[Kreider v. Boyer.] defendant, his son, apprentice; and Bin his lifetime afterwards laid out 200 pounds in putting out the defendant clerk to a person in the navy office, and died without revoking his will; evidence was allowed to be read of the testator's declarations, that his advancement should be taken as an ademption of the legacy. But then this can only be where the will is made anterior to the advancement, for without a will in being there can be no legacy, and consequently the advancement can have no relation to, nor take away that which does not exist. Such are the cases referred to, as also all others on the subject going to establish the same principle. In cases of intestacy, however, as the intestate laws are in force at all times as long as no wills are made, advancements may be made by a parent with a view of giving to his children some portion at least, if not the whole, of what would be coming to them of his estate after his death, according to the intestate laws of the commonwealth regulating the descent of his real and the distribution of his personal estates. But if a parent make advancements to one or more of his children, and afterwards make his will disposing of the whole of his estate among his children, without taking any notice of the advancements so made by him, it is conceived that each child will have a right to claim whatever is given to him or her by the will, without being liable to any abatement or reduction whatever, on account of such advancements, however great they may have been; because such is the legal effect of the last will of the testator, reduced to writing, which cannot be altered or changed by any subsequent verbal declarations made by him, as it would be contrary to the act regulating the making of wills. But the case under consideration is altogether different from any of the cases cited or mentioned; for the evidence shows most indisputably, that the money advanced by the testator to the husband of the plaintiff's intestate, was not only advanced before he made his will, but that it was advanced as a loan, to be repaid by the husband with interest: and that the testator accordingly took from the latter his single bill, securing the repayment of it. The money mentioned in the bill, thus taken by the testator of Kreider, the husband of his daughter, instead of being an advancement or gift made to Kreider on account of his wife, was money lent, and became a debt of the husband in every sense of the word, which he bound himself by the bill, to pay to the testator, with lawful interest, according to its tenor. This bill not being paid by the husband to the testator during his lifetime, was retained by the latter until his death, when it came into the possession of his executors, and has remained with them ever since. Now although it was competent for the testator, after having made his will, giving a certain portion of his estate to his daughter, then the wife of his debtor, to have released the debt, and to have given it to the husband his debtor, as an ademption or pro tanto satisfaction of the legacy bequeathed to his wife, yet the evidence offered for this purpose by the defendant, and received by [Kreider v. Boyer.] the court against the objection of the plaintiff, and upon which the court afterwards left it as a question of fact to the jury, to be decided by them, whether the testator had not given it as an advancement in satisfaction of the wife's legacy, was wholly inadmissible and insufficient to prove any thing of the kind. This evidence consisted merely of the verbal declarations of the testator, made to the witnesses after he had made his will, showing nothing more at the utmost, than that if the husband and his wife survived him, and the bill of the husband should still remain unpaid, it should then be considered as a payment in part, or in whole, of what he had bequeathed to his daughter, the wife, accordingly as it might be sufficient or insufficient in amount for the one or the other of those ends. But the husband, notwithstanding the declarations of the testator given in evidence, still remained the debtor of the testator as long as the money mentioned in the will remained unpaid, or the bill uncancelled; and neither being done before the death of the testator, the money due on the bill at the time of the testator's death, actually formed a part of his estate-just as much as if it had been owing by a stranger; and seeing he had disposed of the whole of his estate by his will, it became the duty of the executors to collect it as any other debt owing to the estate, and to dispose of it, either in payment of the testator's debts, or the legacies under the will, if not required for the payment of debts. Or as there was a portion of the testator's estate coming under the will to the wife of the husband, the debtor, the executors and he by mutual consent might have discharged or paid the debt and the legacy, so far as a defalcation of the one from the other, might have been sufficient for that purpose. But this was not done during the life of the husband; and after his death, the bequest in the will being to his wife, who survived him, she became absolutely entitled to it, so that without her consent, the bequest coming to her could in no wise be appropriated to the payment or discharge of her husband's debt. This, however, it does not appear, that she ever agreed to do; consequently, the plaintiff, being her representative, would seem to have a clear right to demand and receive the bequest given to her by the will of her father. To give the declarations made by the testator, as testified to by Margaret Boyer and Barbara Boyer, the effect for which they were received by the court below, and submitted to the jury, would be either to alter and change the written will of the testator, by such subsequent verbal declarations, which can not be done under our statute regulating the making of wills; or to make such declarations of the creditor amount to a gift of the debt to the debtor, who was his son-in-law; or what is still, perhaps, more difficult to conceive, to convert it by such declarations of the testator after his death, into an advancement made to his daughter, for the purpose of adeeming the legacy given to her. This last could no more have been produced by such declarations simply, than a change of the debt into a gift, could have been produced by them, [Kreider v. Boyer.] immediately upon the testator's death, or at any time previously thereto. Though a consideration is not necessary to support a gift, yet, either an actual delivery of the thing itself given, where it is capable of it, and if not, something then in lieu thereof, that shall be deemed equivalent to an actual delivery of the gift, is indispensably necessary. And this is equally requisite, whether the gift be inter vivos or causa mortis; because without it no title will pass. The maxim in this respect is, donatio perficitur possessione accipientis. Jenk. Cent. 109, pl. 9. Therefore, if it consist of a promise to pay money, the promise is revocable, and not binding until the money is actually delivered. In accordance with this principle, it was held by the supreme court of New York, in Finck v. Cox, Executor, 18 Johns. 145, that a note drawn and delivered by a father, who had previously made his will, disposing of all his estate among his children, to one of his sons for 1000 dollars, payable sixty days after its date, declaring at the time of giving the note, that he intended it as an absolute gift to his son, and assigning as a reason for his doing so, that he was not so wealthy as his brother; that he had met with losses, and that he and his brother had had a controversy about a stall, was not binding, and that the payee could not recover the amount of it after his father's death from his executors. So the principle of Flower's case, Noy. 67, shows clearly, that the declarations, proved to have been made by the testator in this case, were perfectly inoperative, and insufficient to convert the debt of his son-in-law into a gift, or an advancement for the purpose of adeeming the legacy. In Flower's case A having borrowed 100 pounds of B, brought it at the day of payment in a bag, and cast it on the table before B, when B said to A, being his nephew, "I will not have it, take it you, and carry it home with you," this was held a good gift by parol, because the money being cast upon the table, was considered then as in the actual possession of B, and that A might well have waged his law. But the court said it would have been otherwise, if A had only offered it to B, for then it would have been a chose in action, and could not have been given without a writing. But in the present case, the money owing by Kreider, the son-in-law, to the testator was never as much as even offered to be paid by the debtor, either at the time when the declarations of the testator were made, or at any other. Now, if the testator had, at any time during his life, after making his will, given up the bill to Kreider, for the purpose of being cancelled, or had cancelled it himself, declaring that he thereby intended to satisfy, or take away so much of what he had by his will given to the wife of Kreider, it would probably have answered the purpose; but without something more having been done by him, than he ever seems to have attempted, there is no ground for defending against the claim of the wife's representative, to that portion of the testator's estate given to her by his will. We therefore think the court erred, in receiving the evidence of Barbara [Kreider v. Boyer.] Boyer and Margaret Boyer, for the purpose of proving the declarations made by the testator, and in submitting them to the jury as evidence, upon which they might find a verdict for the defendant. Judgment reversed, and a venire de novo awarded. Baldwin against Patton. B made a voluntary assignment of his property and effects to trustees for the benefit of his creditors, and by the deed directed them to give public notice of the assignment, and to pay such creditors as would release the assignor within sixty days after notice. The trustees having sold and transferred all the property and effects to P, who had been their agent and attorney, he collected and received the same: B, upon the allegation that the trustees had never given the notice required by the deed, and that none of the creditors had released, treated the deed as à nullity, and brought an action for money had and received against P:-Held, that he could not recover. ERROR to the common pleas of Bradford county. On the 1st December 1826, Ethan Baldwin, the plaintiff, made a voluntary assignment of all his estate, real, personal, and mixed, to James S. Espy, George Nagle, and George Beatty, for the benefit of certain preferred creditors: the deed contained the following clause: "The trustees, or any two of them, who are hereby empowered to act in all cases, will give public notice of this assignment, and all persons who shall not within sixty days after such notice execute an absolute release, to one or more of my said trustees, of all demands against me whatsoever, shall have no interest in the fund hereby created, which condition will be inserted in the public notice." The schedule annexed to the deed exhibited real and personal property, consisting of judgments, and a mortgage in Bradford county, to the amount of several thousand dollars. The trust was accepted by the assignees. On the 20th December 1832, the three trustees sold and transferred all the property and effects, which they derived under the deed in Bradford county, to William Patton, in consideration of 200 dollars. The plaintiff alleging that the trustees had never given notice of the assignment as required by the deed; and that no one of his creditors had ever released him, so as to entitle them to the benefit of the deed of assignment, treated it as a nullity, and brought this action for money had and received against William Patton, to recover the money which he had collected, as the attorney and agent of the trustees, as well as by virtue of the transfer to him by the trus [Baldwin v. Patton.] tees; and on the trial he offered to prove the receipt of several judgments and claims of Ethan Baldwin against several individuals to the amount of 1000 dollars and upwards; and gave the evidence. The court, however, suggested that the action could not be maintained. The plaintiff requested the court to charge the jury upon the following points: 1. That the deed to the trustees contained a condition precedent, which they must perform before any title vested in them. 2. That until some one creditor released, according to the conditions of the deed, there could be no cestui que trust, and consequently no trustee. 3. That no person could claim any interest in the fund intended to be created by the said deed of assignment, until he had released agreeably to its conditions. 4. That the sale of the trustees to their own agent or attorney is against the policy of the law, calculated to encourage fraud, and therefore illegal and void, and that the plaintiff has a right to interfere and set it aside, being the only person who has a legal interest in the estate conveyed. 5. That the attorney of the trustees could not buy the trust fund as a speculation, no more than the trustees themselves, or one of them; and that if he did, he must, at all events, account to the cestui que trust, or the person having the real interest in the fund, for every thing, after paying the purchase-money, more especially if there were more than that amount in his hands, or subject to his control, at the time he made the purchase. 6. That a trustee can in no case sell the trust-fund, or part of it, to himself, his co-trustee, his agent or attorneys, or to any other person acting in his employ, without the consent of the other persons beneficially interested in the fund; and any one so interested, has a right to impeach the sale and set it aside. 7. That the defendant in this case could acquire no right in the ⚫ fund beyond the amount paid, if all the previous proceedings had been legal and fair, as he could not hold the double character of agent and attorney, for the trustees, cestui que trust, and that of a stranger, to the trust-fund at the same time. 8. That if the trustee, or his attorney, purchase the trust estate, or any other estate, with the trust-fund or money in his hands, the whole profit of the purchase, after deducting the money paid, goes to the cestui que trust, and not to the purchaser, though the purchase be made in his own name. 9. That though a stranger cannot question the legality of a sale made by a trustee, yet the cestui que trust, or beneficiary, may, in the hands of any one, except those of a bona fide purchase without notice. Conyngham, President, without answering the points particularly, instructed the jury that the plaintiff had not exhibited a case |