of the greatest importance; for which a considerable || called out, they may be sent upon any service, to part of the regular force must be detached, if it were not for the volunteers. To this service, too, the volunteers are well adapted. It requires nothing but a single exertion of steadiness and courage. It removes them neither from their business nor from their homes. And from the motives by which the men would be actuated, and the intrepid character which a body of Britons is ever found to possess, nobody can fear that they would not do their duty well; for one, or for two days exertion in the environs of London, there are few even of the volunteers who have not sufficient strength. And this is all which can be necessary to allow the troops to rally, and to be collected from all quarters to supply their places. Who can say that reserve of this sort is of little consequence? There are two species of volunteers, between which there is an important distinction. The one receives pay, the other not. The one consists of men in an inferior situation of life, who cannot afford their time, without a compensation. The other is composed of men who earn a more liberal subsistence, and can afford part of their time without a compensation. The one is on all accounts more subject to the directions of government than the other. The one has always received pay from government, and ought to have no reluctance to yield their service where government needs it. Besides the time of the men who receive pay is of small value, compared with that of the men who serve without it. The time of a common Jabourer or handicraftsman receives nearly an adequate compensation by the pay, and other accommodations of a soldier. If he is called out upon service therefore, he loses little or nothing; he receives what is nearly at least, his just hire for the time his presence is demanded. But if you call out a man who at home, earns ten times the amount of what the labouring, or handicraftsman earns, what sort of compensation do you make to him for the loss of his time? It is plain you can make nothing like a compensation. It is plain, therefore, you ought not to send him into a situation which prevents him from employing his time in the usual manner described, till you can do no better. The garrison duty of the town where he resides he may perform, with the loss of only part of that time which is so valuable. He acts at the same time in another important capacity, as part of the force of reserve destined for the support of the country in the last extremity; and this requires no more of his time, than what is necessary to acquire and preserve the discipline of a soldier, till that period arrives, which renders the time of all the men in the community of an equal value. There are many persons too, belonging to volunteer corps, whose time is essential to the interests of an immense business, and who cannot be withdrawn from it without a loss of the greatest amount. This in a particular manner is the case with the volunteers about the metropolis. It is impossible, therefore, that these meu can be drawn to any service at a distance from the metropolis while any men of a different description remain. But such is not the case with the volunteers who receive pay. As their time is of little value at home, and as they receive nearly its full reward, when which they are competent; it being always, however, understood, that that service ought to be as near home, as more important considerations will permit. And this affords us an opportunity of removing an objection which we have found urged with great zeal against the volunteer system; that it has prevented the filling up to their proper strength of the militia and the army of reserve. It is plain that all the men who serve as volunteers without pay are men who would not have served either in the militia, or in the army of reserve. Their personal services then are altogether supplementary to that service. The volunteers, on the other hand, who receive pay, must probably have served in the militia or army of reserve, when drawn for that service. But as from their situation in life, and from their receiving pay, there can be no good reason why they should not be called out into actual service, whenever it is necessary, they are not in any very great degree, less useful as volunteers, than they would have been as part of the militia or army of reserve. It is to be observed too that the ballot for the militia, and army of reserve does not fall upon every man. We are not prepared to state the exact proportion, but we do not suppose it falls upon more than one in twenty. Of volunteers then who receive pay, and who are ready to go upon any domestic service, there is, to keep greatly within bounds, not one tenth, upon whom the ballot for the militia and army of reserve would have fallen. Of the volunteers who serve without pay, many of whom, on account of families are exempted from the ballot, there is certainly not more than one in twenty, on whom it would have fallen. Of these the greater part would have paid the fine, which is 20 pounds. Let us then consider the volunteers in the metropolis, who are, we shall say, 30,000. On one twentieth part of these the ballot would have fallen; that is, 1,560, and these would have paid each £20, which is 30,000. Thirty thousand pounds then is the loss which government has sustained on one side by the volunteers in the metropolis. To balance this on the other side, there are thirty thousand men, possessed of a considerable degree of discipline, ready to lay down their lives in defence of their King and their country. It tended to excite our laughter when we found it asserted that the volunteer system had raised the price of substitutes for the militia and army of reserve; as if it hindered any man to accept of the bounty for a substitute, because he is a volunteer; or as if because a great number of men by being volunteers, are saved from needing to hire substitutes, this should raise the price of them; as if, when a small number of substitutes is wanted, they should be difficult to be found; but when a great number is wanted they should be easily found; as if, too, a diminution in the demand for any commodity rendered it dearer, and an increase in the demand rendered it cheaper. Such, we conceive to be a fair and unexaggerated account of the military situation of this country, of the position in which it stands with regard to the means of defence against the immediate attack of its enemies. And this is the first great particular in the general view of the present state of Great Britain. The articles to which we ought to proceed are, the finances of Great Britain, its industry and trade, both agricultural and commercial, the present spirit of the people, the state of political parties, and our situation with regard to neutral powers. The full elucidation of these particulars would carry us beyond the limits of our present paper; and we think it therefore better to reserve them altogether to our succeeding Number. Political History, Foreign and Domestic, from Nov. 1 to 16. black spars, and their arms, a musket, bayonet and sabre.-A curious measure is said to have been adopted in the management of the army by the French government. A certain number of persons are appointed in each company, who receive a regulated pay, and who act as spies upon their companions, to report all secret murmurs, and caballings. The title by which the members of this useful corps is to be distinguished is affidés. Another curious measure is mentioned, that many thousand suits of red clothes for the army have within these few weeks been made at Paris, and sent off to some of the regiments lying on the coast, which form part of the army called the army of England. The naval force at Brest is stated as considerable. The foreign papers say that the Ba tavian naval force in the Texel amounts to ten sail of the line, several frigates, and about four hundred armed merchant ships, besides a great number of schuyts with covered decks. At Brussels, and the different ports of Belgium, an embargo has been laid on all merchant vessels, and their crews have been put into requisition to aid in the projected expedition. About 200 transports are said to be assembled at Ostend; and all sailors, and fishermen, and boys above 12 years of age, are ordered to be in constant readiness to embark. The French squadron now in the harbour of Ferrol, in Corunna, of one ship of 84 guns, and two frigates consists of one ship of 84 guns, and three of 74; that of 44 guns; and there are besides at Ferrol, a Batavian received, that a deputation from all the constituted au74 gun ship, and two frigates. Intelligence has been thorities waited upon the First Consul, on the 28th ult. to deprecate his risking himself in the expedition against England. Their eagerness brought them the deputies threw himself at the feet of Bonaparte, the palace an hour before the appointed time. One of who sprung forward and caught him in his arms. The Consul was prevailed upon; and immediately there lowing placard :-" The country is saved once more, was posted on the walls of the Palais Royal, the fol of the Italian republic, has issued a decree regulating -Bonaparte will not leave it!" The vice president the manner in which all books, pamphlets, and other printed papers are to be examined before they are suffered to be issued to the public. In Piedmont, as it was formerly called, all free-mason's lodges, and all clubs and societies of a similar nature have been forbidden. The movements among the soldiers, and in the harbours on the western coast of France, have been of late more numerous and rapid than heretofore; and the reports have become very confident respecting the extent and maturity of the preparations against this country. On the 14th ult. General Berthier left Paris to inspect the camps, fortresses, and ports in the Netherlands and Holland, and on the 23d after having executed his mission set out on his return for that capital. At Brussels he gave directions that all the artillery and horses, which had not been sent to headquarters, should be immediately dispatched to Bruges, where every thing should be completed for the expedition by all possible means. Three regiments of French dragoons, and three of artillery have been ordered from Hanover to the coast, as have been, it is said, almost all the troops from the frontier fortresses of old France. Barracks are building, or intended to be built, with all expedition, on the islands of Cadsand and Walcheren, and on several parts of the coast of Flanders. The latest reports, for they vary almost every day, give the following as the present, or intended arrangement of part of the French army. The head-quarters in the territory of the Batavian republic are to be established at Utrecht, when the greatest part of the forces have arrived; and the whole will be formed into regiments, conformably to the system recently adopted by the First Consul. Gen. d'Avoust's army, which amounts to nearly 60,000, will be immediately embarked at Buskins, Ostend, and Dunkirk, where a detachment of the Consular guards has just arrived. A park of two hundred pieces of artillery is nearly completed at St. Omer; and twelve thousand men are collecting at Cherbourg. General Demarrois, one of the First Consul's aides-de-camp, has been appointed to the inspection of the armies on the coast between Brest and Concale; and General Sebastiani for those between the mouth of the Velain and Brest. Generals Malker and Belliard have received commands in what they call the army of England. The camp in the reighbourhood of Chantilly and Compeigne consistsported for a fresh bombardment of the French harchiefly of dragoons, under the command of Baraguay d'Hilliers.-A decree was published on the 4th ult. for raising a company of guides and interpreters to be employed in the invasion. It is to consist of one hundred and seventeen men, including the captain, four lieutenants and other subalterns. The qualifications for admission are a knowledge of speaking and translating the English language, a previous acquaintance with England, and a topographical acquaintance with the country. Their uniform is to be a short green coat with red facings and white hussar buttons, white waist-coat, leather breeches, American boots, and In England a considerable number of additional men for the navy have been obtained by impress. Preparations of the strongest kind have been made, as is re bours and arsenals, where they have made the greatest preparations for the invasion of this country. The intended species of attack is said to be altogether new, and to promise important effects. The naval force in Bantry Bay consists of seven sail of the line and seve ral frigates, and is to be immediately encreased. The large fishing-boats of Brighton are to be furnished with false decks, &c. for the purpose of taking on board if they should approach the coast of Sussex. A great one and two 12 pound carronades to annoy the French number of small vessels are said to have been lately purchased by the government at Liverpool, for the purpose of being converted into gun-boats. A few inconsiderable actions have taken place between some of the enemies small vessels, and ours; and a French gun-boat has been taken. The commission of Oyer and Terminer was opened at Dublin, on the 29th ult. by the Lord Mayor; Lord Viscount Avonmore, Chief Baron; and George Dally, third Baron of the Court of Exchequer. Quigley and Stafford were arraigned, but their trials postponed, and information is expected from them on the subject of the late insurrection. Several persons in different parts of Ireland, have been arrested on suspicion of treasonable practices. In this number are Mr. Tandy, a wine merchant, the son of Napper Tandy; and Lawless, a brewer, the brother of surgeon Lawless, noted in the late rebellion. Charles Teeling, brother to the aide-de-camp of General Humbert; who was executed in Dublin in 1798, was brought to Dublin on the 8th inst. by a party of yeomen cavalry. Great latitude has been used lately in the issuing of warrants. Publication has been made of a convention concluded at London, on the 25th of July, between his Britannic Majesty, and the King of Sweden. This respects the right of searching neutral ships in time of war. This is fully granted to either power in respect of the other. It is agreed that all the more immediate instruments of war, found conveying to the enemy shall be confiscated. And the vessels carrying provisions, or naval stores shall be liable to be carried into the ports of the other party, and that party to have the right of purchasing them, at ten per cent. profit on a fair invoice price. Accounts have been received of the success of the expedition lately fitted out against the Dutch settlements in the West Indies, Demarara, and Essequibo, and on the 14th the guns were fired in London on that account. The Reis Effendi has communicated to all the foreign ministers at Constantinople, that Egypt is now completely under the command of the Beys and the Arnauts. Alexandria was the last place which the Turks surrendered. The Grand Signior, it is said, attributes the loss of the province more to the intrigues of some foreign powers, than to the mutiny of the Arnauts, or the rebellion of the Beys; the divan, however, we are told, hopes much from the interest which the court of Petersburgh is expected to take in this affair. On the 20th of September, the Grand Signior caused a note to be presented to all the foreign ministers at Constantinople, declaring his intention to preserve the strictest neutrality during the continuance of the present war. Accounts have been received that the French government has given a solemn assurance of respecting the neutrality of Spain and Portugal in the present war. Report states the price of this concession at a sum of money, much higher than it was in the power of the governments of these countries to give. The ascendancy of French politics at the court of Spain may be judged of by this circumstance; that Hervas, who has been appointed minister of Finance, is fatherin-law to General Duroc, and is now actually at Paris. The Prince of Peace is to be dismissed, and will retire to his estates. The continental newspapers speak confidently of a negociation carrying on by the courts of Petersburg and Berlin, for the commercial relief of the north of Germany; and of which one object is to bring about a peace between France and England. It is stated, however, that a communication had been made to the Emperor from Paris that the last object of the negotiation was unattainable. NOTICES. LITERARY. Dr. Bancroft, jun. has brought from Italy, Institutiones Grammatica Bolzani Fratris Urbani Minorum, printed at Venice, 1497, by Aldus Manutius; and so scarce, that Erasmus, in his Epistles of 1499, complains he could never procure a copy of it, two years only after its publication; and Panzer does not appear ever to have heard of it, nearly three hundred years afterwards. The only place it is described in is the Life of Aldus, and the History of his Publications in octavo, 2 vols. just published. It is in quarto, and bound in carta pecora, or sheep, like all the books of the Pinelli library. There is a bust at Wilton, engraved in Montfaucon, which is a most striking likeness of Bonaparte, and not inferior to the famous one said to have been presented by Mr. Edwards to the Duke of Bedford. This bust was procured for Lord Pembroke, in France, in the year 1720, the South-Sea and Missisippi-year, and the same in which John Duke of Argyle bought the fine bust of Apollonius Tyaneus the Impostor, now at Wilton, and engraved in Kennedy, and of which Lord Pembroke contrived to possess himself, though much against the noble Duke's inclination. The bust which resembles the First Consul so strongly, is Marcus Modius Medicus Asiaticus Methodicus, or the Theoretic. On his breast are two lines, imitated from Homer, v. 230, Od. ▲ ΙΗΤΗΡ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΥ ΑΣΙΑΤΙΚΕ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΤΑ ΧΑΙΡΕ, This inscription was placed on the breast of the bust which it was not unusual to set over the tomb of the deceased. On Friday the 4th inst. Dr. Davy, Master of Caius College, Cambridge, was chosen Vice Chancellor in the room of Dr. Sumner. Previous to this a Latin speech as usual, was delivered by Mr. Renouard of Trinity, the senior Proctor; in which he passed deserved encomiums on the view the examples of Epaminondas, and of Xenophon.— University Drill, and called on the Students to have in Dr. Davy in his subsequent speech passed a warm encomium on Mr. E. Clarke, the Traveller, and called on the University to honour the zeal of this deserving young man with some appropriate mark of their regard. The Cambridge University Drill forms so curious an event in the history of Political Literature, that we have inserted some of the principal facts relative to it. DEAR SIR, Trin. Coll. Cambridge, Oct 14, 1803. The following is a copy of a Grace which was this day passed by the Senate: "Cum Bellum in dies singulos ingravescat, hostesque "jain tandem sese in ipsam Britanniam irrupturos esse mi"nitentur : NOTICES. sunt Parentum in loco, ab Academia abfuerint: Proviso "tamen, ut unusquisque eorum Literas testimoniales sècun"dum formulam sequentem producat, quæ vos certiores "faciant eos bonâ fide militarem operam navasse. [Here follows the form:] Oct. 20, 1803. At a Meeting of the HEADS at KING'S LODGE, a request from the Lay Members of the University having been made that an hour be fixed on for the time of Drilling, which shall not interfere with Public Lectures; and to which the Tutors of the different Colleges shall, on that account have no reasonable cause of objection IT WAS AGREED, That Twelve o'Clock be the Hour fixed on for the Drill. That the Tutors of the different Colleges recommend to such of their Pupils as mean to be drilled, that they be regular in their attendance. That no Military Uniform be worn at the Drill; but that such alteration be permitted in the Dress of its Members as the Captain of the Drill may deem essentially requisite towards the performance of its duties:-and this Dress to be worn only at the Drill. That regular Officers of the army, or Serjeants, may be allowed from time to time to be provided for the instruction of the Drill; until some of its Members, by their proficiency in military knowledge, be deemed capable of supplying their place. And we moreover will recommend it to the University to HUMPHREY SUMNER, Vice Chan W. PEARCE, FRANCIS BARNES, ISAAC MILNER, P. DOUGLAS, R. T. CORY, lished in monthly Numbers, and embraces a variety of his torical, topographical, and descriptive information. The four volumes already before the public, contain Histories of the counties of Bedford, Berks, Bucks, Cambridge, Cheshire, Cornwall, Cumberland, Isle of Man, Derbyshire, Devonshire, and Dorsetshire. They contain also, eightyeight engravings of fine views, buildings, antiquities, &c. The editors, Messrs. Britton and Brayley, are prosecuting the work, and preparing descriptions of Durham, Essex, and Gloucestershire, which will form the substance of their fifth volume. The third and last volume of the Beauties of Wiltshire, will appear during the ensuing winter. A Map of the Plain of Troy, and the district of Ida, with the Sources of the Simois and Scamander, from an actual Survey made by Kauffer, engineer for his Excellency Count Ludolf, has just been published by Mr. Arrowsmith on a single sheet. The following attestation of its authenticity is subjoined: We, the Undersigned, received the Original Drawing of this Map, from his Excellency Count Ludolf, Envoy from the Court of Naples to Constantinople, accompanied by a Certificate, authorizing its publication; and we do assert this Engraving to be a true copy. A EDWARD DANIEL Clarke, M.A. Į Jesus College Cambridge. JOHN MARTEN CRIPPS, M. A. very valuable work on gouty and rheumatic complaints has been published at Paris under the title-" Traité des Maladies goutteuses, par P. J. Barthez, Médecin du Gou vernement François, ci-devant Chancelier de l'Ecole de Médecine de Montpellier, &c." The author, a celebrated veteran in the science of healing, has pointed out in this work with great ingenuity and practical judgment the dif ferent treatment required by the different species of gout and rheumatism, and drawn the line of distinction between these distempers with the utmost precision and correctness. To his leading principle "que l'etat goutteux des solides est The number of young men who have already come for- produit par l'action de la force de situation fixe entre les par ties du tissu des fibres," many gentlemen of the profession ward in defence of their Alma Mater is very considerable. probably may not be prepared to subscribe, nor give him They wear a plain dress consisting of a short blue jacket,much credit for his "espèces de physiognomie goutteuse," pantaloons of a dark ruixture, bla k gaiters, and handkerchief. A sort of Centurion, is appointed to each division, until he gets thoroughly versed in his duty; when he falls in among the ranks, and is succeeded by another young man: so that every person in turn is instructed in the duties of an officer, and common soldier. The whole of this Drill has given so much satisfaction to the Tutors, that many of them have expressed a wish it might always continue as a part of the education of their students. * A Grace to the purpose afterwards passed. Mr. Harraden, of Cambridge, has published proposals for sixteen coloured prints of the Costume of the Various Orders in the University of Cambridge. This work is to be completed in four quarto Numbers at 10s. 6d. each; and every Number will contain four pages of letter-press. The prints are in size adapted to bind with the 24 small Views of the University already published by Mr. Harraden. Mr. Wilkins, jun. architect, Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge, who lately returned from Greece has issued proposals for publishing the Antiquities of Magna Græcia, comprizing the Remains of Grecian Architecture, yet existing in the ancient Greek settlements of Syracuse, Agrigentum, Selinus, and Segestum, in Sicily; the three temples of the ancient city of Posidonia, or Pæstum in Calabria ; together with the fragments of two temples in the island of Malta. This work will be printed in Imperial folio, and will follow in design the Antiquities of Athens, by Stuart, and those of Ionia, by the Diletanti Society. yet they will never regret the time spent, not in perusing, but studying this rich collection of practical observations and judicious remarks on some of the most common diseases, the true nature and apposite treatment of which appears not as yet to be clearly understood. SCIENTIFIC. ROYAL SOCIETY.-On Thursday, November 10, the Royal Society commenced its Sittings for the season; when Lord Castlereagh was admitted a Fellow. Richard Gregory, Esq. F.A.S. of Berner's-street, and Humphrey Davy, Professor of Chemistry, in the Royal Institution, were ordered to be balloted for at the next Meeting. After reading the minutes of the last meeting, thanks were returned for presents made since that time, among the rest for a large Paper Copy of the first volume of the New Abridgment of the Society's Transactions. The first part of the Croonian Lecture on Muscular Motion was read, which closed the business of the evening. ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. The Society of Antiquaries met on the same evening. The President announced from the Chair, the death of Mr. Topham, Treasurer of the Society, and a Memberof the Council; and appointed that day fortnight for the election of a new Treasurer, and men tioned Mr. Bray as a candidate for that office. The minutes of the last meeting, with papers on subjects of curious an tique researches, were then read by the Secretary. Among the beautiful works of art in the hands of Flaxman, academician-the monuments of Dr. Warton, and Capt. Montague will be the first finished:-Dr. Warton's The fourth volume of "The Beauties of England and VOLUME II.] THE THE LITERARY JOURNAL. LITERATURE. REVIEW OF BOOKS. DECEMBER 1, 1803. An Essay on the Principle of Population: or a View of its past and present Effects on Human Happiness; with an Inquiry into our Prospects respecting the future removal or mitigation of the Evils which it occasions. A new Edition very much enlarged. By T. R. Malthus, A. M. Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge. 4to, pp. 610. London, 1803. Johnson. HE review of this publication will best begin with a short history of it. The author having been much displeased with some conclusions drawn by Mr. Godwin, and other writers from the doctrine of the unlimited progress of mankind toward perfection, was led to call in question the truth of the doctrine itself, and to inquire whether there were not principles in human nature, and circumstances in the condition of mankind, which, as fixed laws of nature, forbid us to form such flattering conclusions. The laws which regulate the multiplication of the species, Mr. Malthus thought were of this sort; and to prove this he published in 1798 an essay, which scarcely exceeded the size of an ordinary pamphlet. The prineiples, which were merely disclosed in that essay, appeared to him worthy of being placed in core open light, and of being supported, and explained by new illustrations. It appeared to him likewise, that these principles ought to be applied, to account for several facts which had been usually ascribed to other causes. In prosecution of this design he has produced the present volume, a large quarto, grown out of a small pamphlet. The great law, or, as Mr. Malthus calls it, principle of population, the effects of which he thinks have not hitherto been sufficiently known, is its tendency to increase beyond the means of subsistence. It has been long established as a political maxim, that population always keeps pace with the means of subsistence. In certain favourable situations population has been found to double itself at least in twenty-five years. Even in these situations many checks existed; so that both on this account, and on considering the nature of the case, it is evident that the tendency of population to increase is more than sufficient to double it every twenty-five years. After establishing this point Mr. Malthus considers the power of increasing the means of subsistence; and without pretending to define exactly that power, he produces reasons which he thinks prove, that the means of subsistence cannot be multiplied in proportion to the tendency in population to increase. It is evident that population cannot increase however beyond the means of subsistence, because men cannot live without food. What then is the manner in which population is checked, when it advances to the limits set by the increase of subsistence? This is the next inquiry to which the author TOL. M. [NUMBER 10, proceeds. The causes which check the natural progress of population he accounts three, moral restraint, vice, and misery. Moral restraint checks it by leading men and women to reflect on the difficulties of rearing children, and to abstain from marriage on account of these difficulties. The chief species of vice which checks the multiplication of the human race, is the promiscuous intercourse of the sexes; all other species of vice, however, which have any tendency to injure the health, or shorten the life of man, or to produce wars or bloodshed, are to be ranked in the same class. The misery understood by the author, is that arising from defective subsistence, which produces all the shapes of horrid poverty, diseases, and premature death. The author enters into a very long historical induction to prove that these are the causes, which, in every situation in which man has been placed, have checked the multiplication of the species. He first reviews the less civilized parts of the world, and in past times, and then the different states of modern Europe. These are assigned to different books. In the first, separate chapters are allotted to the following subjects; 1. The checks to population in the lowest stage of human society; 2d. Among the American Indians; 3d. In the islands of the South Sea; 4th. Among the ancient inhabitants of the north of Europe; 5th. Among modern pastoral nations; 6th. In different parts of Africa; 7th. In Siberia, northern and southern; 8th. In the Turkish dominions and Persia; 9th. In Indostan and Thibet; 10th. In China and Japan; 11th. Among the Greeks; 12th. Among the Romans. In the second book are considered, in separate chapters:-1st. The checks to population in Norway; 2d. In Sweden; 3d. in Russia; the 4th, Is on the fruitfulness of marriages; in the 5th, are considered the checks to population in the middle parts of Europe; in the 6th, the effects of epidemics on tables of mortality; the 7th, contains an account of the checks to population in France; the 8th, those in England; the 9th, those in Scotland, and Ireland, and in the 10th, and last, some general deductions are drawn from the preceding view of society. This induction fills up more than one half of the book. It cannot be denied, that it contains a very good collection of facts respecting population in all the different states of society with which we are acquainted; and in all the more remarkable nations which have existed on the face of the earth. But certainly so very large a collection was not necessary for the purpose the author had in view, to prove that a deficiency in the means of subsistence has in all times and places set bounds to the multiplication of the species. This is a truth which a very short illus tration would have been perfectly sufficient, to set in the clearest light, We are not certain that some obscurity did not hang about it, in the apprehension of 20 |