For information on this class of products reference is made to another part of this volume under the head of "Mineral Industries." Fisheries. FISHERIES BY STATES AND TERRITORIES, 1880 AND 1889, SHOWING PERSONS EMPLOYED, APPARATUS AND CAPITAL INVESTED, VALUE OF PRODUCTS, ETC. See Commercial Year Book, Volume II, pages 164 to 163. REGISTRY OF TRADE-MARKS. Owners of trade-marks used in commerce with foreign nations, or with the Indian tribes, provided such owners are domiciled in the United States, or in any country granting similar privileges to citizens of the United States, are entitled to have their trade-marks registered. The application for registry must be sent to the Patent Office in Washington, accompanied by a statement showing: 1. The name, domicile, location and citizenship of the applicant; 2. The class of merchandise and the particular description of goods to which the trade-mark has been appropriated; 3. A description of the trade-mark itself, with fac-similes of it, and a statement of the way in which it is to be affixed to the goods, and the length of time during which it has been used. The application must be accompanied by a written declaration, verified by the person, or by a member of a firm, or by an officer of a corporation applying, to the effect that such person, firm or corporation has at the time a right to the use of the trade-mark, and that no other person, firm or corporation has a right to such use, either in the identical form or in any such near resemblance thereto as might be calculated to deceive; that the trade-mark is used in commerce with foreign nations or Indian tribes, and that the description and fac-similes presented for registry truly represent the trade-mark. The fee for registering a trade-mark is $25. A trade-mark will not be admitted to registry if it is merely the name of the applicant; or if it is identical with a registered or known trade-mark owned by another and appropriate to the same class of merchandise; or if it so nearly resembles some other person's lawful trade-mark as to be likely to cause confusion or mistake in the mind of the public, or to deceive purchasers. Copies of trade-marks and of statements and declarations filed therewith, and certificates of registry may be used as evidence in any suit in which the trade-marks are brought in controversy; and the registry is prima facie evidence of ownership. The certificate of registry remains in force for 30 years, except where the trade-mark is applied to articles not manufactured in this country and receives protection under the laws of a foreign country for a shorter period, in which case it ceases to have any force in this country at the time the trade-mark ceases to be exclusive property elsewhere. At any time during the six months prior to the expiration of the registry, the certificate may be renewed on the same terms and for a like period. Any one who counterfeits, copies or colorably imitates a registered trade-mark and affixes it to merchandise of substantially the same kind as that described in the registration is liable to an action for damages at the suit of the owner of the registered trade-mark, and he may also be enjoined from continuing the wrongful use. One who procures the registry of a trade-mark by false or fraudulent means is liable in damages to any person injured thereby. No imported article which copies or imitates the name or trade-mark of any domestic manufacture or manufacturer can be admitted to entry at a custom house. Any domestic manufacturer who has a trade-mark may require his name and residence and a description of the trade-mark to be recorded in books kept for that purpose in the Treasury Department, and may furnish to the Depart ment fac-similes of such trade-marks; and then it is the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to send one or more copies of the same to each collector. This provision applies equally to unregistered and to registered trade-marks. Trade labels are entered and registered in conformity with the regulations provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that the fee for recording the title of any print or label not a trade-mark is $6. COPYRIGHT. Under the Copyright laws, amended by the Act approved March 3, 1891 (taking effect July 1, 1891), any United States citizen, or citizen or subject of foreign nations granting copyright to United States citizens on substantially the same basis with their own citizens, or which become parties to an international agreement for reciprocity in copyright, who is "the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph, or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine arts, and the executors, administrators, or assigns of any such person," may secure for twenty-eight years the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing, and vending the same; and, in case of a dramatic composition, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be performed or represented by others. The applicant, on or before the day of publication in this or any foreign country, must deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail within the United States, addressed to him at Washington, D. C., a printed copy of the title of the book, map, etc., or a description of the painting, etc., and of the model or design for a work of the fine arts for which he desires a copyright. He must also, not later than the day of publication in this or any foreign country, deliver at the Librarian's office, or deposit in the mail within the United States, addressed to him at Washington, D. C., two copies of a book, photograph, chromo, or lithograph printed from type set within the United States, or from plates made therefrom, or from negatives or drawings on stone made within the United States, or from transfers made therefrom, or a photograph of a painting, drawing, statue, model, or design. The Librarian's fees are: 1. For recording the title or description of any copyright book or other article, 50 cents. 2. For every copy under seal of such record actually given to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, 50 cents. 3. For recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of a copyright, $1. 4. For every copy of an assignment, $1. The charge for recording the title or description of any article entered for copyright, the production of a nonresident alien, is $1. The Secretary of the Treasury prints weekly catalogues of copyright publications for distribution at a charge of $5 the year. Proprietors of copyrights must send to the Librarian a copy of all subsequent editions in which substantial changes are made. Authors have exclusive right to dramatize or translate their works copyrighted in the United States. An author, inventor, or designer, or his widow or children, may secure an extension of the copyright for 14 years by recording the title a second time within 6 months before the expiration of the first period. (The title of a periodical should include the date and number and each number of a periodical requires a separate entry of copyright.) No copyright is valid unless notice is given by inserting in every copy published, on the titlepage or the page following, if it be a book; or if a map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected as a work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some portion thereof, or on the substance on which the same is mounted, the following words, viz.: “Entered according to act of Congress, in the year, by - in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington," or, at the option of the person entering the copyright, the words: “Copyright, 18—, by -." The penalty for unauthorized use of copyright notice is $100. Every person who shall "without the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, dramatize, translate, or import, or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, dramatized, translated, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale" any copy of a copyrighted book, must forfeit every copy to the proprietor, and is liable for damages in a civil action. In the case of paintings or statuary, the infringer forfeits $10 for every copy he sells, possesses, or exposes for sale. With other copyrighted articles, he forfeits the plates and $1 for every sheet he possesses or exposes for sale: Provided, however, that in case of infringement of the copyright of a photograph made from any object not a work of the fine arts, the forfeiture shall not be less than $100, nor more than $5,000; and in case of infringement of the copyright of a painting, drawing, statue, engraving, etching, print, or model or design for a work of the fine arts, or of a photograph of a work of the fine arts, the forfeiture shall not be less than $250 nor more than $10,000. One-half of all the foregoing penalties shall go to the proprietor of the copyright, and the other half to the use of the United States. Persons purchasing for use, and not for sale, may import, subject to duty, not more than two foreign copies of a copyrighted book. Switzerland, France, Belgium, England, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Mexico Chili, and Costa Rica have been admitted to the benefits of the new law. National Wealth. こ It is not possible to give a trustworthy estimate of the present wealth of the United States, for the reason that the true data for such a computation does not exist in any available form. The only way in which a general approximation to a valuation could be made would be to add to the last census estimate an amount proportioned to the increase in population. The growth in population since 1890 may perhaps be safely estimated at 12% per cent. The valuation of the national wealth in the last census was $65,037,091,197, 12% per cent. of which would amount to $8,129,636,398. Adding this amount to the figures for 1890, we should have a total of $73,167,727,595 for 1896. This, however, could only be regarded as a probable approximation to the truth. The census of 1890 gives the following explanation of the method in which the national valuation was reached: "The total true valuation of all tangible property* in the United States, exclusive of Alaska, at the census of 1890 amounted to $65,037,091,197, of which amount $39,544,544,333 represents the value of real estate and improvements thereon and $25,492,546,864 that of personal property, including railroads, mines, and quarries. At the same time the total assessed value of real and personal property taxed was $25,473,173,418, of which amount $18,956,556,675 represents real estate and improvements thereon, and $6,516,616,743 personal property. "The true valuation is what would be deemed a fair selling price for the property at the date of the census, and is thus termed in distinction from the assessed valuation, which is a value placed upon certain taxable property for taxation purposes only, "The true valuation of real estate includes all improvements thereon, and is based on reports of local officers or of private individuals believed to be familiar with real estate values in their respective localities, but does not include the value of railroads or mines and quarries. In every case a statement showing such true valuation of the State by counties has been submitted to the Governor of the State for his approval or correction, and all changes suggested by him have been made. "The true value of personal property in most cases is that placed upon it by its owners and given to the enumerators and other census officials, as required by law. "The value given to railroads and equipments, however, represents the cost of construction and equipment of the roads in question, and is distributed among the several States, according to mileage. "The gold and silver coin and bullion is the amount reported by the Lirector of the Mint as in the country at the close of the fiscal year 1890. The value of merchandise in stock and of cattle not on farms is based upon the value of such property assessed for taxation; that of furniture and personal belongings upon their insured values, as shown by an examination of 8,000 policies upon contents of houses not in large cities; that of libraries and other exempt property upon returns received from nearly every municipality in the country; that of foreign goods in bond upon the report of the Treasury Department, and that of agricultural products on hand upon the report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1890. These values are included as miscellaneous, and represent, it is believed, substantially all the wealth of the country not elsewhere classified. "The true and assessed valuations for 1890, compared with like valuations of the previous decade, are as follows: "The assessed valuation of 1880 has been somewhat increased above the amount reported by the Tenth Census by the inclusion of railroad values omitted, but on which ad valorem taxes were levied. "The total true value in 1890 includes $941,031,378, the value of vacant national lands and Indian reservations not embraced in the figures for 1880. Omitting this amount, the percentage of increase of true valuation was substantially the same for the decade as that of the assessed valuation. The valuation given to real estate and personal property throughout the country for purposes of taxation is termed 'assessed valuation.' It covers but a portion of the property in existence, a considerable amount of both real and personal being specially exempt from taxation by law, and of the latter class it is known that an additional portion escapes taxation by fraudulent evasion.". *Bonds, notes, mortgages, and various forms of securities are not included, nor are corporation stocks reckoned as part of the wealth, nor are stocks, bonds, and corporate property computed. Paper representations are not treated at all; only actual, tangible property entered into the estimate and that was credited to the place where located. It was found wholly impracticable to attempt to locate property by ownership." True Valuation of Real and Personal Property, Total and Per Capita, by -True Valuation of Real and Personal Property -Total Per Capita 1880. 1890. 1880. +$1,036 $870 North Atlantic division........ 21,435,491,864 1,209 325,128,740 363,000,000 863 1,046 265,567,323 302,000,000 799 909 2,803,645.447 2,623,000,000 1,252 1.471 504,162,352 400,000,000 1,459 1.447 835,120,219 779,000,000 1,119 1.251 8,576,701,991 6,308,000,000 1,430 1.241 New Jersey 1,445,285,114 1,305,000,000 1,000 1,154 Pennsylvania. 6,190,746,550 4,942,000,000 1,177 1,154 South Atlantic division... 495 Delaware. 175,678,795 Maryland. 1,085,473,048 837,000,000 1,041 895 District of Columbia 343,56,733 220,000,000 1.491 1.239 Virginia... 862,318,070 707,000,000 521 467 West Virginia. 438,954,881 350,000,000 North Carolina.. 581,148,999 481,000,000 South Carolina. 400.911,303 322,000,000 348 323 Georgia. 852,409 449 606,000,000 464 3:3 Florida.. 389,489,388 120,000,000 995 445 Ohio.. 3,951,382,384 Indiana. 2,095,176,626 1,681,000,000 956 850 5,066,751,719 3,210,000,000 1,324 1,043 Michigan. 2,095.016,272 1,580,000,000 1,001 965 Wisconsin. 1,833,348,5:3 1,139,000,000 1,087 866 Minnesota. 1,691,851,927 792,000,000 1,300 1,014 Iowa.. 2,287,348,333 1,721,000,000 1,196 1,059 Missouri 2,397.902,945 1,562,000,000 895 720 North Dakota.. 337,008,506 South Dakota. 425,141,299 ( #118,000,000 Nebraska.. 1,275,685,514 385,000,000 1,205 851 Kansas... 1,799,343,501 760,000,000 1,261 763 South Central division.... Kentucky Tennessee. Alabama. Mississippi. 887.956,143 705,000,000 502 451 622,773,504 428,000,000 412 339 454,242,688 354,000,000 Louisiana 495.301,597 382,000,000 Texas. 2,105,576,766 825,000,000 Oklahoma.. 48.285,124 781 Arkansas. 455,147,422 Indian Territory. 159,765,462 Western division. Montana.. 453,135,209 Wyoming Colorado. New Mexico. Arizona. Utah. 169,773,710 54,000,000 2.797 2.596 1,145,712,267 240,000,000 2,780 1,235 231,459,897 49.000,000 1,507 410 188,880,976 41,000,000 3,168 1,014 349,411,234 114,000,000 1,681 792 180,323,668 156,000.000 3.941 2,506 207,896,591 29.000.000 760,698,726 62,000,000 2,177 825 590,396,194 154,000,000 1,882 882 2,533,733,627 1,343,000,000 2,097 1,553 The following statement exhibits the distribution of the national wealth as among the several States and Territories: *Exclusive of Alaska. In computing these per capitas the true valuation of Indian Territory is excluded. |