consent of the Bundesrath, or Federal Council, in which body, conjointly with the Reichstag, or Diet of the Realm, are vested the legislative functions of the empire. The Bundesrath represents the individual states, and the Reichstag the German nation. The members of the Bundesrath, 62 in number, are appointed by the governments of the individual states for each session, while the members of the Reichstag, 397 in number, are elected by universal suffrage and by ballot, for the term of three years. The Bundesrath is presided over by the Chancellor of the Empire, who, as representative of the Bundesrath, has a right to interpose in the deliberations of the Reichstag. Both bodies meet annually, called together by the Emperor. All imperial laws must receive the votes of a majority in both houses. The assent of the Emperor, which must be countersigned by the Chancellor, is necessary to give them effect.

The Chancellor of the Empire, Prince Otto von Bismarck, fills the posts of President of the Council of Ministers, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Prussian Minister of Commerce. In the office of Foreign Affairs his chief subordinate is Count von Hatzfeldt, Secretary of State, who is also Minister of State in Prussia. The Secretary of State for the Interior is Min. ister von Bötticher. The Chief of the Admiralty is Lieut.-Gen. von Capsivi, who succeeded Admiral von Stosch, on his retirement, March 8, 1883. The Secretary of State for Justice is Dr. von Schelling; Financial Secretary of State, Von Burchard; Chief of the Post-Office, Dr. Stephan; Minister of Railroads and Prussian Minister of Public Works, Dr. Maybach.

The Prussian ministry is composed as follows: President, Prince Bismarck, Minister of Foreign Affairs and of Commerce; Vice-President, Von Puttkamer, Minister of the Interior; Public Works, Maybach; Agriculture and Domains and Forests, Dr. Lucius; Justice, Dr.

Friedberg; Ecclesiastical Affairs and Public Education, Von Gossler; Finance, Von Scholtz; War, Lieut.-Gen. Bronsart von Schellendorff, who succeeded Gen. von Kameke, retired March 5, 1883; without portfolios, Von Bötticher and Count von Hatzfeldt.

Area and Population.-The area of Germany is 212,091 square miles. The total population of the empire returned in the census of Dec. 1, 1880, was 45,234,061, of whom 22.185,433 were males and 23,048,628 females. The number of foreigners was 275,856, of whom 117,574 were born in Austria-Hungary, 28,244 in Switzerland, 23,593 in Denmark, 17,393 in the Netherlands, 17,393 in France, 15,107 in Russia, 11,155 in Great Britain and Ireland, 10,326 in the United States.

The preliminary results of the enumeration of the population with reference to professions and employments, conducted June 5, 1882, were as follow, with the proportion of each class to the total in that year and in 1871, not taking account of the different method of clas

sification:

Education.-Education is compulsory in all the German states. The elementary schools are supported by the communes. According to the returns of 1878, all recruits of the army could read and write, though in Bavaria and some other parts of South Germany there was a small percentage of them who were deficient in schooling.

In Freiburg, Munich, Münster, and Würz burg, Roman Catholic theology is taught, and in Bonn, Breslau, and Tübingen, both Catholic and Protestant; all the other universities are Protestant. There are, besides the students for degrees, non-matriculated students, who in Berlin numbered 1,219.

Commerce. The values of the main classes of imports and exports in 1881 were as follow, in millions of marks and tenths of millions:

18,888,658

Forestry, hunting, and fishing. Mining industry and works of construction

42.5

29.8

854,5.8

Commerce and transportation.. Labor for hire and domestic service...

Public service, ecclesiastical and liberal professions..

Articles of consumption.. Raw materials

1,046.2

592-2

934 6

540-5

Miscellaneous..

Without profession or employment...

Total.

2,245,257 5.0 45,213,901 100.0 100.0

The effects of the introduction of protective duties on the iron industry were investigated by the Iron and Steel Manufacturers' Associa tion of Germany. In January, 1879, 325 private firms and joint-stock companies employed 153,979 hands, and paid in wages 9,383,396 marks monthly; in January, 1883, they gave employment to 206,150 laborers, an increase of 33.9 per cent., and paid in wages 14,754,350 marks monthly, an increase of 57-2 per cent. The net earnings of the 107 joint-stock companies were 5.16 per cent. in 1882, against 1.99 per cent. in 1879.

Navigation. The movement of shipping in German ports in 1881 was as follows:

*Including suburbs, 410,127.

+ Including faubourgs. 164,697. With Linden, 145,227.

Of the 30,795 kilometres of principal lines, 10,285 kilometres have double and 35 triple or quadruple tracks. Not included in the above are 1,252 kilometres of industrial railroads.

By the purchase of the Berlin and Hamburg, and Kiel and Altona, the Oder right-shore line, and the Upper Silesian railways, with some minor roads, the Prussian Government system of railways is completed. The aggregate length of the new acquisitions, authorized by a bill passed just before the close of the Landtag, is about 3,000 kilometres. By previous purchases the state owned 15,909 kilometres. It administered besides 2,236 kilometres of private roads. The principle of the government management of railroads was recognized in Prussia from the beginning. It was expressed in the railroad law of 1838, but the Government, before 1848, did nothing beyond extending financial support to the companies. In 1849 Minister von der Heydt carried a measure providing for the construction of a number of railroads by the Government. This policy was not carried out in the succeeding period, and in default of state construction every encouragement was given to the building of railroads by private enterprise. Hanover, Hesse, and Nassau, when annexed to Prussia, brought well-developed systems of state railways into the possession of the Government. After the French war the policy of state railroads was resumed, but the Central Government was unable to overcome the opposition of the middle states to a unified system of railroads under the control of the imperial anthorities. The railroads in these states were mostly public property. Prussia immediately after the war constructed the Berlin-WetzlerMetz line, connecting the capital with the west ern part of the monarchy and the new imperial province, and pending the issue of the con

troversy over the plan of an imperial system of railroads, began to acquire possession of the Prussian roads, standing ready to hand them over to the national Government, according to an enactment of June 4, 1876, whenever the empire would engage to purchase the remaining private lines. The political opposition to the scheme of a unified imperial system, which had withstood the raising of the tariff on freight and other coercive measures, and the efforts of the Imperial Railway Office, created by the Reichstag in 1873, was not weakened by this offer. Left to accomplish the work of nationalization alone, the Prussian Government made preparations to bring all the railroads in the monarchy under state management. It began the series of purchases in 1879, in which year the state net-work embraced 6,198 kilometres, besides 3,525 kilometres controlled by the state but owned by private persons. The task was completed by the purchase of the last six lines in 1883. The capital invested by the Govern; ment in its railroad net-work is 1,327,983,000 marks, raised by the issue of bonds to the amount of 1,867,339,885 marks.

The length of telegraph lines in 1882 was 74,312 kilometres; of wires, 265,058 kilometres. The number of dispatches was 18,362,173, of which 5,426,494 were foreign. The receipts of the postal and telegraphic service in 1882 were 164,259,372 marks; expenses, 140,733,520 marks. The Imperial Post-Office carried 681,976,350 letters, 168,929,480 postcards, 14,013,710 patterns, 154,496,960 stamped wrappers, and 453,602,400 newspapers, in the year 1881. The number of post-offices at the end of 1881 was 11,088; telegraphic stations, 10,308; persons employed, 78,502.

Army and Navy.-The effective of the army on the peace footing in 1883 was as follows:

Total...

Officers. Men. Horses. Guns.

19,391 744,031 242,415

4,796 296,614 81,373 11,240 416,032 88,943

2,040 444 824

85,427 1,456,677 312,731 | 2,808

The navy in 1883 comprised 7 iron-clad frigates, with 85 guns ranging from 12 to 26 tons, an aggregate displacement of 50,224 tons, engines of 43,100 horse-power, and armor of 10, 81, and 5 inches thickness; 5 iron-clad corvettes, with 32 guns, 22 tons on all except one, 8 inches of armor, 25,400 horse-power, and 33,210 tons displacement; 27 cruisers, armed with 271 guns; 13 coast-guards, with 18 guns, besides 15 torpedo-boats; and 22 dispatch-boats, transports, and school - ships There were under construction 1 iron-clad and 3 other corvettes, a gunboat on the Albatross system, and 2 armored gunboats.

The plans for a German navy were adopted in 1873, and the term of ten years was set for the completion of the new fleet. A new type of iron-clad corvettes was one of the first improvements carried out. This was the Sachsen class, intended for defending the coast and offensive action in German waters and the neighboring seas. They were designed to take the place of the previously adopted Hansa model, which was considered too weak for a battle-ship and too slow for a cruiser. The Sachsen corvettes are of shallow enough draught to run into the other North Sea ports as well as Kiel, and are exceedingly manageable and provided with rams and torpedoes. On this model were built the Sachsen, Baden, Bayern, and Würtemberg. A reform which was taken up at about the same time was the substitution of iron-clad gunboats for the projected monitors, which in view of the development of torpedoes were deemed too uncontrollable and less valuable for local coast-defense than smaller vessels which could protect the lines of sunken torpedoes and nove about in the shallow waters of the German coast, firing upon approaching iron-clads from a safe position, and, when these are obliged to move slowly and cautiously in difficult channels, even assuming the offensive, which their heavy guns enable them to do. Eleven of

Number of batteries, 341; of guns, 1,374.

these gunboats were finished and two in process of construction in the spring of 1883. The new cruisers of the first class were designed for a speed of 15 knots. Since wooden vessels were not firm enough to stand the agitation, they were made of iron and covered with copper to keep the bottom clean, which was separated from the iron hull, so that no galvanic action could take place, by two layers of teak. These vessels of the Leipsic class are armed with ringed cannon of from 12 to 17 centimetres caliber, and provided with tackling and equipments which would enable them to

remain at sea for months. The cruisers of the second class, known as the Bismarck type, of which the Bismarck, the Blücher, the Moltke, the Stosch, the Gneisenau, and the Stein, are the representatives, are like the others in design and armament, but of smaller size and of a calculated speed of 18 knots an hour. corvettes-Carola, Olga, Marie, and SophieAmong the cruisers of the third class the four form a separate class. They have a speed of 14 knots and carry 10 guns. Their chief purpose is to protect merchant-ships in distant waters and guard remote portions of the coast. The Whitehead fish-torpedo was adopted in 1876. It was at first intended to construct 28 torpedo-vessels; then it was proposed to fit out the regular war-ships with apparatus for firing torpedoes; and finally, for the better economy of these projectiles, costing about $2,500 each, it was decided to employ also specially designed torpedo-boats. It was also expected that a flotilla of torpedo-boats would keep a hostile fleet at a distance and oblige it to keep under steam, and that it could dash into and cause damage and consternation to a blockading squadron. In 1881 the ships began to be armed with torpedoes or provided with the appliances for firing torpedoes either from the deck or under water. In a short time 64 vessels were thus equipped. The construction of torpedoboats was begun at the same time. Eight were completed in 1883, and it was the intention of the Government to add to this number as rapidly as possible, to keep pace with other countries which are rapidly building torpedo-boats.

Finance. The budget of the empire for the year 1883-'84, adopted March 2, 1883, calls for 537,297,305 marks for ordinary and 53,259,329 marks for extraordinary expenses.

The budget of 1884-'85 was voted July 2, 1883. It estimates the produce of customs duties at 196,450,000 marks; excise duty on sugar, 46,865,000 marks; on salt, 37,262,600 marks; on tobacco, 13,940,920 marks; on spirits, 35,925,900 marks; on malt, 15,791,000 marks; 832,193 marks; of railroads, 16,690,600 marks; the net receipts of posts and telegraphs, 25,stamp duties, 19,436,680 marks; receipts of the invalid funds, 28,665,120 marks; surplus of the budget of 1882-'83, 15,825,000 marks; extraordinary receipts (from construction fund for fortifications, 10,400,000; for Parliament-house, 2,000,000; from loan for extraordinary pur