1. Out of patience under the attacks made upon him, Horace begins abruptly, "No doubt I said that Lucilius' lines were wanting in smoothness."-3. At idem, but this same writer. Sale multo &c., rubbed (the sore places of) Rome with plenty of salt; so as to make them smart in curing them. 4. Charta eadem, in the same Satire. 6. Decimus Laberius; a Roman knight, who wrote many mimes; a species of farce, full of comic scenes, without any connecting or dramatic plot; certainly, therefore, not pulchra poemata.-8. Virtus, a quality, a merit.—11. Tristi, serious.-12. (Sermone) defendente vicem, that supports the part of... A writer of Satires should be a skilful reasoner, have the powers of the poet, and the courtesy and polish of a man of good breeding; and not put forth his power in sharp, personal invective, to the exclusion of-what are often the more effectual weapons-raillery and ridicule.-14. Ridiculum acri, ridicule than pungent invective.-15. Secat, decides (the question).—16. See the beginning of Sat. 4.—17. Hoc stabant, owed their success on the stage to this. Stare is the opposite of cadere, or ejici, to fail, be thrown out.-18. Hermogenes; see Sat. 3. n. 129. By simius a certain Demetrius (1.90) is meant.-19. C. Licinius Calvus, a good orator, a pleasing poet, and a friend of Catullus, who died young, A. U. 706.— 20. Lucilius used Greek words whenever he thought them specially adapted to his purpose.-21. Seri studiorum, Gr. ¿fiμaleis = 0 men, late at your A B C ! = dolt-adults. Qui-ne, how; qui for quo. "Dicitur Pitholeon epigrammata ridicula scripsisse, in quibus Græca verba mixta erant cum Latinis." Schol.-23. At sermo &c. This is the reply. Concinnus, duly compounded.-24. Nota; see O. ii. 3. n. 8. Falernian wine, unless very old, was exceedingly sharp to the taste : it used to be mixed, therefore, with the mild wine of Chios.-25. H. answers, "Suppose for a moment you would do this when you write verses; but would you (let me ask you) do it also when..."-26. Petilli; see S. 4. n. 93.-27. Scilicet, I am to suppose, no doubt, or, just as if.-28. Exsudet = cum omni sudore recitet, proferat, dicat.' Schol. Quintus Pedius, the nephew, and one of the co-heirs of Julius Cæsar, adopted Messala's youngest son; the eldest son was M. Valerius Messala Corvinus; both bore the name of Poplicola, and both were famous orators.-30. At Canusium Greek and Oscian were spoken ; see Sat. 5. 1. 87.-31. Mare; between Greece and Italy.-33. Quum somnia &c.; Plato alludes to this belief in the Crito, when speaking of Socrates' last dream.-34. In silcam &c.; Angl. Coals to Newcastle.'-35. Græcorum (poetarum).—36 &c. ' Whilst others cultivate other kinds of poetry, I have attached myself to Latin Satire, in which, since Lucilius' time, P. Terentius Varro and others have failed, and left greater success possible to me, who yet make no pretensions to equality with Lucilius.'-36, 37. M. Furius Bibaculus, of Cremona, was a poet of talent, but his style was inflated, and wanting in good taste. Horace did not care to spare one whose poems were full of invective against Julius Cæsar and Augustus. He calls him Alpinus, in allusion to a ridiculous line in his 'Cæsar's War in Gaul,' quoted S. ii. 5. l. 41 in the same poem, too, he had spoken of the Tuteum caput (muddy source) of the Rhine, contrary to the fact:

PART II.

6

Horace, therefore, accuses him of making it muddy by his muddy verses. Jugulat dum Memnona refers to another poem of his, the Æthiopiad; in which he murders' Memnon.-38. Edes; not here the temple of Apollo on the Palatine Hill-which was not yet finished-but some temple in which it is supposed dramas were recited for approval before chosen judges, among whom was this Spurius Mæcius Tarpa.-40 &c. Caius Fundanius, a friend of Horace and Mæcenas, wrote Comedies, which were in the main, as it appears, like those of Terence. It is the Andria of the latter which is here alluded to.-41. Comis garrire libellos comes (ac. pl.) libellos, you can prattle away pieces full of true wit in the different characters-in the meretrice, Daro &c.-42. Unus vivorum, you alone of living writers. Pollio; C. Asinius Pollio; see O. ii. 1, INTR.-43. Pede ter percusso= in Iambic verse. The Iambic senarius consisted of six feet, and three metres (hence called trimeter), each metre consisting of two feet; the time in reciting was marked by the beat of the foot at the end of each metre.-44. For Varius see O. i. 6, n. 1. He wrote two Epic poems; one on the death of Cæsar, the other in praise of Augustus. Ducit; prop. of spinning; so tenui deducta poemata filo, Epist. i. 2. 1. 225: so we spinning a yarn.' Molle atque facetum, a gentle style, and delicate wit. Virgil had, as yet, only published the Bucolics and Georgics.-46. Hoc, i. e. Satire. P. Terentius Varro Atacinus (so called from Atax, a river of Gallia Narbonensis) showed considerable taste in his imitations of Greek poetry; but he does not appear to have been equally happy in his Satires.-48. Inventore minor, though inferior, I allow, to its author, Lucilius.-50 &c. See Sat. 4. 1. 11.-53 &c. Lucilius in his Satires often criticized other poets, Ennius, Pacuvius, Accius, &c., but he did so (comis) in a generous spirit and pleasant manner. Mutat, has he no wish to change? -54. Gravitate minores, wanting in dignity.—55. Quum de se &c., while at the same time &c. Non ut = ut non majore.-57. Negarit, has refused (him).—58. Factos, finished.-59. Mollius, ac si &c., running more smoothly than &c. Pedibus claudere senis, to inclose within six feet to write an hexameter.-62. This Cassius of Etruria, of whom nothing is known, must not be confounded with Cassius of Parma, a good writer, whom Horace does justice to, Ep. 4. 1.—63. Capsis, &c.; the funeral pile, on which he was buried, consisting of his books and their cases.-66. Quam rudis &c. quam expectari poterat ab auctore carminis rudis et intacti a Græcis. Satire was a style of poetry created by Lucilius, being quite unknown to the Greeks. Rudis, unformed, is used of matter in its rough, unwrought state.- -67. Poetarum seniorum; those 'seniores' to Lucilius were Livius Andronicus, Nævius, Ennius, Pacuvius, and Plautus.-69. Quod ultra &c., that was drawn out (spun out) beyond the required finish.-71. Vicos, to the quick.-72. The ancients wrote on tablets laid over with a slight coating of wax; they used in writing an iron pencil (stilus), which was flat-shaped at the upper end: when they wished to obliterate any part of what they had written, they turned this end of the stile to the tablet (stilum vertere), and smoothed the wax over with it. This was called facere lituram, or tollere litura.

Therefore, sæpe stilum certas = correct frequently.-73. Labores, do not make it your great object.—75. Vilibus in ludis, in low schools. Schoolmasters used to dictate passages to be learnt by heart: perhaps spelling was taught thus by dictation.-76. Equitem, coll. for equites.-77. Arbuscula was a celebrated actress, of whom Cicero says, in a letter to Atticus: Quæris nunc de Arbuscula: valde placuit.' Explosa, when hissed.—78 &c. Horace's chief detractors are here named; nothing more is known of them.-80. Fannius Quadratus; see iv. 21.-81. See 5. n. 40.-82. Valgius Rufus, see O. ii. 8, INTR.-83. Fuscus Aristius; see O. i. 22, INTR.-83. See 9. n. 22.-85. See n. 28.-86. Bibulus; one of the family of L. Calpurnius Bibulus, J. Cæsar's colleague in the Consulship. Servius; perhaps a son of the lawyer Servius Sulpicius Rufus. Furnius, historiarum fide et elegantia claruit.' Schol.-89. Arridere, to please.-90. Deterius = minus. Demetri; see n. 18.-91. Cathedra was a kind of arm-chair used by ladies. Demetrius and Tigellius, it appears, were singing-masters, with classes of lady-pupils attending them. Jubeo plorare, go sing lacrymose songs with your pupils: but the phrase has a wider meaning also = Gr. oiμwšelv be keλeúw, go hang. — 92. 'Add this piece to my Satires;' or libellus may mean his Fourth Satire.

BOOK II.

SATIRE I.

In this Satire Horace is still engaged with his opponents; he does not address them personally, nor take any notice of the calumnies they had circulated against him. He pretends to have had his own opinion shaken by the unfavourable judgments formed of his Satires, and to be anxious to consult some person of acknowledged authority on such subjects, as to the course which he ought to pursue. This person he finds in C. Trebatius Testa, a celebrated jurisconsult, and, at the same time, a man of taste and talent, and of friendly and agreeable manners. These features of his character may be easily gathered from some twenty letters of Cicero's to him, extant in the Epist. ad Familiares, lib. viii. The advice which Trebatius is supposed to give is, that Horace should keep quiet. Upon the Poet's pleading impossibility, Trebatius recommends his employing his energies in singing the praises of Augustus. His warlike exploits, H. answers, were too high a theme for him. But his moral qualities ?' At a proper opportunity he might make the attempt. But his natural impulses urged him, he says, to imitate Lucilius. Nature had given to every living thing its proper instinct and its proper

weapon. His was Satire; and Satire he must therefore write. "If such be your disposition and determination," Trebatius says, "you make me tremble for your safety, and certainly for the continuance of the friendships with which you are honoured." "Did Lucilius, then, asks H., lose the friendship of the Scipios and the Lælii? And yet his Satire was much more biting than mine. Our cases are the same." "Possibly: but I would here remind you that those who write libellous (the word also means 'very bad') verses bring themselves under the lash of the law." "But suppose mine are very good verses?" &c.

1. Sunt, quibus &c. H. addresses himself to Trebatius.-2. Lex operis is said of the principles which should regulate, and of the proprieties which should. be observed in the execution of a work.4. Deduci; see S. i. 10. n. 44.—5. Quiescas; is Trebatius' answer : from this line to 1. 24 the dialogue is carried on in short sentences from 1. 24 to 1. 60, Hor. speaks.-7. Erat; Gr. ei μǹ äμɛivov ǹv = if it were not best: so 1. 16, poteras. Nequeo dormire, I am a bad sleeper; implying' I can't sleep well enough, not to hear and see too much, and so be provoked to write.'-8. Transnanto &c. Trebatius' answer is in the style of a Prætorian edict. Constr.: Ter transnanto uncti: uncti implies 'after wrestling;' oiling the body being preparatory to that exercise. Trebatius was studiosissimus homo natandi, Cic. in Epist.-9. Irriguum, well moistened. Sub noctem = hora cœnœ.— 11. Cæsaris, Augustus.-12. Pater; a term of respect to an elder.-14. Fracta cuspide; Marius caused the shaft of the pilum to be so made as to break off at the head when it struck.-16. Grant it is so as to his warlike exploits; but you might celebrate his justice, firmness, &c.'-17. Scipiadam; the second Scipio Africanus, the friend of Lucilius, whose Satires were interspersed with many beautiful sketches of his character. The patronymic Scipiades was used by Lucilius, Lucretius, and Virgil, as being more manageable in Hexameter verse.-18. Res feret, when an opportunity occurs. Nisi dextro tempore, but at a favourable moment.-20. Cui &c., for if you flatter him inconsiderately &c. We of the present day might object to the taste shown in speaking of Augustus' kicking up;' but Horace may be trusted not to have thus offended in the judgment of the times. Tutus, armed (against flatterers).-21. Tristi, severe.-22. S. i. 8. n. 10.-24. We know nothing of this Milonius. In the eyes of a Roman dancing was unbecoming a freeman : Nemo fere saltat sobrius, nisi forte insanit." Cic. pro Murena, ch. 6.-24. Ut semel ; 'as soon as he is tipsy.' Icto = perturbato vinolentia.-26. 'Nothing, however, varies so much as tastes and inclinations. Castor and Pollux came from the same egg; yet horsemanship was the delight of the one, boxing of the other.'-27. Quot capitum &c. ; so many living men, so many tastes and pursuits.-28. Claudere = (includere) verba pedibus (metricis): to write verses.- 29. Melioris, superior to.-31. Constr. Neque unquam dec. alio-never having recourse to aught else—

66

si male cesserat-if things had gone ill with him—neque (unquam) si bene. -33. Allusion to the votive picture of the shipwrecked mariner, detailing all his story; see O. i. 5. n. 12.—34. Venusia, where H. was born, was situated upon the borders of Lucania and Apulia, as Horace proceeds to tell us.-34-38. Sequor hunc; these words are immediately followed by a digression as to the position of Venusia, his birth-place, and the main subject taken up again at: Sed hic stilus (1. 39), but this Lucilian stile of mine &c.-36. Sabelli, the Samnites.-37. Quo ne ne quo (modo). Vacuum, neut., the unoccupied territory. Romano (agro).—39. Ultro, without provocation.-41. Quem cur = = for why should I wish to draw my sword, if safe from ruffian attacks?-42. Ut pereat positum (= depositum), my prayer is that &c. -45. Qui me commorit (commoverit), who shall rouse me by provocation. Melius (est or erit).—46. Flebit, Gr. oiuwgerai and kλavoɛrai, shall rue it. Insignis, a marked man.-47. Cervius; a public informer. Urna; into which the judges cast their sentence for acquitting or condemning.-48. Canidia iis, quibus est inimica (minitatur) venenum Albutii; who is said to have poisoned his wife, or mother. See Ep. v. and xii.-49. Of Turius little is known but that he was unprincipled and vindictive, and therefore one, who had offended him, had no chance in a cause where he was judge. Si quid certes = si tibi lis sit de aliqua re.-50. Constr.: Sic (= hoc argumento) collige mecum, learn with me; ut quisque terreat suspectos-his foes-eo quo calet-by the weapon he is strong in.-52. Petit, attacks. Unde &c., whence do they learn this but by instinct?-53. Scava, known only from this passage as a matricide. Trust Scæva's mother to him-a mother likely to live many years in the course of nature-his filial hand will be free from crime.-Wonderful indeed! Just as the wolf does not defend itself with its hoofs, nor the bull with its teeth.-But a deadly drug in poisoned honey takes her off.' Scæva's instincts, that is, indispose him to the use of any but dark and subtle means for ridding himself of his mother.-60. Quisquis erit vitæ (mea) color; i. e. white or black, happy or unhappy. O puer, ut sis vitalis &c., my child (says Trebatius), I fear you will not be longlived.-61. Majorum, of the great, the powerful (you are intimate with).. -62. Frigore te feriat, kill you (some of these days) with coldness; freeze you to death (from offence taken at your writings)-63. Morem modum, formam-kind.-64. Pellem, the face, outside (see Epist. i. 16. 1. 45), the outer covering. Per ora (hominum), before the public. So Sallust: Incedunt per ora nostra magnifici.-67. Offensi (sunt); Lælius and the Second Africanus, friends of Lucilius, did they take umbrage at his works; offensi (sunt)? — 67. Scipio, and Quintus Cæcilius Metellus, surnamed Macedonicus, though opposed in politics, were closely united by personal esteem. Lucilius had attacked Metellus; and to attack Metellus was to threaten the greatest in Rome.-68. Famosis versibus = by verses, that held him up to infamy. -68. L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus, Consul A. U. 598, and a man notorious for his impiety, was very roughly handled by Lucilius. Atqui, and yet.-69. Tributim, throughout its tribes. 70. Equus, favorable.-71. Scena = the political stage, public life. In secreta, to

=