Cartage Company and the London & Lancashire Guarantee & Accident Corporation for compensation for the death of a ser vant. An award by the committee of arbitration being ap proved by the Industrial Accident Board, contestants bring certiorari. Affirmed.

Clark, Lockwood, Bryant & Klien, of Detroit, for claimant. Florian, Moore & Wilson, of Detroit, for defendants.

OSTRANDER, J. Thomas Miller was employed by the Riverside Storage & Cartage Company, at a wage of $15.50 per week. He died from an injury found to have been sustained by him in the course of and growing out of his employment. the injury being received September 2, 1914. Claimant is his sister. Whether she was dependent upon him, within the meaning of the statute, is the question presented, it being claimed there was no evidence of dependency. The award of the committee of arbitration was approved by the Industrial Accident Board. The award was:

"That the said applicant, Blanche Miller, is entitled to receive and recover from said respondents, Riverside Storage & Cartage Company, and London & Lancashire Guarantee & Accident Company the sum of Three (3) dollars per week for a period of three hundred (300) weeks, from the 2nd day of September, 1914, and that said applicant is entitled to receive and recover from said respondents on this date thirty-three dollars, being the amount of such compensation that has already become due under the provisions of law, the remainder of said award to be paid to said Blanche Miller, applicant, by said respondent in weekly payments, commencing one week from the date of the award."

Whether one is or is not dependent upon another for support is, of course, a fact. By the terms of the act persons standing in certain relations to a deceased employe are conclusively presumed to be wholly dependent upon him for sup port. Claimant is not one of them, nor were there any such dependents of the deceased employe. She is, however, a person who may be a dependent. It is provided that if the em ploye leaves dependents only partly dependent upon his earn

ings for support at the time of his injury, the weekly compensation to be paid (by the employer) shall be equal to the same proportion of the weekly payments for the benefit of persons wholly dependent as the amount contributed by the employe to such partial dependent bears to the annual earnings of the deceased at the time of his injury. Questions as to who constitute dependents and the extent of their dependency are to be determined as of the date of the accident to the employe and their right to any death benefit becomes fixed as of such time, irrespective of any subsequent change of conditions.

Testimony for the claimant, who is 22 years old, tended to prove that from the time he was 16 or 17 years old her deceased brother, who was seven years her senior, had contributed to her support. Claimant went to Detroit when she was eighteen years of age, and, with her brother's aid, educated herself to be a stenographer. She was employed by one concern some two and one-half years, first at eight dollars a week, then at ten dollars, and for some time before her brother was injured at twelve dollars a week. She lost some time, but was paid her full salary. She quit work in August, 1914, going on a visit to her old home in Colorado, and was in Colorado when her brother was injured. She testifies that her brother, regularly, gave her six dollars a week until she left Detroit. He then gave her seventy-five dollars for her journey. From February 8, 1913, to August 17, 1914, claimant had on deposit in a savings bank seventy dollars. She took music lessons "off and on," while in Detroit, and, not being strong, physically, paid out considerable money-the last in May, 1914 for medical attention. At the hearing in December, 1914, she was employed at ten dollars a week. She went to Colorado, she says, for rest, being nervous and not doing her work well. The deceased brother received as much as eighteen dollars a week, at one time, at one place where he worked in Detroit. He received, occasionally, tips, or extras, she says, while employed by the respondent. Claimant paid for room and breakfast and dinner five dollars a week, for lunches twenty-five cents each, for car fare seventy-five cents a week.

She purchased clothing during the period from September, 1913, to September, 1914, $112.25. She made a visit to Pennsylvania during the time she lived in Detroit. She did no work while upon her last visit to Colorado, and paid nothing for board or room. She received nothing during that period from her brother. The arrangement they had made was that he was to go to Colorado and return to Detroit with her.

Upon cross-examination, she computed her expenses for the year ending in September, 1914, including room, food, clothing and street car fare, at $489.25. And counsel say that, being in a position to earn, and earning, when at work, a sum equal to $520, or more, annually, she was not, upon her own computation and statement, dependent upon any one-she was independent.

It is probable that in every case where a brother or sister of a deceased employe claims relief under the statute, the evidence of dependency will necessarily be evidence of contributions made by the deceased, because in such cases the support furnished by either to the other, or the service rendered by either to the other, will be voluntary. But voluntary contributions of money, support, or service, by a brother to a sister, or by a sister to a brother, are not, necessarily, evidence of the dependency of either, or of the extent of dependency, within the purview of the statute. The Legislature has not defined "dependent"; it is probable that no standard for the determination of dependency in fact can be formulated. In a case in which a father sought compensation on account of the death of a son who had contributed to his father a certain average sum weekly, it was said the question is whether the father:

"Made a loss by the death of his son, in consequence of there no longer being a source of assistance to him from his son's earnings, in the work at which he was killed, and on which source, from his own inability to earn wages himself, he was wholly or partially dependent." Arrol & Co., Ltd. v. Kelly, 7 F. 906, 42 S. C. L. 695.

In Simmons v. White Bros., 80 L. T. 344, 1 W. C. C., 89, and

in The Main Colliery Co., Ltd. v. Davies, 2 W. C. C. 108, one or more of the judges were of opinion that:

"Dependent probably means dependent for the ordinary necessaries of life for a person of that class and position in life."

So in Howells v. Vivian and Sons, 85 L. T. 529, 4 W. C. C. 106, it was said:

"The test of dependency is not whether the family could support life without the contributions of the deceased, but whether they depended upon them as part of that income or means of living."

These expressions, called out by the facts of particular cases, do not supply a rule. As cases arise, in some of which the facts are held not to prove, and in others to be consistent with, dependency, debatable ground will be narrowed. Unless a standard of independence for unmarried women who work for and live upon wages can be set up which classes as independent all who earn ten or even twelve dollars a week, or more, it cannot be said there was no testimony tending to prove the dependency of claimant. It is manifest there are many women who regard themselves as independent, who live wholly upon their wages, who receive a smaller weekly wage. According to the report of the commissioner of labor, published in 1915, there were employed in Detroit 1,974 female stenographers who receive wages, the average daily wage being $2.22. In two cities only, out of sixty in the State, reported, is there paid a higher average daily wage. Assuming six days a week's work, the average wage per week was $13.32. This is more than claimant ever received, and more than three dollars per week more than she was earning when her deposition in this case was taken. That she can maintain herself upon the wages she is getting is probably true, at least with good, or fair health. She says she has not good health, and an agent of her former employer testified that she is nervous and excitable.

Upon all of the testimony, the arbitration committee and the Industrial Accident Board held that she was partly depend

ent upon her deceased brother. I do not think it clear that the finding is wholly unsupported by testimony. It follows that it should be and is affirmed.

1.

Respondents and Appellants.

INJURY IN COURSE OF EMPLOYMENT.

In a proceeding before the Industrial Accident Board for compensation under the Workmen's Compensation Act, evidence held sufficient to warrant the board in finding that the gonorrheal infection which partially destroyed the sight of the injured eye resulted from an accident in the course of employment.

2. COMPENSATION FOR PARTIAL LOSS OF EYE.

Where a servant suffered only partial loss of his eye, which did not impair his ability to work, and resulted in no reduction of wages, he was not entitled to compensation for "loss of an eye" under the Workmen's Compensation Act, §10, but only for the partial loss, as measured by lessened earnings.

3. TOTAL "Loss oF EYE."

Where, after an injury to a servant's eye, he had 10 per cent of normal vision without glasses, and 50 per cent with them, it could not be said that the injury resulted in total loss of the eye, since he could not rest on the 90 per cent diminution of sight; it being his duty to minimize the injury by the use of such a common appliance as glasses.