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states and occasionally in Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa and Utah. Abundant in Manitoba and Ontario.

Annual Sow Thistle (Sonchus oleraceus, L.)-Annual or perennial succulent herb with leafy stem, smooth and glaucus; corymbed or umbellate heads of yellow flowers; stem leaves dentate, runcinate-pinnatifid, terminal segments large and triangular; heads numerous; flowers pale yellow, occurring in summer and autumn. Common in fields and waste places throughout North America, especially far northward; also from Mexico to South Amer

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Thistle (Sonchus asper, (L.) Hill.) is nearly like common sow thistle; but has lower stem-leaves less divided and more spiny toothed.

Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca scariola, L.). A tall, erect annual or winter annual, glaucus, green, two to six

Fig. 161. Prickly lettuce (Lac

feet high, simple or branched tuca scariola). (Ć. M. King.) except on the lower part of

the stem which has stiff bristles; leaves smooth except on the midrib where there are weak prickles; lanceolate to oblong in outline, with spiny toothed margin, occasionally wavy toothed, base arrow-shaped, clasping the stem; leaves becoming vertical by a twist (in shady places leaves not twisted); flowers in small heads on open panicles, each head bearing from four to fourteen yellow flowers; achenes flat, nerved, prolonged into a long, fili

form beak, the latter being paler in color than the seed; all parts of plant contain milky juice. Plant probably introduced into the United States as early as 1863, and isolated specimens were reported here and there in the Mississippi Valley twenty-five years ago. In places it is almost beyond control. Common in Iowa in the northern and western parts of the state.

Wild Lettuce (Lactuca canadensis, L.).-This is a tall, leafy plant, glabrous or nearly so. Lower leaves are sinuate pinnatifid; the upper are entire. Flowers pale yellow. Achenes blackish.

Rushlike Lygodesmia (Lygodesmia juncea, (Pursh) D. Don.).-A tufted, smooth, frequently glaucus, perennial, a foot or more high, from a thick, woody root; copious milky juice; lower leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate, entire, upper leaves scalelike; heads erect with purple flowers; achenes narrow-ribbed; pappus light brown. Common on the plains from the Missouri River to western Montana, Northwest Territory and east to the St. Croix River in Wisconsin. Reported as troublesome in corn fields of northwestern Iowa, in Colorado and Montana.

Orange Hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum, L.).A low perennial, generally stoloniferous; leaves long, hirsute, hispid and glandular above; basal leaves hirsute; stem leaves one or two, sessile; heads clustered, peduncles glandular; involucral bracts linear, lanceolate, acuminate, hirsute; flowers deep orange or flame colored. Common in clover fields and meadows. Naturalized from Europe. Distributed from eastern Canada to Ohio and occasionally westward.

CHAPTER XV.

Partial Bibliography Consisting of Easily Accessible References, Arranged by Harriette S. Kellogg.

1 Adams, G. E. Weeds: Their Eradication and Control. Bul. R. I. Agr. Exp. Sta., 133:51-61.

2

3

4

5

6

Anderlind, Leo. On Broom (Cytisus). See Sond. Forstl. naturw. Z., 1898. Heft 2.
Abs. in Just's Bot. Jahresb. 1898. Abt. 2. 325.

Arthur, J. C. Delayed Germination of the Cocklebur. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr.
Sci., 16:70-79.

Wild or Prickly Lettuce. Bul. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta., 52:83-112.
Ball, C. R. The Purity and Vitality of Grass Seed. Bul. Ia. Agr. Exp.
Sta., 54:164-180.

Seed Testing: Its Importance, History, and Some Results, with a Partial
Bibliography. Rept. Ia. State College of Agr. and Mech. Arts, 17:161-175.
7 Beal, W. J. Grasses of North America, 1:100, 223, 224, 275. New York, 1896.
Methods of Killing Quack Grass. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 14:27-28.
Seeds of Michigan Weeds. Bul. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. 260:103-182.
Some Unique Examples of Dispersion of Seeds and Fruits. Am. Nat.,
32:859-866.
Proc.

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The Vitality of Seeds Buried in the Soil, A Series of Articles. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 5:44-46; 6:14-15; 10:15-16; 15:283-284; 26:87-93. 12 Bessey, C. E. The Russian Thistle in Nebraska. Bul. Neb. Agr. Exp. Sta., 31:67-77.

The Weeds of Nebraska. Proc. Soc. Agr. Sci., 14:33-44.
Blankenship, J. W. The Loco and Other Poisonous Plants of Montana.
Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta., 45:75-104.

13

14

15

Weeds of Montana. Bul. Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta., 30:7.

16

Bogue, E. E. Weeds of Oklahoma.

Bul. Ok. Agr. Exp. Sta., 41:12.

16a

Bul.

An Annotated Catalogue of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of Oklahoma. Bul. Ok. Agr. Exp. Sta., 45:48.

17 Bolley, H. L. Canada Thistle: Means of Holding It in Control.

18

19

20

21

22

N. D. Agr. Exp. Sta., 28:5.

Press Bul.

The Destruction of Weeds in Cereal Crops by Means of Solutions of Chemicals Sprayed Upon the Foliage. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 20:107-109. Means of Eradicating Dandelions on Parks, Lawns, Roadsides and Meadows. Press Bul. N. D. Agr. Exp. Sta., 26:4.

On the Use of Chemical Sprays in Destroying Mustard, Kinghead and Other Weeds in Cereal Grain Fields. Press Bul. N. D. Agr. Exp. Sta., 27:4. Quack Grass, How to Hold It in Check. Press Bul. N. D. Agr. Exp. Sta., 29:2.

Weeds and Methods of Eradication.

Seed Control by Means of Chemi

cal Sprays. Bul. N. D. Agr. Exp. Sta., 80:513-574. 23 Bolley, H. L., and Waldron, L. R. A Preliminary List of the Spermatophyta, Seed-Bearing Plants of N. D. Bul. N. D. Agr. Exp. Sta., 46:593-675.

24 Brown, Edgar, and Crosby, Mamie. Imported Low Grade Clover and Alfalfa Seeds. Bul. Bur. Pl. Ind. U. S. Dept. Agr., 111:17-30.

25 Brown, Edgar, and Hillman, F. H. Seed of Red Clover and Its Impurities. Far. Bul. U. S. Dept. Agr., 260:24.

26 Buckhout, W. A. Weeds in General: Two Newcomers into Pennsylvania. Bul. Penn. Agr. Exp. Sta., 58:8.

27

28

29

Burrill, T. J. Čanada Thistles and Their Extermination. Bul. Ill. Agr. Exp.
Sta., 12:379-387.

Clark, G. H.

Weed Seeds Commonly Found in Timothy, Alsike, and Red
Clover Seeds. Bul. Canada Dept. Agr., Seed Div. (N. S.), 16:13.
Clark, G. H., and Fletcher, James. Farm Weeds of Canada. With Illustrations
by Norman Criddle, 97: pl. 56. Ottawa. 1906.

30 Claypole, E. W. On the Migration of Plants from Europe to America, with an Attempt to Explain Certain Phenomena Connected Therewith. Rept. Montreal Hort. Soc., 1877:70.

31 Clinton, G. P. The Russian Thistle and Some Plants That Are Mistaken for It. Bul. Ill. Agr. Exp. Sta., 39:87-118.

31a Cox, H. R. The Eradication of Bindweed or Wild Morning Glory. Far. Bul. U. S. Dept. Agr., 368.

32 Coville, F. V. Noxious Weeds. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr., 1890:388-392.

33 Craig, Moses. Some Oregon Weeds and How to Destroy Them. Bul. Ore. Agr. Exp. Sta., 19:21.

34 Crosby, J. O. Incursion of Weeds Into Our Gardens and Farms. Trans. Ia. Hort. Soc., 42:153-154.

35 Darlington, William. American Weeds and Useful Plants, Being a Second and Illustrated Edition of Agricultural Botany. 460, New York, 1859. Dewey, L. H. Migration of Weeds. Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., 1896:263-285 Table of Two Hundred Weeds. Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., 1895:594-611. Twenty-five Most Harmful Weeds. Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr., 1897:

36

37

38

1.39

641-645.

Weeds and How to Kill Them. Far. Bul. U. S. Dept. Agr., 28:32. 39a Eaton, A. J., and Edson, H. A. A Practical Method of Killing Quack Grass. Bul. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 149:419.

40 Fernald, M. A. Some Recently Introduced Weeds. Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc., 1905:11-12.

41 Garman, H. On the Adulterants and Weed Seeds in Kentucky Samples of Blue Grass, Orchard Grass, Timothy, Red Clover and Alfalfa Seeds. Bul. Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta., 124:35.

42 Goff, E. S. Noxious Weeds. Bul. Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta., 39:38.

43 44

Noxious Weeds of Wisconsin. Bul. Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta., 76:52.
The Russian Thistle. Bul. Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta., 37:13.

45 Gow, J. E. Preliminary List of the Flowering Plants of Adair Co., Iowa. Proc.
Ia. Acad. Sci., 8:8.
Gray, Asa. Burs in the Borage Family. Am. Nat., 10:4.

46

47

48

Edited by B. L.

New Manual of Botany. Seventh Edition, Illustrated. Robinson and M. L. Fernald. 926, New York, 1898. Pertinacity and Predominance of Weeds. Am. Jour. Sci., 18:161-167. 49 Green, Wesley. Plants of Iowa: A Preliminary List of the Native and Introduced Plants of the State, Not Under Cultivation. Bul. Ia. Hort. Soc., 264. Des Moines, 1907.

50

51 52

Halsted, B. D. American and English Weeds Compared. Pl. World., 3:171-173. Our Worst Weeds: A Scale of Points. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 10:43-49. The Weeds of New Jersey. Rept. N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1890:370-453. 53 Harrison, F. C. Weeds of Ontario. Önt. Dept. Agr., 80. Toronto, 1900. Harrison and Lockhead. The Weeds of Ontario. Bul. Ont. Agr. Col., 128. 'See also a revised edition by Howitt.

54 Harvey, F. L. Three Troublesome Weeds. Bul. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta., 32:8. 55 Hays, W. M. The Russian Thistle or Russian Tumbleweed. Bul. Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta., 33:15.

56 Henderson, L. F. 14:91-136.

Twelve of Idaho's Worst Weeds. Bul. Ida. Agr. Exp. Sta.,

57 Hill, E. J. Notes on Migratory Plants. Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 29:564-570. 58 Hillman, F. H. Clover Seeds and Their Impurities. Bul. Nev. Agr. Exp. Sta., 47:90.

59

Nevada Weeds. Bul. Nev. Agr. Exp. Sta., 21:15.; 22:11

60 Hitchcock, A. S. Clothier, G. L., and Norton, J. B. S. Various Reports on Kansas Weeds. Buls. Kan. Agr. Exp. Sta., 50:19-23; 52:87-101; 57:64; 66: 19-54; 76:27; 80:113-164.

60a Howitt, J. E.

The Perennial Sow Thistle and Other Weed Pests of 1908. Bul. Ont. Agr. Col., 168.

61 Jones, L. R. Impurities of Grass and Clover Seeds. Rept. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 13:287-289.

62

63

Killing Weeds with Chemicals. Rept. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 12:182-188. The Orange Hawkweed or Paint-Brush. Rept. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 9:115; 10:251-254.

64 Jones, L. R., and Edson, A. W. The Bird Vetch or Wild Pea. Rept. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 14:251-254.

65 Jones, L. R., and Morse, W. J. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 16:173-190. 66 Jones, L. R., and Orton, W. A. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 11:229-234.

67

The Shrubby Cinquefoil as a Weed. Rept.

Impurities of Vermont Clover Seed. Rept.

Notes on Certain Threatening Weeds. Rept. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 16: 169-173.

68

69

Notes on Vermont Weeds. Rept. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 11:219-228. Orange Hawkweed or Paint-Brush. Bul. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 56:15. 70 Kabsch, Wilhelm. Das Pflanzenleben der Erde. 642, Hannover, 1870. 70a Kalter, Grace M. The Weeds of the Miami Valley. Cont. Bot. Lab. Miami Univ., 4:72.

72

71 Kirk, T. W. Bathurst Bur. Leaflet for Farmers, New Zealand Dept. Agr., 2:2. Tarweed. Leaflet for Farmers. New Zealand Dept. Agr., 73:1. 73 Krafft, Guido. Pflanzenbaulehre. Pt. II. of Lehbr. d. L'dwirtschft. auf. wiss'schftl. u. prakt. Grundlage.

74

75

Lamson-Scribner, F., and Newman, C. L. Weeds on the Farm. Bul. Tenn.
Agr. Exp. Sta., 1:29-52.

Lazenby, W. R. The Weedy Plants of Ohio. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci,
7:42-47.

76 MacMillan, Conway. Metaspermae of the Minnesota Valley. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn. Ser., 1:826.

Descriptive List of Weeds of West Virginia. Bul. W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta., 23:215-310.

77

Millspaugh, C. F.

78

Your Weeds and Your Neighbor's. Distribution of Our Weeds. Bad Points of Weeds. Weeds as Fodder for Stock. Chemical Weed Exterminator. Bul. W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta., 22:177-212.

78a Moore, R. A., and Stone, A. L. The Eradication of Farm Weeds with Iron Sulphate. Bul. Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta., 179:17.

79 Munson, W. M. Dandelions and Hawkweeds.

95:109-124.

Bul. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta.,

80 Nelson, Aven. First Report of the Flora of Wyoming. Bul. Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta., 28:47-218.

81

82

Squirrel-tail Grass, One of the Stock Pests of Wyoming. Bul. Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta., 19:73-79.

The Worst Weeds of Wyoming. Bul. Wyo. Agr. Exp. Šta., 31:267-310. 82a Nelson, A. E. Some Common Weeds and Insects of Nebraska Corn Fields and Potato Patches. Bull. issued by Dept. Pub. Instr. and Dept. Far. Inst., Neb. 18:32. 826 Olive, E. W. The Killing of Mustard and Other Noxious Weeds in Grain Fields by the Use of Iron Sulphate. Bul. S. D. Agr. Exp. Sta., 112:485-498. 83 Pammel, L. H. The Canada Thistle and Dandelion. Bul. Ia. Agr. Exp. Sta.. 61:143-153.

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Ecology. 360, Carroll, Ia., 1903.

Horse Nettle as a Troublesome Weed in Iowa. Bul. Ia. Agr. Exp. Sta., 42:131-136.

Noxious Weeds. Bul. Ia. Agr. Exp. Sta., 28:199-214.

Quack and Wheat Grasses. Bul. Ia. Agr. Exp. Sta., 83:397-416.

Russian Thistle. Bul. Ia. Agr. Exp. Sta., 26:8; 38:24.

Some Weeds of Iowa. Bul. Ia. Agr. Exp. Sta., 70:297-531.

The Thistles of Iowa with Notes on a Few Other Species. Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., 8:26.

Two Other Troublesome Weeds. (European Bindweed and Ground Burnut.) Bul. Ia. Agr. Exp. Sta., 42:137-139.

Weed Pests. Bul. Ia. Agr. Exp. Sta., 13:72-75.

Weeds of Corn Fields. Bul. Ia. Agr. Exp. Sta., 39:27-52.

Weeds of Southwestern Wisconsin, and Southeastern Minnesota. 20,

St. Paul, Minn., 1887.

94a Pammel, L. H., and King, C. M. Notes on Eradication of Weeds, with Experiments Made in 1907-1908. Bul. Ia. Agr. Exp. Sta., 105:265-300.

Parish, E. B. The Vegetation of Plymouth Three Hundred Years Ago. Rhodora, 3:17.

96 Rich, F. A., and Jones, L. R. A Poisonous Plant: The Common Horsetail. Bul. Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 95:187-192. Roberts, H. F., and Freeman, G. F.

99

100

101

102

Alfalfa Seed: Its Adulterants, Substitutes,

and Impurities, and Their Detection. Bul. Kan. Agr. Exp. Sta., 133:53-111.
Commercial Seeds of Brome Grass, and of Kentucky Blue Grasses;
Adulterants and Substitutes, and Their Detection. Bul. Kan. Agr. Exp.
Sta., 141:71-141.

Saunders, D. A. Ferns and Flowering Plants Of South Dakota.
Agr. Exp. Sta., 64:101-227.

Bul. S. D.

Selby, A. D. A First Ohio Weed Manual. Bul. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., 83:249-400.
Noxious Weeds Along Thoroughfares. Bul. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., 59:5.
The Russian Thistle in Ohio and Weeds in General. Bul. Ohio Agr.
Exp. Sta., 55:53-59.

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