J. W. McDonald has a paper, Teaching Civics," in The Academy, Vol. V., (1890) p. 373. The Right Honorable James Bryce's article, the "Teaching of Civic Duty," found in The Contemporary Review, July, 1893, p. 14, should not be overlooked. Dr. W. T. Harris also has some valuable remarks in the "Report on Correlation of Studies,” which forms the second part of the "Report of the Committee of Fifteen." See The Educational Review, March, 1895; also numerous republications of the same report. The author also refers to the chapter on "Teaching Civics," in his work entitled How to Study and Teach History.

In the course of the work, occasional points of likeness and unlikeness of the American Government to the English Government have been mentioned. Comparative study of political institutions can be extended by the teacher of the present subject in every direction, limited only by his own knowledge and the ability and time of his class. To facilitate such study, a few references are here given. Borgeaud. Adoption and Amendment of Constitutions in Europe and America.

Freeman, Dr. E. A. Comparative Politics.

Goodnow, Frank J. Comparative Administrative Law. An Analysis of the Administrative Systems, National and Local, of the United States, England, France, and Germany.

Larned, J. N. History for Ready Reference, from the best Historians, Biographers, and Specialis's. This work, which consists of five volumes, contains the following documents: Constitution of the Argentine Republic, Constitution of Brazil, Constitution of Canada, Constitution of England, Constitution of France, Constitution of Germany, Constitution of Japan, Constitution of Lycurgus, Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of Norway, Constitution of Prussia, Constitution of Sweden, Constitution of the Swiss Confederation, Constitution of Venezuela. Reference may also be made to the references and notes relating to still other constitutions.

Keltie, J. Scott. The Statesman's Year Book. Statistical and Historical Annual of the World.

Lalor, J. J. Cyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and United States History.

All the principal Cyclopedias contain valuable articles on political subjects. It will not be amiss to refer to some special authorities relating to four or five leading governments.

CANADA. Munro: The Constitution of Canada; Bourinct: A Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada from the Earliest period to the year 1888, including the British North American Act of 1867, etc.

ENGLAND. Fonblanque: How we are Governed, or the Crown, the Senate, and the Bench; Bagehot: The English Constitution, New and Revised Edition; Dicey : Lectures Introductory to the Study of the Law of the Constitution; Anson: The Law and Custom of the Constitution, Part I., Parliament, Part II., The Crown; Craik : The English Citizen. A series of short books on his rights and responsibilities. 12 Volumes.

FRANCE.

Lebon and Pelet: France as it is. Especially written for English readers, and translated from the French; Constitution and Organic Laws of France from 1875-1889. Translated, with an historical introduction, by C. F. A. Currier. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. III. Supplement. March, 1893.

GERMANY. James: The Federal Constitution of Germany, with an Historical Introduction; Dawson: Germany and the Germans; Turner: A Sketch of the German Empire from Early Times to the Dissolution of the Empire; Bryce: The Holy Roman Empire.

SWITZERLAND. Vincent State and Federal Government in Switzerland; Adams and Cunningham: The Swiss Confederation; Lowell: "The Referendum in Switzerland and America" (The Atlantic Monthly, April, 1894).

THE

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT.

INTRODUCTION.

THE SCIENCE OF. POLITICS.

REFERENCES.

I. WORKS ON POLITICS.-Aristotle, The Politics; Burgess, Political Science and Constitutional Law, Part I., Books I., II.; Pollock, Introduction to the History of the Science of Politics; Sidgwick, Elements of Politics; Wilson, The State, I., II.; Woolsey, Polit ical Science; Lieber, Civil Liberty and Self-Government. See also the articles on Political Science and Politics, Nature and Character of, in Lalor's Cyclopædia of Political Science, etc.

II. THE STATE, DEFINITIONS OF.-Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, Chap. I.; Phillimore, Commentaries Upon International Law, Part I., Chap. I.; Wheaton, Elements of International Law, Part I., Chap. II.

III. ON FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.-Fiske, American Political Ideas, etc.; Freeman, History of Federal Government, etc., Chap. II.; Hart, Introduction to the Study of Federal Government.

IV.

ON CONSTITUTIONS.-Cooley, Comparative Merits of Written and Prescriptive Constitutions (reprinted from Harvard Law Journal); Jameson, The Constitutional Convention, Chaps. I.-III. ; Tiedeman, The Unwritten Constitution of the U. S.

V. SOCIOLOGY.-Small and Vincent, Introduction to the Study of Society.

I.

I. SOCIETY.

Man a Social Being.-It is a famous saying of Aristotle's that man has a social instinct planted in him by nature. The meaning of this saying is, that men tend to live together and to depend upon one another. In all ages and countries we find them sharing

a more or less common life. They cannot make progress, be happy, or in the end even exist otherwise. There are indeed men called hermits, who bury themselves in the solitude of some forest or desert, mountain or island. But these men are always few in number; besides, they are born and reared in society, and they either return to it, or they become more and more like the animals in their way of living, and finally die alone. Men caunot live separate and apart; they must obey their social nature and live together, or they will lose their humanity. As Aristotle says: "The individual when isolated is not self-sufficient; and therefore he is like a part in relation to the whole. But he who is unable to live in society, or who has no need, because he is sufficient for himself, must be either a beast or a god; he is no part of a state."1 Or, as another writer puts it: "A man would no more be a man if he lived alone in the world, than a hand would be a hand without the rest of the body."

2. Society Defined.-Men living together in human relations constitute society in the general sense of the term. The men so living in any region or district form a society. But since these local societies are also connected; since they have much in common; and since men have one social nature, we also use the word in the broadest sense, and speak of the human race as forming one society. Social means pertaining to society. The science of society is called Sociology. The Latin verb sociare means to meet together, to associate; the noun socius, a fellow or sharer, an associate or companion; and societas, from which society is derived, a union, communion, or association. The great ends or objects of society are two in number, and must be carefully defined.

3. Rights and Duties.-Men have rights that they should enjoy, and duties that they ought to perform. They are entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness so long as they properly conduct themselves. They must also regard the lives, liberty, and happiness of their fellows. Securing to men their rights and compelling them to perform their duties, together constitute the maintenance of jus tice. But since some men, left to themselves, will not do justice, there must be in society some authority or power that will look after the matter and see that justice is done. Accordingly, justice is the first duty of society. As Aristotle says: "Justice is the bond of men in states, and the administration of justice, which is the determination of what is just, is the principle of order in political society."

4. Social Progress.-The well-being of society-particularly advanced society-requires a great many things to be done that are not embraced in justice. Roads and bridges must be built and kept

1 I. 2. 15.