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VOCAL DRILL.

TA CLARA COUNT

ACHERS LIBRAR

No...

REPRESENTATIONS OF ALL VOWEL SOUNDS.

ā: āte, āid, māy, break, gāuge, ģāol, āye.

ă ǎt, plaid, guărăntée.

ä: ärm, äunt, heärt, guärd, bazäar.

â: dâre, fâir, beâr, prâyer, Aâron.

à: åsk (when followed by the smooth r, it becomes â). a fall, awe, fraud, awl.

a: was.

å senate, ravage (long à in unaccented syllables).

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a (unmarked ě) many, said, says; (a = û) liar; as in final (marked by Worcester as obscure; left unmarked by Webster).

ē: mē, ēat, beef, thief, deceit, kēy, pēople, Portuguese, Aēgis, oesophagus.

ě mět, head, diaĕresis, hěifer, jeopardy, friend, Oĕdipus, guěst.

e: they, veil, mêlee.

ê: thêre, thêir, mêlee.

ẽ: her, heard, guerdon.

ê: êvent, crêate (long ē in unaccented syllables).

e: (unmarked = Ĭ) pretty, been; (= ä) sergeant; recent (marked by Worcester as obscure; left unmarked by Webster). i: ice, die, guide, height, aisle.

Ĩ: fir.

Ĭ: ĭt, duties, built, captain, foreign, carriage, tortoise.

i: idea (long i in unaccented syllables).

ï: polïce.

ō nō, oats, blow, four, hōe, door, yeōman, ōwe.

Ŏ on, knowledge, lough.

o do, bloom (or oo), shoe.

ô bôrn, bought, brôad, George, extraordinary. o wolf, brook (or oo).

õ: work.

ỏ son, nation (tish), touch, blood, does, porpoise, cushion, dungeon.

ō obey (long ō in unaccented syllables).

o: (unmarked = Ĭ) women.

ū: ūse, hūe, juice, lieū, beauty, mantūa-maker, neūter, youth, yūle.

ŭ us, nervous.

u rude, group, true, fruit, manoeuvre.

û: fûr, scoûrge.

ụ: full, would.

ú: ünite (long ū in unaccented syllables).

u: (unmarked = Ĭ) busy ; (= ě) bury; (= w) quit.

ý: mỹ, buỹ, rye, aje, eje (=1).

ỹ: hymn (= Ĭ).

y mỹrtle (= 1).

y: (unmarked = ē) quay.

ŷ hyena (long ÿ in unaccented syllables).

DIPHTHONGS.

A real, or proper, diphthong consists of two vowel sounds in one syllable. When two vowels are written together, and one is silent, it is an improper diphthong. All the long vowels but ē are real diphthongs, while most of the apparent diphthongs are improper.

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oi (ô-i or a-i) = oy (ô ô-ỹ ỹ) eoi, boil, boy, bourgeoise. ou (ä-u̟ or ä-00) = ow = eo

out, crowd, Macleod.

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view (iew u), ewe u, beaufin (eau I or ō).

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PUNCTUATION AND DEFINITIONS.

The period (.) is used after a statement or a command, and to show that letters are omitted.

The comma (,), semicolon (;), and colon (:) are used between the parts of a sentence to make the meaning plain.

The apostrophe (') is used to denote ownership, and to show that letters have been omitted.

The quotation marks (" ") are used to denote that the words inclosed by them were spoken exactly as they are printed. The exclamation point (!) shows surprise, astonishment, or alarm.

The interrogation point (?) is used at the end of a question.

The hyphen (-) connects the syllables of a word, and also the words that form a compound word.

Parentheses () inclose explanations or illustrations of the regular text.

The dash (-) is used to denote an unfinished sentence, a break or sudden change in the sense; to increase the length of a pause, and, instead of stars (**), to show that letters or words are omitted.

1. A name-word (or noun) is the name of anything.

(A noun is said to be in the singular number if it means but one, and in the plural number if it means more than one.)

2. An action-word (or verb) is a word that expresses action. 3. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.

4. A quality-word (or adjective) is any word that tells the quality of any object.

5. A describing-word (or adverb) is a word that tells how, when, why, or where an action is done.

6. Connecting-words (prepositions and conjunctions) are words that connect other words, and show how or why they are joined together.

7. An interjection is a word expressing surprise, alarm, astonishment, or pain.

8. A sentence is the complete expression of a thought in words. (A sentence must always contain at least two words- -a noun or pronoun and a verb-expressed or understood, and should always begin with a capital letter.)

9. A question is a sentence used to ask something.

10. A statement is a sentence used to state something.

11. An exclamation is a sentence used to express pain, astonishment, alarm, or surprise.

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SECOND READER

I. THE STRANGE VISITOR.

1. The schoolroom was very quiet. The boys and girls were all busy with their lessons. It was a warm day, and the windows were wide open.

2. The birds were singing in the tree near the schoolhouse, but the children did not hear them.

3. Quietly a strange visitor came through the open door, and, with her few little ones, slowly walked to the middle of the room.

4.

Then she stood and waited. No one gave her a seat, for no one knew she was there.

5. Even the teacher, working at her desk, had not seen her caller.

6. The visitor looked round the room as if to see where she and her family could rest for a few minutes, but there was not an empty seat.

7. At last she turned to the platform, where

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