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plateau to the coastal plains. On the plateau they often flow slowly, spreading out into shallow streams of great width. The Congo River, next to the Amazon, carries the greatest volume of water of any river in the world. At its mouth it is six miles wide and of great depth. It is navigable for large boats to the highlands, a distance of about 150 miles. It is also navigable for flat-bottomed boats for a great distance on the plateau.

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The Nile, including the White Nile, is about 4000 miles in length. Its flood-plain includes nearly the whole of Egypt. About one hundred miles above its mouth it begins to form one of the richest and finest deltas in the world. There are so many cataracts in the Nile below Khartum that its navigation is interrupted; but above Khartum it is navigable for river steamers for nearly a thousand miles. Above Khartum the Nile flows through forests and grass lands; but below this place it flows through a desert region which is made fertile only through the periodical rains that cause the river to overflow the whole plain. Water from this river is stored in reservoirs to serve for irrigation. The Nile differs from all other rivers

through a magnificent gorge over forty in having no tributaries for nearly two miles wide.

thousand miles above its mouth.

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for its great mineral wealth, the diamond mines of Kimberley and the gold-fields of Pretoria and Johannesburg being among the richest and most noted in the world.

Farming, for the needs of life, is the principal occupation of Africa. Angora goats, sheep, cattle, and ostriches are extensively raised in the uplands of the southern part. The Mediterranean States grow the same products as southern Europe. The most valuable products of the Nile valley are cotton, sugar-cane, and Indian

corn.

Egypt, also in the western coastal plain and in the southern part of Africa. The most important are

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A lively interior trade is carried on from north to south, and across the desert, by means of

caravans.

wares, trin

kets, etc., for

ivory, gold.

those

of

South Africa. Here good roads have been constructed, and a few of the towns and cities have electric cars, electric lights, paved streets, water supply, and sewer

The people of

The Arab merchants of the north exchange small Africa belong to many tribes, which rep

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dust, ostrich-plumes, salt, dates, and slaves from the interior regions. Europeans have constructed several railroads in

resent at least three races. These tribes cause great differences in language, religion, and civilization to exist. The central and larger part of Africa is the home of a great number of Negro tribes,

most of whom are half savage.

Africa is largely under the control of the different nations WOMAN of Europe. From the colors of the map tell which parts are under British control? Which under the French? Which under the

Germans? What other nations control parts of

Africa?

EGYPT.-Locate EGYPT. Tell in what surface and climate sections it lies. Egypt has monuments of the oldest civilization of which we have any record. Find out what you can of the pyramids, sphinx, and obelisks of Egypt. Also find out what you can of the papyrus and lotus, and of their use in ancient Egyptian art. Locate Alexandria, the chief seaport and the great center of foreign trade. Locate the capital, Cairo. Many tourists visit this city to see the wonders of ancient Egypt.

Khartum is the great trade center of Egypt for the river and caravan trade.

Port Said owes its importance solely to the fact that it is at the northern terminus of the Suez Canal.

CENTRAL AFRICA.-Most of CENTRAL AFRICA has been explored and is claimed

SOUTH AFRICA. The greater part of SOUTH AFRICA belongs to Great Britain. Transvaal and the Orange Free State were settled by Boers, or Dutch farmers. They have recently been annexed to British

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THE FEDERATION OF AUSTRALIA, AND THE PACIFIC ISLANDS.

Find Australia on the globe and maps and in the world pictures. Point to it and tell its direction from us.

Tell how you would
Australia

go there. from

Tell the direction of

each of the other grand divisions. Trace the coast, naming the

projections and indenta

tions as you trace. What island lies southeast of the mainland? What reef lies

northeast of

it?

Describe

the only river system in Australia.

surface of the interior consist? From the number of cities tell what sections are most thickly settled. Can you think of any reason for this?

The six British colonies of Australia united January 1, 1901, under a

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Trace the inland rivers. Trace the highlands of Australia, and tell where they are located. What name is given to the range in the south

eastern part? Locate the Great Vic

toria Desert.

In what climate belts does Australia lie? How do the seasons in Australia differ from our seasons? Locate the product sections and tell what products are in each belt. Compare these sections and their products with like sections in other grand divi

general government to form the Federation, or Com

monwealth,

of Australia. Name and locate each State. Which is the largest? Which the smallest? Which do you think are of the most importance? Why? Locate

Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth,
Hobart.

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sions. What products do you find in Australia which you do not find in other sections? Name and locate the tropical products; the temperate products. Of what does the greater part of the

The surface of Australia consists of a

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ern part. There are no high mountains in the interior to obstruct the moistureladen winds, so they pass over the land.

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