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trees, and since there is every probability that the demand for it will increase, instead of diminish, it may properly be viewed as one of the great and constant sources of wealth to this State. The mode of preparing the bark for market is simple. The trees are cut during mid-spring, when the sap commences its rise, which facilitates the separation of the bark, while it offers a material more richly endowed with coloring matter. The interior of the bark only being employed, the exterior is removed by a drawing-knife, an operation termed rossing or shaving. It is next placed under two vertical mill-stones, revolving on a short horizontal axis, and ground till the whole is reduced to strings and powder. It is then packed in hogsheads and exported. Now of all the persons employed in these operations, only those attached to the mill, find constant employment. The bark is cut, pealed, and carted by the farmer, to the market, often a distance of ten or fifteen miles; and hence, in order to obtain a moderate compensation, he is obliged to cut a considerable quantity, and waste a large amount of time that might and ought to be employed in improving his soil, and extending a guardian hand over his crops. It is not unfrequently urged, that a season of leisure affords an opportunity of turning this part of the produce of his land to profitable account; but what good farmer will say that he has leisure, particularly where his soil is exhausted, and requires no small effort to restore it to its wonted fertility? While this business is so irregular in its operations, it cannot be productive of solid advantage to the individual, nor to the State.

How to remedy the evils adverted to, is a question more difficult of determination. It would appear to me that many ought to be deterred from destroying so much timber, by the consideration that the value of their land is diminished in proportion; and that those who follow them must feel the inconvenience; and surely those views are contracted and selfish in the highest degree, that regard present profit to the detriment of the rising generation. I have no doubt that the evil will be lessened by improving the system of agriculture; for the farmer will then learn that it is much more to his interest to improve his soil, and to employ all his hours of leisure in this object.

In this country as in England, where every one exercises an absolute sway over his land, it would be difficult and inexpedient for government to interfere in these rights, but the case would be different in Germany, where a system of forestry is pursued under the control of government. In consequence of this system, they possess in the latter country, an abundance of timber for domestic, manufacturing and other purposes, while England is deficient in it. The plan that would be pursued in Germany, would be to appoint men to traverse the country, to inquire what individuals are desirous of having bark cut, to ascertain whether the trees are sufficiently matured, and if so, to cut and prepare the bark for market, giving the farmer a price bearing always a certain proportion to

the market price. Thus, the farmer would receive his profits without sustaining a corresponding injury, by loss of time. But much may be done to obviate the evils complained of by persuasion. I would respectfully suggest the subject to the consideration of individuals of the Agricultural Societies.

In consideration of the superior quality of the quercitron bark of this State-of its abundance and the readiness of its growth in this soil of the constant, or probably increased demand for it-of the capital annually brought into the State, amounting to from fifty to sixty thousand dollars, I have deemed it advisable to call attention to the subject; influenced by the hope, that those interested in the welfare of the State, will give it due reflection, that may result in solid benefit both to the present and future generations.

JAMES C. BOOTH.

From the London Sportsman.

HINTS FOR THE PREVENTION OF DISORDERS IN HORSES.

Stables. Stables should be lofty, light and airy, and should never contain more than six or eight horses. They are in general kept too close and hot.

Too much clothing, also, is usually put upon the horses, which thus become so tender, that they catch cold upon very slight exposure to a cool air.

The doors and windows of stables should be thrown open when the horses are out, but care must be taken that a cold current of air does not immediately blow upon them when in the stable, particularly if they are heated.

It is a bad practice to allow horses to stand upon litter in the day time, except they are unwell or fatigued.

Food. The quantity and quality of a horse's food should invariably be regulated by the exercise and fatigue he has to undergo; high feeding, without proportionate work, produces half the disorders to which horses are subject.

Good hay is of much consequence to horses engaged in active exercises; but it should be given in small quantities during the day; and when, owing to bad weather the horses cannot be exercised, they should be stinted both in their hay and corn; and a bundle or two of clean wheat straw may be put before them. All grain given to horses, would be more nutritive if bruised in a mill and mixed occasionally with chopped straw. Carrots are a most wholesome food, and of all roots rank next to corn in point of nourishment. They are particularly serviceable when a horse's wind is affected. When horses are first taken from grass they should be gradually brought to a dry diet by giving them carrots, lucerne, bran mashes, &c. with their hay. After a few days a small quantity of oats may be given, and the feed increased by degrees, till they come to

their full allowance. They should likewise be put into a cool stable, and have plenty of walking exercise. If such precautions were attended to, a great saving might be made, both of physic and the horse's constitution.

Water.-Pond water, if it lie on a clay bottom and be sweet, agrees best with horses: hard water may be improved by throwing some chalk or clay in it, and by exposing it in cisterns to the open air.

It is proper to let the water, intended for the horses, stand for some hours in the stables, before it is used.

Water should be offered to horses frequently; they would then never drink large quantities of it at a time, which is particularly hurtful to them when heated by exercise. It is a good and safe plan when travelling, &c., always to mix hot water enough with their cold to take off the chill.

Exercise. A horse's exercise should be proportioned to his strength, manner of feeding, and the labor required of him. He ought to have at least two hours of daily exercise.

Horses should not be ridden fast after having been newly fed and watered. A fat horse requires a long course of moderate exercise before he can safely be put to a trot which is violent.

It should be a general rule to ride a horse slowly, at the beginning of a stage; afterwards increase the pace and slacken it again a mile or two before the end of it so as to bring him tolerably cool into the stable.

If horses come in very warm, they should be walked about gradually till cool, their feet should then be pricked, and all dirt and gravel carefully washed out. In hot weather, washing their legs is proper, but they should always be well rubbed afterwards. In winter, cold water is injurious to the heels, and apt to bring on swelling and the grease.

Horses should on no account be permitted to stand uncovered in the stable, much less at the stable doors, after being much heated, except the weather be very warm. Road horses should in the middle of a long stage have half a pail of water mixed with a little oatmeal; and on a journey, if no other corn but what is soft and new can be procured, oatmeal, just moistened with water, or some coarse bread, should be given in preference to such corn, which is extremely unwholesome. If a horse grow costive, let him have some mashes of scalded bran or malt. If he have any difficulty in staleing only, an ounce of nitre may be given in his food for a few nights.

Should he be seized with a violont fit of the gripes let him be back-raked, and have a glyster of three or four quarts of water mixed with eight ounces of glauber or common salt.

The best instrument for giving a glyster is an ox bladder, that will hold two or three quarts tied to the end of a wooden pipe about fourteen inches long, one inch and a half in diamater, where the bag is tied, and a gradual taper to the extremity, where the thick

ness should suddenly increase, and be rounded off at the point, and made as smooth as possible. The hole through the pipe may be made sufficiently large to admit the end of a common funnel for pouring the liquor into the bag; no other force is requisite to throw it up than the holding the bag a little higher than the level of the pipe. If in consequence of violent inflammation and pain, and opiates should be necessary, a table spoonful of laudanum may be given in a pint of water.

Should a horse be touched in his wind, be very careful that he has only moderate quantities of food and water. Two spoonfuls of tar mixed with the yolk of an egg given in the morning fasting will be of great service to him when travelling. In hot dry weather it is useful to stop horses feet at night with a mixture of soft clay and cow dung and to moisten them frequently with water.

Friction. The currying, brushing, and rubbing down horses is of great importance, not only to their coats, but also to their general health; when these operations are neglected, or slightly performed, an obstruction takes place in the pores of the skin, producing mange, &c., and the end hair instead of being smooth and shining, stares and stands on end. Nothing tends so much to prevent grease and swelling of the legs as frequent hard rubbing and careiully cleaning the heels.

Trimming. The ears of horses are covered with a short down in the inside, mixed with larger hairs, to prevent cold air, rain, dust, and flies from hurting the internal ear. The trimming therefore this part is very prejudicial to the horses.

Physic. It is advisable to prepare a horse for physic by giving him bran mashes for a day or two.

The morning is the best time for giving a purgative, the horse having previously fasted for two or three hours; during this day, he is to be kept in the stable, and fed with bran mashes, and a very moderate quantity of hay. He may be allowed to drink plentifully of warm water, and if he refuses it warm, let the chill only just be taken off. On the following morning he is to be gently exercised, when the medicine will generally begin to operate, and he is to be plentifully supplied with bran mashes and warm water. Warm clothing, particularly when he is out of the stable is highly necessary.

On the next day the purging generally will have ceased; then a small quantity of corn may be allowed.

When physic does not operate at the usual time, the horse appearing sick and griped, relief may be had by giving a glyster of water-gruel and making him drink freely of warm water which should be assisted by exercise.

When purging balls are given to horses the head should be kept up, and care taken that the balls pass down the gullet, which may easily be discovered sliding down from the outside.

Mr. Clarke advises a bran mash to be given an hour before the physic.

THE PLOUGH.

So important is this instrument, that it is often used to convey the whole idea of agriculture. All the human race are interested in having it brought to the highest perfection. The plan of applying the stimulus of public exhibition and premium, as proposed by the American Institute, on the 1st of August at Hoboken is well calculated to produce the desired effect. "Strength of construction, durability, liability to get out of order, adaptation of parts so as to admit of repairs readily, capability to accomplish various kinds of work, breadth and depth of furrow-are all to be subjects of consideration at the proposed trial."

There are, no doubt, some cultivators of the soil whose prejudices will induce them to ask what good it will do. One plough will do well in one soil and another in a different soil. Let those who use this instrument come together and talk the matter over, tell their experience, and compare their ideas. We think that every farmer who attends and hears what is said, and observes all that is done, will go home with his mind enlarged. Because he may have in his life been imposed upon by a catch-penny agricultural book, for which he paid his money and which was good for nothing, shall all book knowledge be derided?

We say that the watchword for every American should be "Get knowledge"-particularly knowledge that pertains to his vocation. Read, converse, observe and make experiments-that is, devote some time for this purpose. Farmers are too much disposed to close the avenues to knowledge.

There are portions of Europe of no small extent where the spade is used altogether instead of the plough.

If one should propose to relieve them by the introduction of the plough, they would stare at him as an innovator, and would find abundant reasons, such as their narrow conceptions would afford, in favor of continuing the use of the spade. A writer of first rate authority in England, in a recent publication, says that in the southern, middle and western parts of that country, the plough is so inferior that the substitution of improved ones would enable the farmers to dispense with one third of the horses they now use. One third more horses are supported and employed than are wanted in a country where, not unfrequently, human beings die by starvation. These are, probably, of that class who deprecate book farming.

We city folks don't reflect that all our institutions and our liberties are in the hands of the farmers. Two-thirds of all the votes given at the polls are given by them. We do not want the city folks to mix with farmers only to get up this or that candidate for office, but all parties must wish that when they hold so large a share of political power, they should be well informed of our situation. Again, if some of our merchants, lawyers, or doctors, should fall in love with agriculture, and leave the city and grow grain, we do

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