REV. DR. THOMPSON, OF KENSINGTON. (See 6th S. x. 496; xi. 80.)-Was above head master of Kensington Grammar School (in or about the year 1786), or had he a private school?

C. S. K. COACHING PRINTS.-I have recently picked up a series of coaching and sporting prints, mounted on a roller, and shall be glad if you or any of your readers can give me information respecting them. The seller said the artist was Halkyn, but I have no further evidence beyond the fact that they bear a great resemblance to his other productions. The imprint runs as follows: "London, published for the proprietor by S. & I. Fuller, Temple of Fancy, 34, Rathbone Place, 1822." C. P. PEAK.

JOSIAH BURCHELL.-Can any reader of N. & Q.' give me information respecting the parentage of Josiah Burchell, who for fifty years held the office of Secretary to the Admiralty and for forty years represented Sandwich in Parliament? One of his daughters married Admiral Sir Charles Hardy, Knt. Any information respecting his ancestors will be valued. J. FARLEY RUTTER. Mere, Wilts.

teeth with it; but lett none goe into your Mouth for it is terrible jll tasted, but of no Danger at all if any goe downe the throate: it will make the teeth pure white; but it is not good to be vsed but now and then." These "dentifrices" are to be applied with rag or with the finger to the teeth.

From A General Practise of Phisicke,' published by Thomas Adams, 1617, fol., I extract a receipt which proves very conclusively that the tooth-brush was not in common use at that date:

"To make and to keepe the teeth cleane. "Take two drag. of Date stones, red Corall prepared three drag. Lupins, and the rootes of the yellow Flowerdeluce, of each three drag. beate all that is to be beaten and afterwards make a confection of it with clarified hony which must be so hard that you may make small

placents or trocisces of it; dry them in the shadow: when you will vse them, then dissolue one of them in wine or vineger, and wash the teeth therewith euery morning when thou has first rubbed them well with a cloth.”

All this writer's directions for managing the teeth insist upon scrupulous cleanliness, which is to be attained by "washing," by "rubbing with a coarse cloth," and by rubbing them "last of all with a peece of Scarlet dipped in Hony." The final direction runs thus :—

"The teeth also are alwayes to be kept cleane and pure, and not to picke them with an iron, but with a toothpicker made of Lentiscus, which is the tree whereof droppeth Mastick, which is much commended for the teeth: remember also to wash the teeth after euery meale."

Many other seventeenth-century books might be quoted from, for the same purpose, down to Mistress Hannah Woolley, who told her pupils in 1682 that

them every morning with water and salt...... You may, if "you ought to keep your teeth very clean by rubbing you please, try Mr. Turner's Dentrifrices, which are every where much cried up.'

"The Toilet of Flora......for the Use of the Ladies,' London, 1784, gives a receipt for making

"A Coral Stick for the Teeth.

"Make a stiff Paste with Tooth Powder and a sufficient quantity of Mucilage of Gum Tragacanth: form with this Paste, little cylindrical Rollers, the thickness of a large goose-quill, and about three inches in length. Dry them in the shade. The method of using this stick is to rub it against the teeth which become cleaner in proportion as it wastes."

Directions are also given in this work for the preparation of certain roots that are used to clean the teeth." Lucerne and liquorice roots are specified. They are to be boiled and cut into pieces of six inches long. Each end of the root is then "to be slit with a penknife into the form of a little brush," and they are to be slowly dried, to prevent their splitting.

"They are used in the following manner. One of the ends is moistened with a little water, dipped into the Tooth-Powder, and then rubbed against the teeth till they look white."

If stronger measures are needed (for the removal of tartar, for instance),

term, but I have not found it in any glossary or dictionary.

Several places in Scotland have the word as part of their name. In England also it seems not unknown. Chaucer's merry clerks in the Reve's Tale' were natives of "Strother ":

John highte that on, and Alein highte that other, Of o toun were they born, that highte Strother. 'Canterbury Tales,' ll. 4011-2.

This town, the Reve goes on to say, was

Fer in the North, I cannot tellen where.

Neither could Tyrwhitt. I suspect it was in Northumberland or Durham, where, at any rate, a family bearing that surname was of great consequence in the fourteenth century. A writ relative to the former county in 1318 names "William atte Stroher." In 1329 "William del Strothir" was one of a Newcastle jury. In 1355 "William de Strothre" was mayor of Newcastle, and "Henry del Strother" was sheriff of Northumberland in 1359. (See Bain's Calendar,' vol. iii. Nos. 613, 992, 1586, and vol. iv. No. 35.) There is a place on the border of Northumberland and Durham, seven or eight miles out of Newcastle and half as far from Ebchester, marked "Strother Hills" on a recent map by Bartholomew. Maybe the Reve's town of Strother is not far off. Let some Northumbrian say, and so solve a minor Chaucerian problem.

At Lochmaben, close by the Barras, or tiltingground, there is a swampy tract once known as the Struther (New Statistical Account of Dumfriesshire,' p. 393). A charter in 1486, recorded in Latin in the 'Register of the Great Seal' (vol. ii. No. 1650), refers to it as a marsh (marresia) commonly called "a strudire." In Stirling's Library here there is a seventeenth-century MS. volume of historical collections, now ascertained to be the work of Lord Fountainhall. Its contents embrace a 66 perfect inventar of pious donationes." This "perfect inventar " notes the foregoing charter, describing the subjects it conveys as ane aiker of Land w the marishe com'only called the Strudder." One day in September last, during a forty-mile walk from Glasgow to Lead hills, I passed a farm in Dalserf parish called the Struther, though an ancient inhabitant near thereby told me that the Struthers was the correct title. I went some little distance out of my way to take in the physical geography of the place. Behind the farmhouse lay, hemmed in by ridges, a longish, low-lying damp strip of land, no doubt the veritable original struther.

66

Camden's Britannia' (Gibson, 1695, col. 928), in describing Fifeshire, mentions the place there named "Struthers (so called from the abundance of Reeds that grow there)."

Whether Camden's etymology be correct or not, it is beyond doubt that a struther is a marsh, and it is probable that the "Redistrother means the "reedy struther." GEO. NEILSON.

POUNDS (7th S. vi. 408).—There is a pound at Sandford St. Martin, enclosed to prevent its becoming a nuisance. MR. VIDLER gives no credit to the enclosure Acts, which, by the abolition of the common field system, have helped to make the impounding of cattle almost a thing of the past, nor to the establishment of the rural police, who clear the roads of straying cattle by bringing the owners who leave them unguarded before the magistrates. Poundbreach is an offence by statute 6 & 7 Vict., c. 30. I think that disused pounds lapse to the lord of the manor, upon whom there was an obligation to supply them.

ED. MARSHALL.

There is a pound at Madresfield, near Malvern. It is made of posts and rails, not at all unlike the picture in 'Pickwick,' and has been repaired within the last twelve months. There used to be one near Rose Cottage at Newland, near Hull, but it was a brick enclosure, and has disappeared before railways and villas, I believe. W. C. B.

There is a pound in the Garston Old Road, Grassendale, near Liverpool, in which I have once or twice seen an unfortunate animal.

Liverpool.

J. F. MANSErgh.

Will MR. VIDLER be good enough to say why he ventures to attack a class of gentlemen who have not, on the whole, deserved ill of their country, by averring that it is due to the "greed of the landlords" that village pounds have been in many cases "swept away," as he poetically states? Such abuse is cheap. Would a pound, when no longer of service in its original function, revert to the manor in which it was situated, and where it only existed as a source of expense to the locality? If it would so revert, why should it not do so, being, as I suppose it was, dedicated of yore by the lord of the manor to a single public function, and not surrendered for any and every use? If its dedication was restricted, would not MR. VIDLER prefer to thank the lord and his forerunners for the use of the land during some centuries, or, at any rate, refrain from insulting a class? I take it that the land a pound occupies is generally part of the public highway, and belongs to the local authority having charge of that highway. In that case it is no business of the lord to maintain it.

0.

'LORD BATEMAN' (7th S. vi. 428, 478).E. F. S. will find the notes to the music of Lord MR. TROLLOPE, published not twenty-five years Bateman' in the square duodecimo mentioned by ago, but in 1851, by David Bogue, Fleet Street, and Mustapha Syried, Constantinople. Judging from the price now asked, I should say this edition is very scarce. WM. GRAHAM F. PIGOTT.

HAMPTON POYLE (7th S. v. 269, 349, 476; vi. 55).-Though having no wish to tread " upon the

་

thorny paths of philology," as my friend A. J. M. styles it on p. 384, yet Cicero tells us that those who spend the day in darting at a mark occasionally hit it. In other words, sometimes a guess or haphazard shot is correct. It may be that Poyle is derived from palus, a marsh, or a lake. There is Palus Mæotis, or the Sea of Azov (ý Mairis λiμvý, Eschylus, Prom. Vinc.,' 427). There are the place-names Liverpool, and Poole in Dorsetshire. From Hampton Poyle being situated in a very damp part of Oxfordshire, and on the banks of the Cherwell, this interpretation is rather favoured. A. H. classes it amongst several other place-names with Pylle, which is a small village in Somersetshire, near Shepton Mallet, on the ancient Roman fosse way; and within a short distance of it is another village, Pilton, also on the Roman fosse way. To my mind there does not appear very much resemblance. The Cherwell, leaving Hampton Poyle, flows into the Isis at Oxford, after passing Magdalen College :

Fluminaque antiquos subterlabentia muros.
'Georg.,' ii, v. 157.
JOHN PICKFORD, M.A.

RADICAL REFORM (7th S. v. 228, 296; vi. 137, 275, 415).-For "at least seventy years back" at the penultimate reference I would venture to suggest the substitution of "sixty years back," for both the first and second editions of 'The Boy's Own Book' were published by Vizetelly, Branston & Co. in 1828. G. F. R. B.

DEFENDER OF THE FAITH (7th S. vi. 328, 418). -I am inclined to think the title conferred on Henry VIII. by Pope Leo X. was the revival of an ancient one, that of Defender of the Church, altered from its original form, but having the same signification. Whitlocke, in his notes on this interesting subject, says :

"We find antiently in the church, to be ordained certain advocates of causes, who were called 'Defenders of the Church,' as appears by a canon of the council of Carthage; and by the law of the Emperor Charles, who constituted defenders of the Churches, against the powers of secular and rich men; and another law appointing defenders of the church and servants of God."

The title of God's Vicar was given by Eleutherius to Lucius, our first British king; and this is mentioned by several authors of our law-books as a title proper for our kings, and frequently given

to them.

The title of Christ's Vicar was afterwards taken by King Edgar in his charter to the monastery of Winchester; but to come nearer to our own time, in a writ of King Richard II. to the sheriffs, the old style runs: "Ecclesia, cujus nos Defensor sumus et esse volumnus.”

Pope Leo X. and his cardinals, by a golden bull dated 1521, and still extant in the Vatican at Rome, conferred the title of Defender of the Faith on

Castle Semple.

Under this head the following may be added, on the authority of the 'O'Connell Correspondence' (vol. ii. p. 128), edited by W. J. FitzPatrick spondent of N. & Q' has referred (7th S. vi. (London, John Murray), to which work a corre

409):

"Shiel was Master of the Mint when the omission of the Defensatrix Fidei: Dei Gratia' from the florin occasioned much clamour. In Parliament he openly accepted the responsibility of the omission, but disclaimed all sectarian motive." FRED. WALCOTT.

PROGRAMME (7th S. vi. 446).—I feel I am treading on dangerous ground; but is not the mme in programme retained because we have derived that word more directly from the French than the other compounds mentioned by L. L. K.? Whether or no, I fancy it would be better to retain it as it is, as that particular word is bisyllabic instead of trisyllabic, as if altered we shall run the risk of having it pronounced as I shall never forget hearing a high civic magnate pronounce it on the occasion of some proceedings with which, years back, I had something to do, and at which, there being no printed ordo rerum, he continually bothered me at every —, what's your prog'-răm?” turn with "Isay, Mr. Possibly, as there was a small "feed" included in the arrangements, he was not in this instance so far out; but the word, coming thus, and in the loudest of tones, into a mixed company from over the usual lace scarf and official collar, sounded, to say the least of it, queer. R. W. HACKWOOD.

The spelling program is not unknown in standard literature. Carlyle, who, to be sure, was sometimes a law to himself in such matters, does not "Model hesitate to use it. In his chapter on Prisons" in 'Latter Day Pamphlets' there is an easily found example. After calling upon the authorities to whitewash their scoundrel-population and to cleanse their gutters-"if not in the name of God, ye brutish slatterns, then in the name of Cholera and the Royal College of Surgeons"

he sums up with the placid remark, "Well, here sure is an Evangel of Freedom, and real Program

of a new Era." Surely there can be no reason why this spelling should not become general. THOMAS BAYNE.

Helensburgh, N.B.

BIRMINGHAM MAGAZINE (6th S. x. 496).-Some account of the Monthly Intelligencer will be found in the Philatelic Record for February, 1886 (vol. viii. p. 23). P. J. ANDERSON.

WAIK: WENE: MAIK (7th S. v. 148, 276; vi. 75). The following may be worth noting. The fifth stanza of the ballad of Erlinton,' in Scott's 'Border Minstrelsy,' is as follows:

But in my bower there is a wake,

An at the wake there is a wane;
But I'll come to the green-wood the morn,

Whar blooms the brier, by mornin dawn. Scott explains the word wane as "a number of people"; thus, I suppose, understanding the stanza to mean that "there is a watch set in my bower, and at the watch many people are engaged." It was the reply given by the maiden to her true-love when he came tirling at the pin. This is possibly the meaning in this case, for when the father put his daughter in "the bigly bower,"

he has warnd her sisters six, An sae has he her brethren se'en, Outher to watch her a' the night

Or else to seek her morn an een.

It offers no explanation, however, of the words in 'Kilmeny,' even if the words wene and wane be at all akin, for Hogg speaks of Kilmeny falling asleep in the " green wene." Considering the Ettrick Shepherd's familiarity with all these Border ballads and the similarity of words and metre between his two lines and these from 'Erlinton,' it does not seem improbable that these latter may have been in his mind when he wrote the words we are discussing. Furthermore, I may point out that under the ballad 'Erlinton' Prof. Child (in his large edition of Popular Ballads,' now issuing, pt. i. p. 108) gives what he considers another version of it, and

in this the maiden's answer is :

But yonder is a bonnie greenwud,

An in the greenwud there is a wauk,
An I'll be there an sune the morn, love,
It's a' for my true love's sake.

Although printed wauk the word is made to rhyme with sake. Hogg's words, we may remember,

are:

likely it is common enough, and perhaps in Jamieson, but I have not got him to refer to. I suppose, then, that wene is simply Hogg's spelling of wane; it is to be noticed that he makes it, throughout the The word waik still requires explanation. Maik, of 'Kilmeny,' rhyme with the ending -ane. course, offers no difficulty.

DR. A. CROMBIE (7th S. vi. 389, 455).-My to Dr. Alexander Crombie. As I am his eldest attention has been directed to a query in reference grandson I think it right to give you the best information I can. A full account of his life is given in the lately published 'Dictionary of National Biography,' vol. xiii., which I think will fully answer the query. If you wish for any further information I may perhaps supply it.

ALEX. CROMBIE. YORKSHIRE EXPRESSIONS: HORSE-GODFATHER (7th S. vi. 328, 397). "A great horse-godmother of a woman " is an every-day expression for a strapping masculine female, such as would in French be designated as "une femme hommasse"; but I never heard of a "horse godfather."

R. H. BUSK.

123.