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NOTE.-Study the pictures of this grand division. Try to get other pictures representing the manners and customs of the different people of Africa.

Trace all coast-lines, all land forms, and rivers, and locate all places mentioned.

Find Africa on the globe, on the maps, and in the world pictures. Point to it and

tell its direction from us. Tell its direction from each of the other grand divisions. Tell how you would go there. What separates Africa from Europe? By what is it connected with, and by what separated from, Asia? What large bodies of water bound Africa? Trace the coastline. What capes project from the boundary? Which ones seem to give Africa its shape? What large island lies southeast of Africa? What channel separates

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rica is a desert. What do you

think is the principal cause of a

desert?

In what belts of climate does Africa lie? In which belt does the greater part lie? How must the climate of

the interior be affected by the narrow coastal plains and by the mountain wall on the border of the plateau?

Locate the different product sections of Africa and tell what products are grown in each. Which part Corresponds to the

Selvas of South Amerthe position of

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each section with the position of the same product section in the other grand divisions. What products do you find in Africa that grow in other grand divisions? What other grand divisions have the same or similar products?

Which parts of Africa seem to be most thickly settled? Can you think of any reason for this? What sections will never be thickly settled? What animals belong to Africa? (Page 42.)

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The surface of Africa has neither the high mountain walls nor the great extent of lowlands which mark the surface of the other grand divisions. Nearly the entire grand division is a plateau, bordered and crossed by mountain ranges, while narrow coastal plains border on

Kilimanjaro. From the Abyssinian Plateau a low mountain spur stretches northward and forms the water-parting between the Red Sea and the Nile Valley.

Near the equator the African Highland sends a long arm northwestward, which forms the water-parting between the Nile and Congo basins and separates the Libyan Desert from the Sahara. The ranges on the west coast are much lower than those on the east, and there are many

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In the hot, dry plains of the desert objects are often reflected as in water. Such an illusion is called a mirage.

the sea. The Primary Highlands of Africa reach their highest elevation in the Abyssinian Plateau. This plateau reaches a height

of only about three thousand feet above sea level. From this plateau the high lands stretch southward, extending one arm to the southern extremity, where it is known as the Snow Mountains, while the other arm extends westward across the plateau and is known as the Great African Highland. What river basins. and what desert are inclosed by these two branches or arms? The highest points of elevation and the only snowclad peaks in Africa are Kenia and

wide gaps in them, the widest being between the Kong and the Atlas mountains.

The Sahara is a vast, hot, dry, and sandy desert interspersed here and there with small, fertile spots, called oases. Rain never falls on the desert, but caravans are sometimes overtaken by terrific sandstorms--called simoons--which cause much loss of life among men and camels.

African rivers have many rapids and waterfalls where they descend from the

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