For out-of-door wear this costume was completed by a steeplecrowned hat and a short cloak. All persons were forbidden, on the Sabbath, to run or to walk anywhere "save reverently to and from church." These laws, though stern in themselves, produced a hardy race.

176. Industry.

The rocky soil and cold climate of New England were not favorable to rural life, hence the people, un

like those of the southern colonies, who lived on broad plantations, dwelt in towns, surrounded by the small farms of the peasantry. The swift running streams encouraged manufacturing; the good fishing off the coast led to a prosperous export trade in dried fish; the wild animals of the forest furnished a profitable trade in furs; while the fine timber of the woodlands encouraged the shipbuilding industry, for which New England is still famous.

THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE AND MAINE

177. Founding of New Hampshire. New Hampshire was permanently settled at Dover and Portsmouth in 1623 by people from England under the proprietaries of Sir Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason. The Council of Plymouth granted Gorges and Mason the territory extending between the Merrimac and the Kennebec rivers, and sixty miles inland. The settlement, made for the personal gain of the proprietors, was prompted by the prospects of a flourishing fish and fur trade.

Later the owners (1629) divided their grant, Gorges selecting the country east of the Piscataqua River, which was called Maine (mainland), probably to distinguish it from the many islands along the coast. Mason held as his portion the country west of the river, naming it New Hampshire after Hampshire, the English county which had been his home in England. Adherents of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson eventually settled at Exeter and soon other settlers from Massachusetts established themselves at Hampton. Many years later (1719) immigrants from northern Ireland settled at Londonderry. They introduced the manufacture of linen, which was soon industriously practiced on a little flax wheel by the thrifty housewife of every log cabin.

178. Government-Religion-Manners and Customs. New Hampshire and Maine, while proprietary colonies under Gorges and Mason, were, on the whole, left to follow their own course. Massachusetts claimed all of the territory, and to make good a portion of this claim bought Maine from the heirs of Gorges (1677), after which event the latter colony continued a part of Massachusetts until its admission into the Union. New Hampshire remained for a long time under the protection of Massachusetts. After severing its connection with that settlement it became a separate royal colony, and continued such until the Revolution..

The settlers of New Hampshire belonged for the most part

to the Church of England. At the present city of Calais, Maine, the French, under De Monts and Champlain, erected a number of buildings including a small chapel. In this chapel the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass was offered for the first time on New England soil in 1604.

Since New Hampshire was so intimately united with Massachusetts, it has, necessarily, almost a common history with it; hence the study of the customs, manners, and occupations of Massachusetts will fairly acquaint us with those of New Hampshire. The people of New Hampshire, however, were not so rigid in their laws and ways of living as those of Massachusetts. They were religious after the Puritan fashion (Congregationalists), and thrifty, resolute, and brave.

THE SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT

179. First Permanent Settlement. The territory of Connecticut, claimed by the Dutch because of Henry Hudson's and Adrian Block's explorations, was first occupied at Hartford, by a company of Dutch traders from New Amsterdam. This settlement, however, was only temporary. Connecticut was first permanently colonized in 1633, at Windsor, by English traders, under the authority of the Governor of Plymouth and the leadership of William Holmes. Later, under the proprietaries of Lord Say-and-Seal, Lord Brooke, and others, and under the leadership of John Winthrop, son of Governor Winthrop, Saybrook was founded (1635) by people from Massachusetts. The two proprietors made no further effort to plant colonies in the domain granted them by the Council of Plymouth, but immigration from Massachusetts, already begun. without their permission, continued to people the Connecticut valley. Connecticut derived its name from the Connecticut River, an Indian name signifying "Long River."

180. Winthrop's and Hooker's Ideas-Consequences. Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts, aristocratic in his political views, held that a large part of the people was unfit to have

a share in the government. He thought that the best and wisest persons only, especially the clergy, should hold the controlling part in the government.

Thomas Hooker, the eloquent pastor of the Puritan church in Newtown (Cambridge) was, on the contrary, democratic in his views. He held that all the people ought, directly or indirectly, to take part in the government, either by holding office or by voting.

Repelled by the autocratic government of Massachusetts and attracted by the promising fur trade and the fertility of the Connecticut valley, bodies of Massachusetts colonists migrated from Newtown, Watertown, and Dorchester to Connecticut, and founded the towns of Wethersfield (1634), Windsor (1635), and Hartford (1636). The settlement of Hartford was the most important of the three towns thus founded. Led by their minister, Thomas Hooker, some one hundred men, women, and children journeyed through the unbroken wilderness from Cambridge to Hartford, driving their flocks before them.

JOHN WINTHROP

Thus we find that the settlement of Connecticut was prompted by the prospects of greater civil liberty, a promising fur trade, and the desire for the establishment of new homes in the fertile Connecticut valley.

181. The Connecticut Constitution. The three river towns of Windsor, Wethersfield, and Hartford leagued together

under the name of Connecticut Colony. They adopted (1639) a written constitution which they called "The Fundamental Orders." This was the first written American constitution and was drawn up independently of King, Parliament, Charter, or mother colony. It formed the United Settlements of Connecticut into a little republic having a government, in general, like that of Massachusetts. Connecticut, however, required no religious test for citizenship.

182. The New Haven Colony. New Haven, another independent colony, was founded (1638) on Long Island Sound, by a company of English traders-Puritans of the strictest type-under the leadership of their minister John Davenport and a London merchant, Theophilus Eaton. This colony based its government upon the Bible, adopting the Mosaic code of laws, and like the Massachusetts Bay Colony allowed none but church members to vote. Its strange rules have been the object of ridicule under the name of "Blue Laws." These were severe laws which regulated not only the ordinary political actions, but also the opinions, religious practices, cut of hair, style of dress, and many other minute affairs of the people, fixing even the occasion on which a mother might kiss her child. Twelve offenses were punishable by death, less serious violations of law by the rack, the stocks, the whippingpost. the branding-iron, etc.

183. The Connecticut Charter. In 1662 Charles II suppressed the New Haven colony and annexed it to Connecticut. This colony had only agreed to the annexation because it feared that it might be absorbed by New York. Charles granted Connecticut a royal charter that was the most liberal in character that had been given. It made the colony a little republic and so well satisfied the people that it afterwards became the state constitution until 1814. For many years Connecticut was one of the most peaceful of the English colonies in America.

When Sir Edmund Andros became governor-general of the