*225. BERNICLA, Steph. canadensis, L. Canada Goose.

Hutchinsii, Rich. Hutchin's Goose.

*226.

229.

obscura, Gm. Black Duck.

230. DAFILA, Jenyns. acuta, L. Pin-tail Duck.

231. NETTION, Kaup. carolinensis, Gm. Green Winged Teal. 232. QUERQUEDULA, Steph. discors, L. Blue Winged Teal.

233. SPATULA, Boie. clypeata, L. Shoveller.

*234. CHAULELASMUS, Gray. streperus, L. Gadwall. 235. MARECA, Steph. americana, Gm. Widgeon.

236. Arx, Boie, sponsa, L. Wood Duck.

Sub-family FULIGULINE.

237. FULIX, Sundevall. marila. Big Black-head.

238.

239.

affinis, Eyton. Little Black-head.

collaris, Donovan. Ring-necked Duck.

240. AYTHYA, Boie. americana, Bon. Red-head.

241.

vallisneria, Wils. Canvass-back.

242. BUCEPHALA, Baird. americana, Bon. Golden-eye.

243.

HARELDA, Leach. *245. MELANETTA, Baird. *246. SOMATERIA, Leach.

albeola, L. Buffle-head.
glacialis, L. Long-tailed Duck.
velvetina, Cassin. Velvet Duck.
spectabilis, L. King Duck.

Sub family ERISMATURINÆ.

*247. ERISMATURA, Bon. rubida, Wils. Ruddy Duck.

Sub-family MERGINE.

348. MERGUS, L. americanus, Cassin. Goosander.

249.

serrator, L. Red-breasted Merganser.

250. LOPHODITES, Rich. cuculatus, L. Hooded Merganser.

SUB-ORDER B. GAVIÆ.

FAMILY LARIDE.

Sub-family LARINÆ.

*251. LARUS, L. leucopterus, Faber. White-winged Gull.

*254. LARUS, L. delawarensis, Ord. Ring-billed Gull.
*255. CHROICOCEPHALUS, Eyton. atricilla, L. Laughing Gull.

*257. RISSA, Leach. tridactylus, L. Kittiwake Gull.

*258. XENA, Leach.

Sabinii, Sab. Fork-tailed Gull.

Sub family STERNINÆ.

259. STERNA, L. aranea, Wils.

260.

261.

262. 263

Marsh Tern.

Wilsonii, Bon. Wilson's Tern.

macroura, Naum. Arctic Tern.

paradisea, Brunn. Roseate Tern.

66 frenata, Gamb. Least Tern.

264. HYDROCHLEIDON, Boie. plumbea, Wils. Short-tailed Tern.

FAMILY PELECANIDE.

*265. PELECANUS, L. erythrorhyncus, Gm. Pelican.

268. PODICEPS, Lath. griseigena, Bodd. Red-necked Grebe.

septentrionalis, L. Red-throated Loon.

Sub-family PODICEPINE.

cristatus, L. Crested Grebe.

cornutus, Gm. Horned Grebe.

Dobchick.

NOTES.

271. PODILYMBUS, Less. podiceps, L.

*1-29. For information concerning the Vultures and Birds of Prey we refer the reader to Mr. Jno. Kirkpatrick's essay on the Rapacious birds of Ohio, published in the Ohio Farmer in 1858-9, and reprinted in the Ohio Agricultural Report for 1858.

says:

30. C. carolinensis. Carolina Parrot. In 1838 Dr. Kirtland "The Parakeets do not usually extend their visits farther north than the Scioto, though I am informed, on perhaps doubtful authority, that thirty years since, flocks of them were sometimes seen on the Ohio at the mouth of Big Beaver, thirty miles below Pittsburg." It is not probable that they extend their migrations into this State at present. They are still to be found in Southern Illinois.

31. C. americanus and C. erythropthalmus. The Yellow-billed and Black-billed Cuckoos are quite numerous in the central portions of the State. From their habits they are not often seen. Unlike the European Cuckoo, these birds build their own nest and rear their young.

34. P. pubescens. The Downy Woodpecker, commonly called the Sapsucker, is charged with frequenting orchards and destroying trees by sucking the juices. Dr. Kirtland, in his report on the birds of this State in 1838, says: "This small bird is one of the most destructive enemies of our orchards. While they are visited by the other species to capture innumerable small insects and worms that infest and injure the trees, this bird appears intent on destroying the trees themselves, which it is sure to accomplish in the course of a year or two by encircling their bodies by a series of punctures through the bark. I am inclined to believe, with the popular opinion, that it does it for the sake of sucking the juices of the trees. It has long been known to people of observation that it always selects those trees in a sugar or maple grove that furnishes the sweetest sugar water, and it has its favorite trees in our orchards, and appears to select them without reference to age, thriftiness or any evident circumstance, but most likely according as they afford palatable food. While the visits of all other species should be encouraged, even though they should occasionally mutilate or purloin a little fruit, it becomes the farmer and horticulturist to carry on a war of extermination against the sapsucker."

This opinion, from so high a source, is certainly worthy of consideration. But we must confess that we are obliged to believe that the sapsucker and all other of the woodpeckers are much more useful than injurious; and in this opinion we believe we have the support of all others who have examined the subject, with the exception of the one above quoted. As to the Downy Woodpecker sucking sap we are inclined to think it a physical impossibility. Any one who has observed birds drink knows that they do not appear to have power of suction, and that they invariably raise their head to allow the water which they have taken into their bill to descend into the throat. The only bird which we know to possess the power of sucking is the humming bird, and it is furnished with a very peculiar apparatus connected with the tongue. This apparatus, which may be said to consist of tubes, is inserted with the tongue in the lowers from which it obtains its food. Although furnished with this apparatus for sipping the honey from flowers, by far the greater part of its food consists of insects. An examination of the tongue of the woodpecker indicates that it is entirely without any such apparatus-indeed the construction of its barbed, horny tip, would seem to preclude any such action as that charged. Besides, the Downy Woodpecker is most frequently seen in our gardens and orchards during fall and winter, at which time the sap of trees has descended from the trunk and branches. For these reasons we think that this charge cannot be sustained against the Downy Woodpecker any more than against any other woodpecker, and no more against woodpeckers in general than other birds. The real object of his tapping the trees, in the manner mentioned, is to

obtain his food consisting of the larve and eggs of insects; and in the pursuit of these he is indefatigable and should be protected accordingly.

36. H. pileatus. The Black Logcock or Pileated Woodpecker was formerly quite abundant in the central portions of the State. It is now very seldom seen in the vicinity of Columbus, but is still common in the thinly settled counties of the State.

33. M. erythropthalmus. The Red-headed Woodpecker is the most common of its tribe, and is much persecuted on account of its pilfering tendencies in the fruit season, selecting the finest and earliest apples and cherries. For this he is doomed to destruction by the farmer, though it cannot be doubted but that his services in ridding the trees of destructive insects entitle him to a share of the fruit.

39. C. auratus. The Golden-winged Woodpecker or Flicker, as it is commonly called, appears to be on the increase as the country becomes cleared up. In addition to his services in destroying insects which lurk in trees, his long and slightly curved bill enables him to dig in decayed logs and stumps for ants and their eggs, which seem to be his favorite food.

42. A. vociferus. The Whip-poor-will is not a common bird in the vicinity of Columbus; it affects the more hilly portions of the State. Notwithstanding this bird and the Night Hawk are in many places the victims of foolish superstition no bird is more useful, as it destroys, during the night, many insects which are very injurious but which are not accessible to other birds during the day.

49-52. E. Triallii, minimus, acadicus, and flaviventris. This genus embraces the small fly-catchers which generally inhabit the forest. E. Triallii and E. acadicus are not uncommon. E. minimus and E. flaviventris are more rare, but frequently occur within the Sate.

60. A. ludovicianus. The Tit Lark, or Brown Lark, is quite abundant in the vicinity of Columbus during the colder season of the year, frequenting river bottoms and sandy places.

63. P. citrea. The Prothonotary Warbler is included in a list of warblers found in Northern Ohio by Mr. R. K. Winslow, of Cleveland. It must be a rare bird within the State, as it is generally considered confined to the States south of the Ohio river.

65. G. philadelphia. The Morning Warbler, I am informed by Mr. Kirkpatrick and Mr. Winslow, is found in the vicinity of Cleveland in summer. Doubtless it is to be found throughout the State in the course of its migrations.

H. celata. The Orange-crowned Warbler, Mr. Winslow informs me, has been found in Northern Ohio. Prof. Baird gives its range as "from the Mississippi river to the Pacific;" though Mr. Brewer, in his Synopsis, says "from Texas to Nova Scotia."

77. S. ludovicianus. The Large-billed Water Thursh, I am informed by Mr. Kirkpatrick, visits the vicinity of Cleveland. I have never seen it in the central portions of the State.

85. D. cærulea. The Blue Warbler, usually considered a rare bird, has been quite numerous in the vicinity of Columbus during the past spring. I obtained four specimens during two hours' shooting, and have since seen several in the gardens of the city.

39. D. Kirtlandii. A new species, first discovered by Prof. Kirtland, near Cleveland, in 1851. Mr. Winslow informs me that he has obtained a specimen from the same locality. These two are the only individuals discovered, unless it be one shot by Prof. Hoy, of Racine, Wis.

92. D. superciliosa. The Yellow-throated Warbler has been quite common in this vicinity during the past spring. It seems to be quite partial to the vicinity of running water, and is usually seen on trees and fences near rivers. In its habits it approaches the titmice and creepers, frequently hanging and walking, head downwards, on fence rails.

99. P. æstiva The Summer Red Bird is seldom seen in the central portions of the State. I have obtained but one specimen near Columbus. Dr. Kirtland has procured it as far north as Trumbull county.

101. H. lunifrons. "Congregations of the Cliff or Republican Swallow are now common at the west. In the spring of 1815, a few were first seen by Audubon at Henderson in Kentucky. Four years after, a colony located on the United States buildings at Newport, opposite Cincinnati, and have more recently extended their settlements to several buildings in the west part of the latter city. During the present summer, they have built their nests on a barn in the north part of Columbiana county."-KIRTLAND.

About five or six years ago, a colony of these birds built their nest upon a mill on Alum Creek, about two miles from this city, and remained there for two or three years.

104. C. serripennis. The Rough-winged Swallow, I am informed by Mr. Kirkpatrick, is found in great abundance on Rocky River, Cuyahoga county, when it breeds. I have found its nest upon the horizontal beam of a bridge in this vicinity. Probably not uncommon throughout the State, but overlooked on account of its resemblance to the Bank Swallow.

106. A. garrulus. The Bohemian Wax Wing has often been taken in Northern Ohio in severe winters. I have never seen it so far south as Columbus.

108. C. borealis. The Northern Shrike is another of our winter visitors, but is never common. I have seen but a single individual in the vicinity of Columbus. 111. V philadelphicus. This rare bird was first described by Mr. Cassin in