corolla, funnel form, campanulate, four to five-lobed; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on the tube or throat; ovary one to ten-celled; fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. About 5,500 species mostly tropical. Bedstraw (Galium) and coffee belong to the order.

Buttonweed (Diodia teres, Walt.).—

A hairy, or minutely pubescent annual, with spreading stem; leaves mostly terete, linear-lanceolate; sessile, rigid flowers, one to two in each axil; corolla funnel-form, small; fruit obovate, turbinate, not furrowed, crowned with four short calyx teeth. Common in New Jersey and found as far south as Florida and Texas.

Honeysuckle Family (Caprifoliaceae). -Shrubs, trees or vines, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves; stipules absent or present; flowers perfect, mostly cymose; calyx adnate to the ovary, three to fivetoothed or three to five-lobed; corolla gamopetalous with a five-lobed limb or

two-lipped; stamens four to five, inserted on the tube of the corolla and Fig. 144. Bracted alternate with its lobes; ovary two to plantain (Plantago five-celled; styles slender; stigma capiaristata). tate; fruit a berry, drupe or pod; seeds with a membranous or hard coat. About 275 species. Found generally in the northern hemisphere.

Indian Currant, Coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Moench.).—A shrub two to four feet high, purplish, usually pubescent, branched; leaves oval or ovate, entire or undulate, nearly glabrous above, pubescent underneath; flowers in short axillary clusters; corolla bellshaped, sparingly bearded, pinkish, stamens included; fruit a purplish berry. Rocky woods and along streams

from New Jersey to Illinois, Southern Iowa, South Dakota, Nebraska and south to Texas and Georgia.

Campanula Family (Campanulaceae).-Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves; regular flowers calyx adherent to the ovary; corolla five-lobed, bell-shaped; stamens five, usually free from the corolla and distinct; style one with hairs near the end; stigmas two or more; fruit a capsule, two or more-celled, many seeded; seed small, anatropous; embryo straight. Represented by the common harebell (Campanula rotundifolia) and several cultivated species, among them C. rapunculoides.

Venus' Looking-glass (Specularia perfoliata, (L.) A. D C.). A somewhat hairy annual, with roundish or ovate, clasping leaves, base heart-shaped; flowers sessile, solitary or a few in the axils of the leaves; calyx in earlier flowers three or four-lobed or parted, in later flowers four or five-lobed; corolla five-lobed or parted in the later flowers, rudimentary in earlier flowers; ovary three-celled, ovules numerous; seeds small, lenticular. Common in dry woods, sandy soil from New England to Mexico and Oregon.

or

Thistle. Family (Compositae, Adans.).-Herbs rarely shrubs; flowers borne in a close head on the receptacle, surrounded by an involucre of a few or many bracts; anthers usually united into a tube, syngenesious. sometimes caudate; calyx adnate to the ovary, limb crowning the summit in the form of capillary or plumose bristles or chaff called the pappus; corolla tubular or strap-shaped-when tubular, usually five-lobed, ligulate, or bilabiate in one small division of the family; flowers of the head may all be alike, in which case they are called homogamous, or of two kinds (heterogamous); bracts or scales often present on the receptacle flowers inside the rays are called disk flowers, and a flower without rays is said to be discoid; the five, or rarely four, stamens are usually united into a tube (syngenesious); style two-cleft at the

apex, or in sterile flowers, usually entire; fruit a dry, indehiscent achenium containing a single seed without endosperm. The largest order of flowering plants consisting of 840 genera and 13,000 species and found in all parts of the world. Sometimes divided into the sub-families Cichoriacea, Ambrosiaceæ and Compositæ.

Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis, Willd.).-A rather tall perennial herb, with leafy stem; leaves long-lanceo

late to lance-oblong; heads discoid.

in open cymes; scales of involucre usually purplish, ovate or lance-ovate, tipped with a slender cusp or awn; flowers purplish. From New England to Minnesota and Kansas. V. altissima is a tall perennial, with heads in loose cymes; scales of involucre obtuse or mucronate; flowers purplish. Occurs from Pennsylvania to Missouri and southwest. V. Baldwinii is a minutely hairy plant with small heads; leaves lance-oblong or ovate; scales of involucre acute or acuminate; flowers purplish. Occurs from Minnesota to Texas. V. fasciculata

Fig. 144a. Ironweed has crowded linear or oblong-lanceo(Vernonia Baldwinii). late leaves; heads many flowered; flowers purplish. Found in low grounds.

Thoroughwort (Eupatorium serotinum, Michx.).— A branched perennial with pubescent stems, three to seven feet high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, triple-nerved, coarsely serrate; heads in broad cymose clusters seven to fifteenflowered; scales of involucre pubescent; flowers white, common southward, also in Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and from Texas east to Florida and Delaware. The white snakeroot (E. ageratoides) is a smooth, branching perennial with broadly ovate, pointed leaves; compound

cymose clusters; heads with white flowers. Common in woods in the Mississippi Valley, east to New Brunswick. Boneset (E. perfoliatum) having lanceolate, connately perfoliate, wrinkled, downy leaves and white flowers is found in marshes, especially in the North. The Joe pye weed (E. purpureum) occurs in similar places. It has tall, stout stems; whorled leaves; and purple flowers, and is found chiefly northward. The mist flower (E. coelestinum), with opposite, petioled, ovate leaves and blue flowers, is common in the South.

Gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa, (Pursh) Dunal.).—A resinous, viscid, glabrous perennial from one to three feet high; leaves alternate, spatulate to linear-oblong, sessile or clasping, spinulose, serrate; heads many-flowered; ray flowers yellow, pistillate; scales of the involucre hemispherical, imbricated in several rows with green tips; achenes short and thick; pappus consisting of two or three awns. Common west of the Missouri River from Mexico, Nevada and Texas, north to British America and east to Minnesota, Illinois and Missouri, occasionally as far as New Jersey.

Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis, L.).—A perennial with rough stem, from three to six feet high; leaves hairy beneath, rough above, lanceolate and pointed, sharply serrate; heads small, few flowered; rays yellow, short pistillate; scales of the involucre appressed, not herbaceous; receptacle small, not chaffy; achenes ribbed; pappus simple, of capillary bristles. Widely distributed from New Brunswick to Florida; common in pastures and borders of fields in the Rocky Mountains to the Northwest Territory and Arizona.

White Aster (Aster ericoides, L.).-A smooth or sparingly hairy perennial from one to three feet high; lower leaves oblong-spatulate, toothed, the upper linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped; heads small in racemes; scales of the involucre nearly equal with awl-shaped, green

tips; ray flowers white. In dry, open fields and roadsides from New England to Minnesota. The small-flowered white aster (A. multiflorus) is a pale, pubescent, branching perennial one foot or more tall; leaves small and rigid, crowded and spreading with ciliate margins, the

Fig. 145. Whiteweed (Erigeron annuus). (C. M. King.)

upper small and scalelike; heads small; ray-flowers white. Abundant along roadsides and in dry soil in the northern states. The New England aster (A. novaeangliae) with violet-purple ray-flowers is common in low grounds. A large number of species in the United States, but few of them are troublesome weeds.

Willow-leaved Aster (Aster salicifolius, Ait.).-This aster is a tall plant with flowers in racemose clusters, purplish to white. It is common westward, sometimes a troublesome weed.

Whiteweed, Fleabane (Erigeron ramosus, (Walt.) B. S. P.).—Stem and leaves somewhat hirsute and hairy, roughish; leaves entire or nearly so; the upper lanceolate, the lower oblong or spatulate; heads borne in corymbose panicles; ray-flowers white and twice as long as the scales of the involucre; achenes small, pappus double, the inner row of fragile bristles. From Nova Scotia, to Florida, west to Louisiana and Texas to Northwest Territory. The E. annuus is a larger, hairy plant, branched above leaves coarsely and sharply toothed. In clover and timothy meadows and woods.