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EUROPEAN TURKEY.

In what part of Europe does this country lie? Tell what waters and what land border it. In what surface division is it situated? Name some of its products. Locate Constantinople and Salonika.

Great quantities of raisins are exported from Turkey. Turkish carpets are also a valuable export.

Because of poor government the people of Turkey are unprogressive, and all industries are in a backward state. Constantinople is a commercial center commanding the trade between Asiatic and European Turkey. The poor government of Turpoor government of Turkey and the degraded condition of many

of the people of western Asia, upon whom the trade depends, prevent it from becoming the great seaport which its natural position would otherwise make it.

GREECE.

Locate and bound this country. Locate Athens,

the capital; Piraeus, the only seaport; Patras, noted for its export of currants.

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The products of Greece are similar to the products of the other southern countries of Europe. countries of Europe. Olives, wine, and currants, a small, dried

grape, are the principal products. Shipbuilding is an impor tant industry. The Greeks are a sea-faring nation. Find out what you can about the ancient Greeks.

Athens, more than two thousand years ago, was a leading city of the world. It was noted for its art and learning. The ruins of magnificent temples still remain. It is visited annually by

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many tourists and scholars.

In what part of Europe and between what countries are BULGARIA, ROUMANIA, SERVIA, MONTENEGRO? Name the capital of each of these divisions.

NOTE.-Trace all coast forms, surface forms, and rivers as you study them. Locate all sections and places mentioned. Collect pictures and products.

Find South America on the globe and maps and in the world pictures. Point to it and tell its direction from us. In what direction is it from each of the other grand divisions? Trace around it and tell what large bodies of water bound it. By what is it connected with North America? What projection and two indentations on the northern coast? What two capes on the eastern coast? What one at the southern extremity of an island which helps to form South America? By what strait is Tierra del Fuego separated from South America? What three gulfs

and cape on the western coast? What island belonging to Great Britain near the northern coast?

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What plateau? Locate Cotopaxi, the fiercest, and Sohama, the highest, volcano in the world. What two general slopes are formed by this highland? Trace and describe the three great

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river systems that drain the long slope. Which is the largest? Locate the Brazilian and Guiana plateaus. Which river flows between them? What names are given to the great lowlands? Trace the low water-parting between the great river basins. Describe the Magdalena, Tocantins, Sao Francisco, and Uruguay rivers. In what belts of climate does South America lie? How must the high, snow-covered mountains affect the climate of the mountainous parts? What winds blow over the greater part of South America? What ocean cur(Page 101.) rise high and rocky at the

ROPE BRIDGE IN THE ANDES

rents wash the different coasts? The Andes Mountains

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southern ex

tremity and

continue in a single chain, widening out to form and inclose the Bolivian

Plateau, in which they reach their greatest

height. From this plateau northward they form several parallel ranges, and mountain knots, and gradually descend

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about two and one-half miles high. Several peaks of the Andes are four miles above sea-level. The Brazilian and Guiana plateaus are broad and low, and are crossed by several rounded, flattopped mountain ranges, which show that they are among the oldest mountains of the Western Continent.

The Llanos, Selvas, and Pampas form a continuous plain, the low water-partings hardly breaking the level of the land. It is said that, with the exception of about seven miles, a boat could make a continuous passage from north

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to south

ern sides

are precipi. tous.

There

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frightful

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lar rents which

form narrow, dangerous passes in the mountains from two to three miles above sea-level. These are traversed by means of llamas and packmen. In a few places railroad bridges have been constructed, at great expense, across these chasms.

The Andes have many glaciers, which are the source of numberless mountain torrents. These torrents rush down the slopes to the sea on the western side, and to feed large rivers on the eastern side, of the mountains. Next to Thibet in Asia, the Bolivian Plateau is the highest plateau in the world. It is

through this plain. The Llanos are nearly treeless, with the exception of palms which fringe the river banks and cluster in the swamps. The Orinoco River, which drains these plains, is navigable for over a thousand miles. It forms a large delta, which is flooded, as are all the lower parts of the plain,

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