banner on the shores of the gulf. On his second voyage he ascended the St. Lawrence, saw the great rock on which Quebec now stands, and pushed on to an Iroquois village which he called Montreal. His third expedition was fitted out by Sieur Roberval for the purpose of planting a colony at the present site of Quebec, but the attempt proved a failure.

MAP ILLUSTRATING EUROPEAN IDEA OF AMERICA IN 1548

Though Cartier failed in his original object to find a western route to India and to discover mines of precious metal, and also in his efforts to plant an American colony, he nevertheless procured valuable information concerning the country and its people, and discovered and explored the St. Lawrence River and Gulf.

70. French Huguenots in the South. France became so occupied with her wars that she gave but little thought to America for the next half-century, attempting only the mem

orable Huguenot settlements in Carolina and Florida. Gaspard Coligny, the leader of the French Huguenots, planned to establish a Huguenot state in America, and under his auspices Jean Ribault (1562) made an unsuccessful attempt to plant a settlement on the coast of South Carolina. He called the harbor Port Royal and the newly constructed fortress Fort Carolina in honor of the reigning French sovereign, Charles IX. Laudonniere (1564), the leader of the second colonizing expedition organized by Coligny, built a second Fort Carolina on the St. John's River farther south. This was the settlement which was broken up and destroyed by Menendez, the founder of St. Augustine. France made no further attempt to colonize that section of the country. 71. French Settlements. Sieur de Monts was granted by Henry IV a monopoly of the fur trade between the present site of Philadelphia and Cape Breton Island (40°-46°), a region. called Acadia, which name in later years was restricted to what is now known as Nova Scotia. Under De Monts (1605) Port Royal, now Annapolis, Nova Scotia, was founded. Two years. later the colony was abandoned but was reoccupied (1610) and became a central station for the Jesuit missionaries among the Indians. De Monts was a Protestant, but the royal patent authorizing his enterprise provided that the natives be taught the Catholic faith.

72. First Permanent French Settlement. Samuel de Champlain was the ruling spirit and prominent figure in French exploration and early colonization, and may justly be called the "Founder of Canada." He saw the possibility of great wealth to be gained from the fur trade and the discovery of gold and piously hoped to convert the Indians to the Catholic faith. The illustrious Champlain established (1608) a trading colony at Quebec, the first permanent French settlement in America.

73. Champlain's Explorations-His Encounter with the Iroquois. Champlain explored and described our northeast

coast, discovered the beautiful Lake Champlain (1609) and pushing into the interior, was the first white man to see Lakes Ontario and Huron. He made friends with the neighboring Huron and Algonquin Indians, who lived in bitter enmity with the Iroquois Nations located in New York and about Lake Erie. He (1609) accompanied an expedition of Hurons and Algonquins against the Mohawks, an eastern tribe of the Five Nations, and defeated the hostile Indians near the present site of Crown Point. The Iroquois were the bravest, most powerful, and most bloodthirsty of the North American Indians. This victory of the French over the Iroquois had two far-reaching effects:

(a) it made the Iroquois the deadly enemies of the French. This kept the latter from occupying New York and the Hudson Valley, and, consequently, obliged them to extend their settlements westward;

(b) it rendered the Iroquois friendly to the Dutch and English, with whom they established a profitable fur trade.

74. Motives Prompting French Exploration and Colonization: The early French pioneers sought:

(a) a western passage to India;

(b) mines of precious metal;

(c) the industries afforded by the fish and fur trade;

(d) the extension of French dominion;

(e) especially and above all, did they seek the conversion of the Indian. With the French, traffic was second to religion. The illustrious founder of Canada, Champlain, writes, "The salvation of a single soul is worth more than the conquest of an empire."

75. The First Missionaries in Quebec. Three Franciscan priests and one lay brother came to Canada at the invitation of Champlain, whose first care was to provide apostolic men for the neighboring Indian tribes. The Jesuits joined the Franciscans (1625) and the two orders labored conjointly for the conversion of the American Red Man. A little convent and

chapel were erected at Quebec, and Holy Mass was for the first time celebrated on the banks of the mighty St. Lawrence, June 25th, 1615. This was the beginning of Catholicity in Canada. During a century and a half the church of Quebec was the only center of faith (the Catholic colony of Maryland excepted) in the immense region extending from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.

76. The French Win the Indians. The French knew how to win the stern and silent Indians of the north. They formed. alliances and traded with the tribes in the neighborhood. Their missionaries came without weapons, shared the life of the Indians, and surpassed them in endurance. Consequently the savages respected the Frenchmen and submitted to their authority and many of them accepted their faith. Parkman

says, "France aimed to subdue, not by the sword but by the cross. She invaded only to convert, to civilize, and to embrace the natives among her children."

77. Prosperity of Quebec. Champlain, governor of Canada, returned (1633) to Quebec which had for a short time been in the hands of the English. From now on the colony advanced with rapid strides on the road to prosperity. Immigrants flowed in, the Jesuits resumed the work commenced in 1625, and Quebec became the flourishing center from which missionaries went forth to discovery, to spiritual conquest, or to martyrdom.

Bancroft writes: "Not a cape was turned or a river entered, but a Jesuit led the way."

78. Exploration of the Mississippi. Count Frontenac, an able governor of New France (1672-1681; 1689-1698), used his influence to advance the exploration of the waterways of the Mississippi Valley and to effect peace with the Iroquois Indians.

Jean Nicolet, commissioned by Champlain to find a waterway to the Pacific, ascended the Ottawa River, and passing through , lakes Huron and Michigan to Green Bay, began the explora

tions which were eventually followed by Father Marquette and Louis Joliet.

Father Marquette, a Jesuit missonary, and Joliet, a French explorer and fur trader, were commissioned by Frontenac to search for a passage to the South Sea.

Joliet started from Quebec (1673) and, joined by Father Marquette at Mackinac, and several other Frenchmen, made his way through Green Bay, up the Fox River, and down the beautiful Wisconsin and the majestic Mississippi as far as the Arkansas River. On their way down the Mississippi, they disembarked for a time at the mouth of the Des Moines River,