they were wholly driven out of Spain. This event took place in 1492, nearly eight centuries after the overthrow of King Roderick the Goth.

11. It is the great glory of Ferdinand and Isabella that they gave encouragement to Christopher Columbus by means of which he discovered America. On the other hand, their memory is stained by having established the Inquisition in Spain, which became one of the most dreadful instruments of tyranny. This was a secret tribunal, which adjudged persons charged with heresy to various tortures and punishments, and to death itself.

12. It used torture to extort confession of guilt from the accused, but this horrid practice prevailed in other parts of Europe, and it has been shown that the Inquisition was little worse than some other tribunals of the age. It was established in Spain in 1478, and had power over all classes, nobles, clergy, monks, nuns, parents, and children, without any exception save the king and queen. It imprisoned Bartholomew Caranza, Archbishop of Toledo, where he died after seventeen years' confinement; and neither the efforts of Pope Pius IV., nor the protest of the council of Trent, of which he was a member, could procure his liberation.

13. The object that Ferdinand and Isabella had in establishing the Inquisition was to discover and punish the multitudes of Moors, who openly professed themselves Christians, to avoid being banished, but who were secretly zealous Mahometans, and doing privately all they could towards enabling their people in Morocco to reconquer Spain. Fifty years after its establishment it was unrelentingly and effectually used to prevent the introduction of Protestantism into Spain. It was abolished by Napoleon in 1808, re-established as a political institution in 1814 by Ferdinand VII., and finally abolished at his death in 1820.

CHAPTER XCIX.-EUROPE-CONTINUED.

The Invincible Armada. Curious Death of a Spanish King. Recent Affairs of Spain.

1. ONE of the most powerful monarchs of Spain was Philip the Second. He was not only king of Spain, but he obtained the crown

10. What at last remained to the Moors? When were the Moors driven out of Spain? 11. What of Ferdinand and Isabella? The Inquisition? 12. What further of the Inquisition? When established? What power? Who did it imprison? 13. What was the object in establishing the Inquisition? What fifty years after? Who abolished it?

THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA.

191 of Portugal also, in 1580; but Portugal afterward became a separate kingdom again. It had first been declared independent of Spain at the beginning of the twelfth century.

2. Philip intended to conquer England, and prepared a fleet of eighty ships for that purpose. This fleet was called the Invincible Armada. But it was conquered even without a battle, for a storm scattered it, and drove many of the ships on the British coast.

3. The son of Philip was a weak-minded man. The manner of his death was very singular. He was sitting one day in the council-chamber, which was warmed by a large stove. The heat and vapor of the stove affected his head.

But the person

4. He ordered the attendants to quench the fire. whose duty it was to do this, happened not to be in the chamber, and the rules of the Spanish court were so strict, that it would have been unlawful for any other person to touch the fire.

5. Moreover, it would have been beneath the king's dignity to leave the chamber, or even to move his chair back from the stove. So the fire continued to grow hotter, and the poor king grew sicker and sicker, till at last it was impossible to cure him. And thus he died, by a kind of death that could have befallen nobody but a Spanish king.

6. In the year 1700, Charles the Second of Spain died without children. He was succeeded by a young French prince, named Philip, duke of Anjou [an'-joo], the grandson of Louis the Fourteenth. The kings of this family are called the Spanish Bourbons [boor'-bons].

7. This event caused a long war in Europe. Charles, archduke of Austria, claimed the crown of Spain, and he and Philip of Anjou alternately drove each other out of Madrid. But Philip finally kept his seat on the throne.

8. Spain has often been at war with England. She united with France against that country during the American Revolution; but peace was concluded in 1783. Another war, however, began between England and France in about ten years afterward.

9. In 1808, when the emperor Napoleon was at the height of his power, he compelled the Spanish king to abdicate his throne. The name of this king was Ferdinand VII. Napoleon then placed the crown of Spain upon the head of his own brother, Joseph Bonaparte.

CHAP. XCIX.-1. What of Philip II.? What of Portugal? 2. What of the Invincible Armada? 3. Describe the death of Philip's son. 6. What happened in the year 1700? Who succeeded Charles II.? Who were the Spanish Bourbons? 7. Why did Charles and Philip go to war? Who triumphed? 8. What of Spain? When was peace concluded between France and England? 9. What did Napoleon compel the Spanish king to do in 1808? Who was Ferdinand VII.? Whom did Napoleon make king of Spain?

10. But most of the Spaniards refused to acknowledge king Joseph as their sovereign. A bloody war ensued. The English govern ment sent armies into Spain and Portugal; and it was there that Lord Wellington gained his first victories over the French.

11. Ferdinand, the old Spanish king, was replaced upon the throne in 1814. He was, however, a tyrant and a bigot, and his reign was mischievous to the country. His death took place in 1833.

12. After this, Spain was ravaged by a civil war between Don Carlos and the young queen Isabella II. Three or four hundred thousand persons are supposed to have been killed in this war, which was terminated by the establishment of the claims of Isabella. In 1868 she was dethroned by the people and driven out of the kingdom.

CHAPTER C.-EUROPE-CONTINUED.

A short Story About Portugal.

1. PORTUGAL lies to the west of Spain, and is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. The population of the country is nearly four millions. The capital is Lisbon. This is a large city, and many of our vessels visit it for the purpose of getting wines, grapes, oranges, and lemons.

2. The climate of Portugal is similar to that of Spain. The people also resemble the Spaniards, but speak a language somewhat different. The Portuguese are very ignorant, and as they seldom read, they have plenty of time for dancing.

3. Portugal was originally considered a part of Spain, and shared in the events of that country. In the twelfth century, it became independent. Since that time it has been considered a separate kingdom, though it has been subject to Spain for a portion of this period.

4. The history of Portugal is of little interest, till about the year 1400, when the Portuguese took the lead in navigating the Atlantic Ocean. At this time, this great sea was little known, and nobody had gone across it to America, nor had any one dared to sail around Africa.

10. What of the Spaniards? What of the English government? Wellington? 11. When was Ferdinand replaced upon the throne? When did he die? 12. What of a civil war in Spain?

What of Lord

What of him?

CHAP. C.-Boundaries of Portugal? Population? Capital? What of Lisbon? 2. Climate of Portugal? The people? Language? 3. What of Portugal? When did it become independent? What of Portugal since the twelfth century? 4. What of the Portuguese after about 1400? What of the Atlantic at this time?

DESCRIPTION OF FRANCE.

193

5. But the little Portuguese vessels ventured out farther and farther, and finally one of them reached the Cape of Good Hope. After this, a Portuguese fleet passed entirely around Africa, crossed the Indian Ocean, and reached India.

6. These wonderful adventures and discoveries excited other nations, and in a few years Christopher Columbus discovered America. Thus the Portuguese may be considered as having led the way to the discovery of this vast continent on which we live, and which was unknown to the people of Europe, Asia, and Africa, till the year 1492. 7. I need not tell you of what happened in Portugal from this time till the year 1755. At that date, an earthquake took place, which shook down nearly the whole city of Lisbon. Houses, churches, and palaces were suddenly tumbled into heaps of ruins. Large chasms were opened in the earth, and hundreds of houses were plunged into them. The sea at first rolled back from the land, and then returned, sweeping every thing before it. In this awful calamity, ten thousand persons lost their lives.

8. The Portuguese founded a good many colonies in different parts of the world. One of these was in Braz-il', in South America. To this place the king of Portugal retired with his family in 1807, and established his court at Rio Janeiro [ri'-o ja-nee'-ro], the capital of the country. This was done because Portugal had been invaded by the French.

9. The French being driven out in 1808, the king returned in a few years. After his death there was a struggle for the crown, but

it was settled in 1834 upon Maria II.

CHAPTER CI.-EUROPE-CONTINUED.

Description of France. Its Climate. Cities.

Cities. Manufactures. Manners and Customs of the People.

1. FRANCE lies in the western part of Europe, and contains about thirty-six millions of inhabitants. Paris, the capital, is a very large city, surrounded with walls of stone. It is full of fine houses, beautiful public gardens, pleasant walks, handsome streets, and interesting places of amusement. To a stranger, it is the most agreeable city in the world.

5. What of the Portuguese vessels? Their discoveries? 6. What consequences followed the Portuguese discoveries? What of America till 1492? 7. What happened in 1755? Describe the earthquake? 8. Colonies of Portugal? What of the king of Portugal? When and why did he remove to Brazil? 9. What followed? CHAP. CI.-1. Population of France? Describe Paris.

2. Beside Paris, there are a great many other large and handsome cities in France. Among these are Rouen [roo'-en], where the people manufacture a great deal of handsome jewelry; Lyons, where they make beautiful silks; Marseilles [mar-sailz'], where the people deal in wines; and Bordeaux [bor-do'], in the midst of a country which produces fine grapes, and other delicious fruits.

3. The climate of France is about the same as that of Pennsylva nia, Maryland, and Virginia. The soil is fruitful, and yields abundance of food for the numerous inhabitants. The country produces many kinds of fruit in great perfection, such as cherries, pears, plums, peaches, and figs. It also yields immense quantities of grapes, from which many kinds of choice wines are produced.

4. The people of France are very gay and cheerful. They live a great deal in the open air, and it is common in all parts of the country to see both men and women at work in the fields. They do not labor very hard, and during the holidays, of which they have a great many, they walk about the streets, and dance in the public gardens or squares.

5. The French seem to enjoy themselves better than most other

2. What of Rouen? What of Lyons? What of Marseilles? What of Bordeaux? 8. Climate of France? Soil? Productions? 4. Character and manners of the French people?