44t4fcbads Iphia were of a kid the dir aumit e mez re me the Hutch quarter. For example the question. How sal te kandwhat they should be called. Or the secondary roms the

CHAPTER XV.

THE CONSTITUTION IN OUTLINE.

Before the student enters upon an examination of the Constitution, clause by clause, he should form a comprehensive view of it as a whole. In such a case the proper course of procedure is analysis,-from the whole to the parts. If this be not done, the study is more than likely to be fragmentary and incomplete. Again at the end, when the examination of the parts is completed, the whole Constitution should be reviewed, and again be treated as a whole. To promote these ends, the following outline is presented.

248. Parts of the Constitution. These are the Preamble, the seven Articles, and the fifteen Amendments. Most of the Articles, including the last three Amendments, are subdivided into sections, and a majority of the sections are again subdivided into clauses. In the original, the clauses are not numbered, but editors have added the numbers for convenience of citation. The formal divisions, larger and smaller, are based on the corresponding divisions of the subject-matter. Thus, Article I. relates to the Legislature; section 8 of this Article, to the general powers of Congress; clause two of the section, to the power to borrow money. The Preamble need not be further considered.

249. Article I., 10 Sections.-This Article relates to the Legislative Department of the Government and connected subjects.

Section I vests the Legislative power in a Senate and House of Representatives.

Section 2, seven clauses, declares the composition of the House of Representatives, the length of the term, the qual

ness of the references [he finds but three] is at first sight inexplicable." After a page or more of discussion, the distinguished writer finds one of the two reasons for the omission. "The appeal to British experience would only have provoked prejudice and repulsion." The other reason is that the hardest problems that were solved at Philadelphia were of a kind that did not admit of much direct assistance from the British quarter. For example the question, How shall the two Houses be constituted? was more trying than the question whether there should be two, and what they should be called. On these secondary points, the appeal to State history was far more helpful than an appeal to any foreign source could possibly be.

CHAPTER XV.

THE CONSTITUTION IN OUTLINE.

Before the student enters upon an examination of the Constitution, clause by clause, he should form a comprehensive view of it as a whole. In such a case the proper course of procedure is analysis, from the whole to the parts. If this be not done, the study is more than likely to be fragmentary and incomplete. Again at the end, when the examination of the parts is completed, the whole Constitution should be reviewed, and again be treated as a whole. To promote these ends, the following outline is presented.

248. Parts of the Constitution.-These are the Preamble, the seven Articles, and the fifteen Amendments. Most of the Articles, including the last three Amendments, are subdivided into sections, and a majority of the sections are again subdivided into clauses. In the original, the clauses are not numbered, but editors have added the numbers for convenience of citation. The formal divisions, larger and smaller, are based on the corresponding divisions of the subject-matter. Thus, Article I. relates to the Legislature; section 8 of this Article, to the general powers of Congress; clause two of the section, to the power to borrow money. The Preamble need not be further considered. 249. Article I., 10 Sections.-This Article relates to the Legislative Department of the Government and connected subjects.

Section I vests the Legislative power in a Senate and House of Representatives.

Section 2, seven clauses, declares the composition of the House of Representatives, the length of the term, the qual

ifications of electors and of Representatives, regulates the apportionment of members and of direct taxes, and provides for filling vacancies and for the election of the necessary officers. The House has the sole power of impeachment.

Section 3, six clauses, regulates the composition of the Senate, fixes the term of Senators, the classes into which they shall be divided, and their qualifications, declares the Vice-President the President of the body and empowers it to choose other officers, including a President pro tempore. The Senate is made the court for trying impeachment cases, and the judgments that it may render in such cases are defined.

Section 4, two clauses, deals with the times, places, and manner of holding elections of Senators and Representatives, and provides for an annual session of Congress.

Section 5, four clauses, deals with the independent powers of the two Houses; it makes them judges of the elections of their members, and regulates quorums, adjournments, rules, and records of proceeding.

Section 6, two clauses, provides that members of Congress shall receive a compensation from the National treasury, clothes them with special privileges, and declares their incapacity to hold certain offices.

Section 7, three clauses, commits to the Lower House the origination of revenue bills, and declares the procedure by which laws shall be enacted, including the definition of the President's veto.

Section 8, eighteen clauses, is a statement of the general powers of Congress.

Section 9, eight clauses, imposes limitations upon Congressional power: the slave trade, habeas corpus, bills af attainer and expost facto laws, capitation taxes, export duties, the mode of drawing money from the treasury, and titles of nobility are all regulated.

Section 10, two clauses, imposes certain limitations upon the States. Here we have the formal denial to them of some of the most imposing powers of sovereignty, as the