gradually became known as Democratic-Republicans. Hamilton had no faith in the ability of the masses of the people to govern, whereas Jefferson had confidence in the common people and in their ability for self-government. He held that if the affairs of the government should go wrong, "the good sense of the people would be the best army." To him, there fore, we are greatly indebted for the bringing into existence of a party whose leading policy was faith in the people.

340. Re-election of Washington and Adams. The two secretaries, Hamilton and Jefferson, naturally opposed each other in the Cabinet, as Jefferson said, "like two cocks in a pit." The controversy passed through the newspapers. Washington, who had hard work in forcing them to work together, had become weary of the attacks on his administration and would gladly have retired to Mount Vernon at the end of his first term, but both Jefferson and Hamilton, voicing the sentiments of the two parties which they represented, urged him to stand for a second election. Yielding his own wishes to those of the people, he was for a second time elected by the unanimous vote of the electoral college. John Adams, the Federalist candidate, was also re-elected Vice-president.

341. Westward Movement. Shortly after the passage of the Ordinance of 1787, Congress sold five million acres of northwestern lands to individuals and companies. While the country was discussing Hamilton's financial measures, thousands of people from the eastern states were emigrating to the Northwest Territory, of which General St. Clair became the first governor. Before long the cities of Marietta (1788) and Cincinnati (1790) were founded on the Ohio, and the territory of Ohio was admitted (1802) into the Union as the seventeenth state the first of the magnificent group of states formed from the Northwest Territory.

But these settlements were not made without great loss of life. The Indians bitterly resented the invasion of their hunting grounds, and encouraged by the British, who still held

Detroit, they resolved to drive out or kill the settlers. After four years of warfare, the savages under their chief, Little Turtle, were defeated in a final battle near Vincennes (1794) by "Mad Anthony" Wayne the hero of Stony Point. He so laid waste their country that they were glad to make a treaty of peace and give up most of the Ohio country to the whites. For fifteen years after this treaty, peace reigned and settlers continued crowding into the Northwest Territory.

CINCINNATI IN 1819

342. War in France-The United States Remains Neutral. During most of Washington's administration a terrible revolution was going on in France. The people overthrew the monarchy (1792), beheaded the king, Louis XVI, and the queen, Marie Antoinette, abolished all titles, and set up a republic. France declared war against England and sent "Citizen" Genet as minister to America to get help. A difficult problem now faced Washington and his cabinet, for they knew that to aid France meant war with England. Had not France been the first and warmest friend of American freedom? Was not Eng

land America's old enemy? These were questions of great importance, made all the more so by the fact that this was the first administration, and succeeding ones would very likely follow its example. The Cabinet wisely decided to maintain neutrality (April 22, 1793). This was the beginning of our wise policy of not interfering in the affairs of European nations. 343. Genet's Indiscretion. This attitude of the United States was anything, but what France had expected. Genet landed at Charleston, South Carolina, and thinking the United States in sympathy with his country, began to enlist men, to fit out ships for the French service, and to do other unlawful acts. Even after being requested by Secretary Jefferson to stop such proceedings, he continued to fit out vessels as privateers to prey on English commerce, and committed other violations of neutrality. He went so far as to try to stir up the people against Washington and the government. The people, however, resented such an insult to the government, and Washington demanded the recall of Genet. Genet was recalled, but rather than run the risk of returning to France, preferred to remain in the state of New York, where he engaged in farming until his death (1834).

The Democratic-Republicans, though not permitted to help France, showed their sympathy with that country; they even wore French colors and called each other "citizen" or "citizeness," instead of "mister" or "your honor," in imitation of the French Revolutionists who had abolished all titles. French dress, customs, and manners came into use, and French victories were even made the occasion of civic celebrations.

Owing to the closing of the mouth of the Mississippi by Spain and the seeming indifference of the United States government concerning this grievance, the people of the West had grown somewhat discontented. Genet, after the proclamation. of neutrality, had received secret orders from the French government to take advantage of this condition of affairs and to enlist men to conquer Louisiana, Florida, and Canada for

France. Plans to this effect had already been set on foot at Charleston and Philadelphia when the minister was recalled.

344. Political Parties. So far the political parties had been composed of little more than personal followings. The mighty movements in Europe now drew the dividing lines more clearly: (a) the Federalists, or "Loose Constructionists" strongly op

posed the giving of any aid to France. They leaned toward England because they wished English trade, and because they feared the spread of anarchical principles in America;

(b) the Democratic-Republicans, or "Strict Constructionists," were inclined to aid France by war or by indirect helpsuch as we had received at the beginning of the Revolutionary War.

345. Trouble with England. Our relations with England were no better than those with France.

(a) England claimed the right to seize all kinds of provisions carried to French ports in our ships on the doubtful claim that "provisions are contraband of war."

(b) England impressed our seamen. Her sailors, abandoning their country's navy, often obtained employment on American vessels, and refused to return when called upon to fight in the cause of their own country. Hence, Great Britain arrogantly stopped American ships to search them for seamen of British birth, in order to impress them in her navy. Often naturalized Americans, and even sailors born in the United States, were seized. (c) England still refused to give up the western posts and encouraged the Indians to make war upon our settlers in the West.

346. The Embargo-Jay's Treaty. Public feeling rose in this country until a temporary embargo (1794) forbade vessels to depart from American ports. The clamor for war became loud. Washington tried to avert it and appointed John Jay, then Chief Justice of the United States, as special envoy to England

to make a last effort to adjust matters. After four months of negotiations, a treaty was drawn up which was finally ratified by Congress with the exact number of votes necessary to make the required two-thirds, though not without long and fierce debates.

Washington signed the bill merely because it was a choice between the treaty and a war. The terms of the treaty

347. Treaties with Spain and Algiers. Thomas Pinckney negotiated our first treaty with Spain (1795) by which that power permitted for ten years the use of New Orleans as a "place of deposit" for the free storage of goods to be transshipped, and fixed the thirty-first degree of latitude as the boundary of Florida.

A treaty was also made with the pirate government of Algiers (1795) by which the American seamen who were held as captives were ransomed, and American shipping on the ocean and on the Mediterranean was to be left unmolested.

348. The Spinning Mill-The Cotton Gin. Samuel Slater had, as a boy, spent seven years in the cotton mills of England. On coming to the United States he constructed from memory the necessary machinery and set up (1790) a cotton spinning mill at Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

Cotton thus far had been grown in small quantities only, owing to the difficulty of separating the seed from the fiber, which had to be done by hand. In 1793, however, Eli Whitney,